LL

LL

W
K

L?? ?
?L
K

W
K

LL

[W]

[W]

K
W

ELLF

LL

EKKKF
K

LL

Scalars & Vectors

WIntroduction -
vectorsscalars

(y)(x)(x-y plane)
counter

(x)

clockwise
K

K-
-
K

K -

-
K

-
K

WScalars -
WWscalar
K magnitudeJ

--

LL

Kmeasurment unitJ

Wunit

(5)
(5

kg)W

K
K

WVectors -
Wvector

Kmagnitude-

K(xyz)(xy)direction-
Kaction point-
Kaction axis-

displacement force
Kmomentum acceleration velocity magnetic

field

arrow

(N-W direction) (10 N)

(1 N)
KE-F

--

LL

r
(10 N) ( F ) E-F

EF

(A) ( A )
(F

r
= 10 N) ( F ) E-F

W
K

WAdding Vectors: Graphical Method -

K

r
r
K ( B ) ( A )

KE-F

(45)E
K(135)
--

LL

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

( B ) ( A ) EF
r

( B ) ( A ) ( A )
r

( B ) ( A ) ( C )
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r r r
C= A+B

(1-5)

KE-F

E-F
r
( C )

r
( A ) cosine law
r
r
r
( B ) ( A ) ( B )

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

W??

KE--F
r

K ( A + B = B + A ) ( C = A + B ) (A)EF
--

LL

ExampleE-F

E-F ( B ) ( A )

K ( = 90 )

E-F

WSolution

W ( = 90 )

C 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + 2( 4 )( 2 ) cos ( 90 ) = 16 + 4 = 20
C 2 = 20
C = 4.47
r

( C ) W
K

ExampleE-F

( A = 3, B = 4 ) cosine law

K ( = 30 ) E-F

E-F

--

LL

WSolution

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
C 2 = ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2 + 2( 3 4 ) cos ( 30 )
C 2 = 9 + 16 + 24( 0.8660 ) = 45.78
C = 6.76

(P) ( F2

ExampleE-F

r
= 9 N ) ( F1 = 6 N )

E-F
K ( = 120 )

E-F

WSolution
E-F

F = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 Cos ( )

= ( 6 )2 + ( 9 )2 + 2( 6 )( 9 ) Cos ( 120 )
= 7 .9 N

( F )
--

LL

K ( F )

WVectors Addition Properties --

W

Wcommutative law-
v

( B ) ( A )
W

r r r r
A+ B = B+ A

(1-6)

KE-F

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

Wassosiation law -
r

WE C B A F

r r
r r
r r
( A+ B)+C = A+(B +C )

r
r
A + ( A ) = 0

(1-7)

KE-F
r
r
W ( A ) ( A )
(1-8)

--

LL

E-F
r r
r r
r
r
r
r r
( A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) W ( C ) ( B ) ( A )

( A ) ( A )

KE-F

r
r
( A ) ( A ) E-F

WVectors Subtraction--

( B ) ( B )
r

KE-F

E-F
r
( B )
--

LL

r r r
r
A B = A + ( B)
r

E-F

K ( A ) ( B )

K
WVectors and their Components -
E-F vector

cartesian axes(x, y)
y-components x-components
W

(0.0)

- - -

(tan) (cos) (sin) -

K
r

( Ax ) ( A ) E-F
r

K ( A ) ( ) ( Ay )

WE-F
r
K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) -

EF -
K
r

( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) (a b c)
K(0,0)

KEF
--

LL

(x, y)E A FE-F

( Ax ) -
r

K ( A ) ( ) ( Ay )
Ax = A cos ( )

cos ( ) =

Ax
A

E-F
W

Ay
=
E-F

A
K ( ) (x, y)

Ay = A sin ( )

sin ( ) =

W (
Ax = A cos ( 90 ) = 0

= 90 ) -

W
Ay = A sin ( 90 ) = A

K ( Ay )

W ( = 0 ) -
Ax = A cos ( 0 ) = A

W ( Ax )
Ay = A sin ( 0 ) = 0

- -

LL

( = 0 )
K
W(1-11)(1-12)-
Ay
Ax
tan ( ) =

A sin ( )
A cos ( )

Ay

(1-12)

Ax

(1-12)
r r r

( A1 , A2 , A3 ,...) ( Ax ) ( Ay )
W

W ( Ay ) ( Ay )

= Ay1 + Ay2 + Ay3 + ...

