CSE464 Digital Systems Engineering

L0: Logistics and Introduction

David M. Zar Computer Science and Engineering Washington University dzar@wustl.edu (Based on Original Work of Fred Rosenberger)

Logistics EE464, Spring 2011

Lectures: Textbook: Grading: MW 2:30-4:00 in Urbauer 116 Dally and Poulton, Digital Systems Engineering Approximate weighting for grade determination 25% Homework (exams based on homework) 35% First midterm exam 45% Final exam

Collaboration: Academic integrity will be taken seriously. You may collaborate on homework with other students, use solutions from last year, or get help from anyone but you are to state who you worked with or got help from, and give an estimate of contribution from other sources to what you submit. This is just acknowledgement of source of material, and recognition of the work contributed by others, it has no effect on your grade. Exceptions to this rule will be specified in the assignments. Tests and projects are to be entirely your own work.

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

More Logistics
Exams: Homework: Instructor: Closed book. One handwritten (no photocopies) sheet (both sides) allowed on first exam, two sheets final exam. Usually due in class (2:30 p.m.) on assigned date. David M. Zar Bryan 307C GPS: N38 38.979' W90 18.360' Elevation: 550' Office Hours: by appointment. dzar@wustl.edu (best contact method) http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~dzar http://tinyurl.com/wucse464 Class attendance is important, material will covered in class that is not in text. You will wish to get copies of notes from classmate if you miss class.

Attendance:

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Discussion Topics
Class

attendance Class participation (please!) Dally (Dally, not Daily) lecture notes Textbook cost, errata, etc. Homework length and style EE314: Engineering Electromagnetics 1: Fundamentals Goal: Extremely practical backed up by theory and analysis

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Interesting Links and Sources

Links http://www.signalintegrity.com/ http://www.nesa.com/ http://www.sigrity.com/ http://www.ultracad.com/ (careful here) http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list (this is the signal integrity mailing list archive; lots here, good and bad) Books High-Speed Digital Design, A Handbook of Black Magic, Howard W. Johnson and Martin Graham, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-395724-1, 1993. High-Speed Signal Propagation, Advanced Black Magic, Howard W. Johnson and Martin Graham, ISBN 0-13-084408-X, 2003 Brooks, Bogatin, Ritchey, Granberg, ... Transmission Lines with Pulse Excitation, Georges Metzger and Jean-Paul Vabre, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1969. (Bergeron Diagrams)

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Todays Assignment
Reading

Complete before Wednesday, Jan 24 class

Preface, Chapter 1

Complete before Wednesday, Jan 26 class

Chapter 2

Complete before Monday, Jan 31 class

Chapter 3, Sections 3.1 through 3.3.3

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Digital Systems Engineering

From Dally
noise management
keeping signals clean

Signal integrity

signaling
moving bits from here to there

timing
how we know when a new bit is here

power distribution
DC voltage with AC current

Signaling (electrical representation of signals) Timing/Clocking Power distribution Cooling/Packaging as part of above

High-Speed signals low speed signals reset All Signals

Rules of Thumb (e.g.: C/inch, L/inch) Analytical/Calculation Simulation (HSPICE) Measurement Tools (dont be a tool driver):

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Wires
Advanced

components: Wires Care and feeding of wires Wires can be expensive, even if its a scam
http://www.monstercable.com http://www.jpslabs.com/aluminata.shtml (they claim Pricing- If you have to ask.)
"The shear mass of the particle shield alone proves that JPS has the transfer of noise taken care of- Nothing gets through this cable's shield and into the conductors beneath- NOTHING...

The truth about Monster Cables

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Why is Digital Systems Engineering/Design Harder Now Than Previously?

Wires are not ideal (never were, but valid approximation sometimes) !!! Gross Simplification here: Long wires or High-Speed Design (delay ~> 0.1 Clock Period)
1968 1 MHz; >40 ft 1978 10 Mhz; >4 ft 1988 100 Mhz; >5 inches 1998 1 GHz; >0.5 inch 2008 10 GHz??? >0.05 inch 2018 ????? Overall size of system? approximately constant

Ad hoc methods that worked in the past now fail To paraphrase Roy Jewell, President of TMA: The rules of physics dont change for high-speed design, they are just more strictly enforced. The fact that long wires are harder to deal with does not imply short ones are easy, nor that they can be ignored. The fact that high-speed signals are harder to deal with does not imply that slow ones are easy, nor that they can be ignored (e.g. Reset). EMI: Even harder, we will not deal with this in CSE464.

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Outrageous Statements
Propagation

delay to closer device is longer Slower is better (and faster) A capacitor is an inductor unless you want inductor
Converse for inductor (or resistor)
Short

wire is worse than long one (e.g. probe) Negative characteristic impedance? Square corners on PC traces are bad? Vias on PC traces are bad? Resistor networks: Bad? We could not use perfect logic (Midas touch)! Tune your absurdity detector!!!
Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Thoughts to Remember (Models)

A

model is an artifice to make you think you understand a problem better than you actually do. All models are wrong, but some models are useful. Make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler (A. Einstein). In theory there is no difference between practice and theory, but in practice there is! An approximate answer to the right question is worth a good deal more than the exact answer to an approximate problem. John Tukey (FFT Fame) Models are a really dangerous (and necessary) tool Example: ground, ideal ground, logic ground, safety ground,
Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Ground is Fiction
At

low frequency and low accuracy ground is a convenient model Be very careful What is ideal ground (see si-list)?: What you draw with chalk on a blackboard!

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Bonus: Safety Ground

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

What is Wrong Here?

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

What is Wrong Here? Lots!!! Try to avoid surprises!!!

What worked last time may not work this time!
Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Surprises
Invalid

Assumptions Individual effects dont add linearly Consider effects one at a time, not the sum
Coupling from multiple sources (lines) PS noise Reflection noise Component tolerances Temperature Process PC board noise Package noise Connectors Vias
Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

More Surprises
Multiple

backward xtalk coupling, increased V Unaccounted for parasitics

Inductance Resistance Capacitance ESR, ESL
Nonlinearities

Series termination with Capacitance load Driver resistance when switching (1/4 wave)

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Still More
Transmission

line Manufacturer data sheets Stubs Split load and standing wave Layout rules/communication/slip-up Tolerances T-line traces, return currents R and C functions of frequency

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Last of Surprises?
System

cost Vs. Design time Vs. Manufacturing time Vs. Reliability

Metastability

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011

Digital Systems Engineering

Designing

systems that work by design, not by trial and error, with reasonable cost (dollars, time, effort, ). Using appropriate tools (analysis, simulation, measurement) to insure correct operation. Avoiding surprises. Question: which is better?
Guess/Estimate? Analysis (e.g. equations and calculation)? Simulation (e.g. HSPICE)? Measurement (e.g. oscilloscope, TDR)?

Intro-# - DMZ - 1/19/2011