W ( Ax ) ( Ax )

Ax = Ax1 + Ax2 + Ax3 + ...

r r
K ( A1 , A2 ,...)

( )
W(1-12)

A
A
A

tan( ) =

= tan1

(1-13)

(1-13) (1-12)

( Ay / Ax ) (1-13)
tan ( ) = 1

= tan 1 ( 1 )
= 45

W(a b c)E-F
- -

LL

(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) E-F

(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

W E A F
A 2 = Ax2 + Ay2

A=

Ax2 + Ay2

(1-14)

(1-13)(1-12)
A=

K(1-15)(1-14)

( A ) + ( A )
2

(1-15)
r
( A )
y

K ( Ax ) ( Ay ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )

ExampleE-F

(22) (215 km)

KE-F
WSolution
r

(0.0) ( A )
W(90-22)

A = 215 km
r
K ( A )

= 215 cos ( 68 ) = 80.5 km

r
K ( A )

Ax = A cos ( )

- -

LL

Ay = A sin ( )
= 215 sin ( 68 ) = 199.34 km

EJ FE-F

W(1-14)(1-13)
A =
=

(Ax )2 + (Ay )2

(80.5)2 + (199.34)2

= 215 km
tan ( ) =

Ay
Ax

199.34
= 2.476
80.5
= tan 1 ( 2.476 ) = 68
=

WUnit Vectors -

K ( x , y , z )

K
Kunit vectors

( x , y , z ) ( i , j , k )
K

( i , j , k )

( j ) ( i ) K
K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) ( x , y )
- -

LL

KE-F

r
k
A = Ax i + Ay j + A
z

(1-16)

E-F
( i , j , k )

E-F
r

A = Ax i + Ay j

W ( Ay ) ( Ax )
(1-17)

KE-F

ExampleE-F
r
W ( A )
r
A = 4i 5 j + 3k

W
+ 4i , 5 j , 3k
+ 4 , 5, + 3

WE-F(x, y, z)

- -

LL

( A ) E-F

WAdding Vectors by Adding their Components -

r

( C ) ( B ) ( A )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k
r
C = C x i + C y j + C z k

(1-18)
(1-19)
(1-20)

R x = Ax + B x + C x
R y = Ay + B y + C y

(1-21)
(1-22)

R z = Az + B z + C z
r
R = R x i + R y j + R z k

(1-23)
(1-24)

( Rx , R y , Rz ) W ( x , y , z )
r

K ( i , j , k ) ( R )

ExampleE-F
r
W ( R )
r
A = 4i + 6 j + 2k
r
B = 3i + 3 j 2k
r
C = i 4 j + 2k
- -

LL

Rx = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8

WSolution

Ry = 6 + 3 4 = 5
Rz = 2 2 + 2 = 2

r
R = 8i + 5 j + 2 k

WVectors Product -
W

KK
WVectors Salar Product--

scalar

rr
A.B = A B cos ( )

(1-25)
r
r
EF ( ) ( B ) ( A )
r
r
KE-FE A dot B F

r r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

( B ) ( A ) commutative law

KE-F

K( 360 - )??( )EF

- -

LL

E-F
A
A
A = A cos ( )

W(a b c)

cos ( ) =

K ( B ) ( A ) ( A )
r

cos ( ) ( A )
r r
A.B = A B cos ( )

WE-F

= [ A cos ( )] B = A B
r r r r
r
( B ) ( A.B = B.A )
r
r
W(a d f) cos ( ) ( B ) E-F ( A )

B
B
B = B cos ( )

cos ( ) =

( B ) ( B ) B cos ( )
r

K cos ( ) ( B ) ( A )
W(1-26)

r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
= A [B cos( )]
= A B

W
r r r r
A.B = B.A

- -

LL

??
KE-F??-

E-F
r
r
r
( ) ( C ) ( B ) ( A )
r
W ( C ) K
r r
C .C = C C cos ( )

= C2
cos ( 0 ) = 1
r
r r
C = ( A+ B)
r r
r r r r
C .C = C 2 = ( A + B ) .( A + B )
rr
= A.A + AB cos ( ) + BA cos ( )
r r
+ B .B

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

K??EF

E-FEF
r
r r
C = A B
C 2 = A 2 + B 2 2 A cos ( )

E-F
- -

LL

( 90 ) W

K

i .i = 1 1 cos ( ) = 1 1 cos ( 0 ) = 1
i . j = 1 1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

i . k = 1 1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

-
W

i = j = k =1

-
r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k )( B x i + B y j + B z k )

W
W

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k

E-F
Kdistribution law
r

ExampleE-F

W ( B ) ( A ) ( )
r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k

WSolution

r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
Ax2 + Ay2 =

(3)2 + ( 4 )2

=5

B = B x2 + B z2 =

( 2 )2 + (3)2

= 3.6

A=

W
- -

LL

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j )( B x i + B z k )
= ( 3i 4 j )( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i ).( 2i ) + ( 3i ).( 3k ) + ( 4 j ).( 2i ) + ( 4 j ).( 3k )
= ( 6 )( 1 ) + ( 9 )( 0 ) + 8( 0 ) ( 12 )( 0 ) = 6

6
= 0.333
18
= cos-1 (-0.333) = 110
r
r
K ( = 110 ) ( B ) ( A )
cos ( ) =

WVectors Product--

vector

r r r
A B = C = A B sin ( )

(1-26)

( ) (C)
r

KE A cross B FE-F ( B ) ( A )

E B FE A FE-F
r
E-F ( C )

( B ) ( A )
r r
r r
B A = A B

W ( C )

- -

(1-27)

LL

r r
A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) ( B x i + B y j + B z k )

(1-28)
r r
distribution law ( A B )

( x , y , z )

W

i j = i j sin ( )

W ( j ) ( i )
W

i = j =1

( k ) ( = 90 )
W ( j ) ( i )
i j = 1 1 sin ( 90 ) = 1( k ) = k

( k )

WK ( z )

i j = k
j k = i

(1-30)

k i = j

(1-31)

(1-29)

KE-F

(k)(j)(i)E-F

ExampleE-F

r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k
- -

LL

r r r
C = A B W

WSolution

r
r r
C = A B = ( 3i 4 j ) ( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i 2i ) + ( 3i 3k ) + ( 4 j 2i ) ( 4 j 3k )
= 0 + 9 ( j ) + 8( k ) 12( i )
r
C = 12i 9 j 8 k

W
i i = j j = k k = 0

(1-32)
i i = 1 1 sin ( 0 ) = 0

K ( k k ) ( j j )

- -

LL

Summary

K
K

A
A

= A1 x + A2 x + ...

= A1 y + A2 y + ...

tan( ) =

A
A

W
W ( i , j , k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = Bx i + B y j + Bz k
r
C = Cxi + C y j + Cz k

r
R = Rx i + R y j + Rz k

(B, A) W
r
C = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos( )

( ) ( B ) ( A )
K

W ( B, A ) W
- -

LL

r r

A.B = A
( )

B cos( )
B

W ( B, A ) W
r

A B = A B sin( )
r
( C )
( B, A )

- -

LL

Self Test Exams

r r r
KE-F ( m ) ( F1 , F2 , F3 )

K-
K-

E-F

W
y-component x-component

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

W
E-F
W

K Fx -
K Fy -

K-

r
r
W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 2i + 3 j
r
B = 3i + 3 j

W
r

K ( 2B ) ( 3 A ) -
- -

LL

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

K ( A B ) ( A + B ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) ( ) -
r r

K ( A . B ) -
r

K ( A B ) -
W
KEF

- -

LL

Unit Own Exercises & Problems

(250) (7)

r
( A )

( x, y )
r

K ( A )
r

W ( A )

x = -25
y = 40
r
K ( A ) -
r
K ( A ) -
r
( 30 ) ( 15 m ) ( R )

( x, y )

( 12.5 m )

KE-F ( 20 )

E-FE-F

K-

K-
r

W ( D ) ( C )

Dx = 4.4, Dy = 2.0, Dz = 0
r
K ( R )
r
r
W ( B ) ( A )

C x = 7 .4 , C y = 3 .8 , C z = 6 .1

- -

LL

r
A = 4 i + 3 j
r
B = 13 i + 7 j

K ( j ) ( i ) -
r

K ( A + B ) ( R ) -
r

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 3 i + 4 j
r
B = 5 i j

W
r r r
R = A+ B
r r r
R= BA

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 4 i 3 j + k
r
B = i + j + 4 k

K ( A + B ) -W

K ( A B ) -

r
W ( C ) -

A B+C = 0
r
r
r
W ( C ) ( B ) ( A )
r r
r
A B = 2C
r r
r
A + B = 4C
r
C = 3 i + 4 j

K ( B ) ( A )
r

(10)E-F ( B ) ( A )
K

- -

LL

E-FE-F
r
r
r
K ( B ) ( A ) ( R ) -
r
K ( R ) -
r
K ( R ) -

( 3 m ) ( 6 m ) ( 12 m )

K
KE-F

E-FE-F

i .i = j . j = k . k = 1
i . j = j . k = k .i = 0
i i = j j = k k = 0

-1
-2

-3

i j = k , k i = j , j k = i
-4
r
r
( B ) (10) ( A ) -

W(60)(6)
- -

LL

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 3 i + 3 j + 3 k
r
B = 2 i + j + 3 k

r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Ay By

K
r

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 3 i + 5 j
r
B = 2 i + 4 j

1
2
3

r r
A B
rr
A.B
r r r
( A + B ).B

- -

LL

Optional Problems

K ( 40 ) ( 1200 m ) -

( 123 ) -
KE-F ( 258 m )

E-F

W ( C ) ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 3 i + 3 j 2 k
r
B = i 4 j + 2 k
r
C = 2 i + 2 j + k

r
r r r r r r r r
A ( B + C ), A .( B + C ), A .( B C )
r
r
WE-F ( B ) ( A )
1 r r
A B
2

E-FE-F

- -

LL

Force & Motion

WIntroduction -

KEF

motionforcemechanics

microscopic W-

moleculesatoms

K?quantum mechanics?

W-

Krelativityspeed of light

WEF

-
K

-
K
EF
K
- -

LL

-
K

-
K

K-
K-

K
WDisplacement -

displacementE-FB A

KBA

EFEF

distanceE-F
BABAW
K

E-F

WAverage Velocity -
( v ) average velocity
W K ( t ) ( x )
v=

x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1

(2-1)

- -

LL

( v )
( x1 ,t1 ) ( x2 ,t2 ) (x, t)

W
x = f(t)

(2-2)

K (x)(t) function (x)

Kvector

ExampleE-F

W
x = 3t 4t2 + t3

K ( 1, 2 ,3,4 ) -

K ( t2 = 4s ) ( t1 = 0 ) -
K ( t2 = 4 s ) ( t1 = 2 s ) -
2

WSolution

x(1 s) = 3(1) 4(1) + (1) = 0

x(2 s) = 3(2) 4(2)2 + (2)3 = -2 m
x(3 s) = 3(3) 4(3)2 + (3)3 = 0
x(4 s) = 3(4) 4(4)2 + (4)3
= 12 64+ 64 = 12 m
x = x(4 s) x(0 s)
x = 12 m 0 = 12 m
x 12 m
v=
=
= 3( m / s )
4s
t
x = x(4 s) x(2 s) = 12 (-2) = 14 m
t = 4 s 2 s = 2 s
x 14 m
v=
=
= 7( m / s )
2s
t

- -

-1

-2
-3

LL

WInstantaneous Velocity J

intanntaneous velocity

average velocity
v = limt 0

x dx
=
t dt

(2-3)

(x) (1-3) (v)

W(t)

ExampleE-F

W
x = 2 - 2t + 4t2

K(t)(x)
Kt = 1 s

WSolution

Wt = 1 s
v ( 1s ) =

dx d
= ( 2 2t + 4t 2 )
dt dt
= 2 + 8t = 2 + 8( 1 )
= 6( m / s)

WAcceleration -
( v2 ) ( v1 )

a=

v2 v1 v
=
t2 t1 t

W ( a ) average acceleration
(2-4)

Winstantanous acceleration
r dv
a=
dt

(-5)
- -

LL

(2-5) (2-3)
(t)(x)(t)(v)
W

ExampleE-F

W
x = 50t + 10t 2

W (t1 = 0)(t)(x)
K-
Kt2 = 3 s-
Kt2 = 3 s-
WSolution

Kt2 = 3 st1 = 0-
x ( t = 3s ) x ( t = 0 )
t
x ( t = 3s ) = 50 ( 3 ) + 10 ( 3 )2 = 240 ( m )
x(t = 0 ) = 0
t = t2 t1 = 3 0 = 3 ( s )

v=

v=

240 ( m )
= 80 ( m / s )
3( s )

W-
v=
vt =3

d
( 50t + 10t 2 )
dt
= 50 + 20t

vt =3 = 50 + 20 3 = 110 ( m / s )

W-
dv
dt
d
a = ( 50 + 20t )
dt
at =3 = 20 ( m / s 2 )
a=

K
- -

LL

WConstant Acceleration Motion -

a=

dv
= a o = const .
dt

Kt = 0 ( ao )
W

d v = adt

W EF

dv = a dt

(2-6)

v = at + const .

W const.
v = vo

t=o
vo = a ( o ) + const
vo = const

W(2-5)
v = a t + vo

(a) ( v )

( a = ao ) ( vo ) ( vo ) ( v )
W(2-6)

v = a t + vo

(2-7)

K
W

v=

dx
= at + vo
dt

dx = at dt + vo dt

- -

LL

dx = a tdt + v dt

W- -

x=a

(2-8)

t2
+ vo t + const
2

W
t=o

x = xo

xo = a ( o ) + vo ( o ) + const

W
W

xo = const

W(2-8)
x=

1 2
at + vo t + xo
2

( x ) ( x )
W ( xo ) ( xo )
( x xo ) =

1 2
at + vo t
2

(2-9)

W(2-9)(2-7)
t=

W(t)(2-7)

v vo
a

(2-10)

W(2-9)

1 ( v vo )2
( v vo )
a
+ vo
2
2
a
a
2
2
1 ( v + vo 2v vo ) v vo v2
=
+
2
a
a
2
2
2
v + vo 2v vo + 2v vo 2vo
=
2a
2
2
v vo
=
2a

( x xo ) =

v 2 vo2 = 2a( x xo )

(2-11)

- -

LL

WEFW
v = vo + at

1 2

( x xo ) =
at + vo t W
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

ExampleE-F

(30 m/s)
W (160 m)(50 m/s)
K-

K(30 m/s)-
K(30 m/s)-
WSolution

v 2 vo2
2 ( x xo )

a=

(2-11)-

m
( 50 ) ( 30 )
s = 5 ( m / s2 )
=
2 ( 160 ) m
a=

t =

v
t
v ( v vo )
a

( 50 30 ) m / s
5 m / s2

= 4( s )

W(30 m/s)-
v
30 ( m / s )
=
a
5 ( m / s2 )
= 6 .5 ( s )

t=

x xo =

1 2
at + vo t
2

W ( d ) ( x xo ) EF
K ( x xo ) = d
- -

LL

W-

xo = 0
vo = 0

1 2
at
2
1
x =
( 5 m / s 2 )( 6.5 s )2
2
= 90 ( m )
x =

WNewtons First Law -

W
W
K
W
K

reference system
inertia law
K??

??

equilibrium conditions
W

- -

LL

r
F =0

r
r
p = mv

K ( vr ) (m)momemtum ( pr )

- -

LL

WNewtons Second Law -

(m) ( F )
r

( ar )

r r
F a

(2-12)

W
F1 F2 F3
=
=
= const .
a1 a 2 a 3

(m)

r
r
F = ma

W(2-12)K
(2-13)

external forces
internal forces
K

K (2-13)
r
r
Frx = ma x
r
Fry = ma y
r
Fz = ma z

W(x, y, z)
(2-14)

(m) (2-14)

K(ax, ay, az)

(SI) (2-13)
2

IN = (1 kg)(1 m/s )

- -

LL

(30

ExampleE-F

(8 kg)
W N)

K(3 N)-
K -
WSolution

E-FE-F

( f k , F ) -

W (x)

= F fk

30 3 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

27
= 3.375 ( m / s 2 )
8

W -

= ma
30 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

30
= 3.75 ( m / s 2 )
8

ExampleE-F

(15 m/s) (20 kg)

K(45 N)

K-
K-

K-
WSolution
- -

LL

E-FE-F

( vo = 15 m / s ) -

K ( F = 0 )

r
r
Fx = max

W -

F f k = max
0 45 = 20 ( ax )
a=

45
= 2.25 ( m / s 2 )
20

v vo
t
v vo
0 15
t=
=
= 6 .6 ( s )
a
2.25
a=

K(6.6 s)

( vo = 106 m / s )

(9.110-31

ExampleE-F
kg)

(8 10-17 N)
KK(10-8 s)
WSolution

W
v = vo + at

ax = 0

voy = 0

- -

LL

W
= mea y

Fy = mea y
ay =

Fy
me

F
vy = vo y + y t
me
8 10 17
= 0 +
31
9.1 10

10 8

5
= 8.79 10 ( m / s )

WWeight -
weight

( F = mar )

gravetational attraction
W

r
r
W = mg

(2-15)

(m)

( gr )
K ( ar ) ( gr )

(y) (2-15)
r
r
W = mgj

W ( j )
(2-16)

K(y-axis)

K-
K(g)-

W
- -

LL

Winertia mass -
W
minertia =

(2-17)

mass -
r r
(W1 ,W2 ) K

Wattraction

K ( m1g , m2 g )

m1 g
m2 g

r
W1
= r
W2

(2-18)

free falling acceleration gravitational acceleration

r
W1 = ( m1 )( g )
r

W2 = ( m2 )( g )

WK(g)
(2-19)

W(2-18)(2-19)
m1 g
m2 g

m1
= const .
m2

m mg

W
m
=1
mg

m = mg

K
WNewtons Third Law -

W
- -

LL

K
r

(B) ( FAB ) (A)E-F

r

(A)E FBA F(B)

W

r
r
FAB = FBA

(2-20)

E-F

intertial frames

actionK

Kreaction

KE-F

( F2 , F2 ) ( F1 , F1 ) E-F

-
r

( N ) ( W )
K

r
( F ) -
r
K ( N )

- -

LL

( F ) -

K ( N )
WFriction -

r
( F )

friction EFEF

force
K

K
K-
K-
W --

Wstatic frictional force-

( F )

( f s ) static frictional force

r

( N ) ( f s )

Wkinetic frictional force-

( F )
( f k ) kinetic

frictional force

W
- -

LL

W ( F ) -
r r
F fs

(2-21)
r
r
r
( f s ) ( f s ) ( F )

KE-F ( F )
r

(fs max) ( f s ) -

r
r
f s max = s N

(2-22)
r
r
( s ) ( W ) ( N )

Kcoefficient of static friction

fkfsE-F

-
r
r
fk = k N

W ( f s )
(2-23)

Kcoefficient of kinetic friction ( k )

W--

WNonfrictional incline surface motionEF-

- -

LL

KE-F

E-F

(W) (m)

(x, y)()
W
r
( W = mg ) W-

K(g)
r

K ( N ) -
r

K ( N ) ( W )
W

Wx=W sin

Wy = W cos

(Wy)(N)
W
Wy + N = 0

(Wx)
a = g sin

Wx = mg sin () = ma

(2-24)

(2-18)
K

- -

ExampleE-F

LL

E-F

K(45)(20 kg)

(g = 9.8 m/s2)

WSolution

W(2-24)

= 45

a = g sin
= (9.8) sin (45) = 6.93 (m/s2)

K
W

K(2-24)

WFrictional incline surface motionEF-

E-F

E-F
r
( W ) (m)

()
W ( x , y )
r

K(W

= mg ) W-

K(g)
r

K ( N ) -

( N ) ( W )

K
Wx = W sin

- -

LL

Wy = W cos

( Wx ) ( W y ) ( N )

( f k )
W

= W x f k = ma

mg sin f k = ma

a=

mg sin f k
m

(2-25)

ExampleE-F

E-F
(20

N) (12 kg)

K(9.8 m/s2)(30)
WSolution

W (2-25)

= 30
m = 12 kg
fk = 20 N
g = 9.8 (m/s2)
( 12 )( 9.8 ) sin( 30 ) 20
a=
12
= 3.2 (m/s2)

W
K(2-25)

- -

LL

Summary

W
r
v = 0

K
W

(m)
W
r
a=

F
m

K
?WW

K?

K
W

m=

F
a

W
W ( m1g , m2 g ) (W1, W2)

m1 g
m2 g

- -

W1
W2

LL

K
r
r
f s max = s N

F fs
,
( s )
W(fk)

r
r
fk = k N

K ( k )

W ( a )
v = vo + at

1 2

( x xo ) =
at + vo t
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

KWv

KWvo

KWx

KWxo

KWa

KWt

- -

LL

Self Test Exams

(97

W
kg)

K(470 N)
K

W
K(15 m)

(110 g)(6 m/s)-

K-
W

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Two Exercises & Problems

(20 s) ( vo = 30 m / s )

( v = 40 m / s )

(40

m/s)

W K(-2 m/s2)

K -

K-

W(6 km/h)(80 kg)

K-

K(4 s)-

E-F(100

kg)

WK(g = 9.8 m/s2)

KE-F(3 m/s2)-

K(3 m/s)-

KE-F(3 m/s2)-

E-F

E-F

(16

kg)

K(4 m/s2)(40 N)

K-
- -

LL

K-
(35) (15 kg)

K (50 N)E-F

K-

K

-
KE f k f s F

E-FE-F

( x )
W ( t )
x = 2 + 10 t + t 2

W ( tx ) ( x )

K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) ( t ) -
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) -
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) -
K ( t = 2 s ) -
K ( t = 2 s ) -

- -

LL

Work & Energy

WIntroduction -

conservation of energy

energy neither be created nor destroyed

K

conservation

of momentum

WEF
K-

-
K

K
-

K
-
- -

LL

K -
K-

-
K

K-
r

WWork -

( sr ) (m) ( F )

W
r

( sr ) ( F )

KE-F

r
r r
W = F.s
r
W = F s cos( )
r
W =Fs

E-F

WEsF
(3-1)

cos (0)
r

E-F ( sr ) ( F )

- -

LL

r
r
( s ) ( F ) E-F

( Fx ) F cos ()

W(3-1)
r
W = Fs cos( ) = sF cos( )
(3-2)
r
r
K ( s ) ( F )

(CGS)Joule(SI)

Kerge

(1N)WJoule

W (1 m)

1 J = (1 N)(1 m)

Welectron volt

W
1 eV = ( e )( 1.0 volt )

= ( 1.6 10 19 C )( 1.0 volt )

= 1.6 10 19 J

ExampleE-F

(5.7 m)(15 kg)

(h = 2.5 m)EF

W E-F

K-
- -

LL

K ( F ) -
K()-
WSolution

-E-F

( F ) -

K ( mgr sin ) ( mgr )

h 2 .5

sin = s = 5.7 = 0.438

1
= sin ( 0.438 )
= 26 o

h
F = mg sin = mg
s

m 2 .5 m

= 65 N
= ( 15 kg ) 9.8 2
s 5.7 m

W = Fs cos( )

-
r
r
K ( F ) ( s ) ()
WF = (65 N)(5.7 m) cos() = 368 J

sin

() ()-
r
sin () ( F )

WKinetic Energy -

- -

LL

KE-F
v

E-F

( sr ) (m) ( F )
r

( vro ) ( W )

( sr ) (vr )

r r r
r
( W = F .d ) ( F = mar )
r
- ( sr ) ( F ) -

W
r
r r
W = ( ma )s

(3-3)
(m)E ar F

W--

v2 = vo2 + 2 as

(3-4)

K(m)(3-4)
m ( v 2 vo2 ) = 2 mas

WEF

( 1 / 2 ) m ( v 2 vo2 ) = mas

( 1 / 2 ) m v 2 ( 1 / 2 ) m vo2 = mas

(3-5)

- -

LL

W(3-5)
Kfinal kinetic energyW K f

= ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

Kinitial kinetic energyW Ko = ( 1 / 2 ) m vo2

W

W (Fs)W(mas)
W
K = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

(3-6)

K f Ko = W
(3-7)
( sr )
r
work-kinetic energy theorem-
K ( F )
K f = W Ko

W
(3-8)

ExampleE-F

K ( 6.7 10 19 J )
K ( 9.11 1031 kg )

WSolution

- -

LL

K = ( 1 / 2 )m v 2
2K
v2 =
m
1

2K 2
v=

19
2

(
2
)(
6
.
7

10
J
)

=
( 9.11 10 31 kg )

6
v = 1.2 10 ( m / s )

WGravitational Potential Energy -

E-F
KE-F

E-F

( yo ) E-F
(m)
E F ( y )
U f U o = mg y

W ( y ) ( y ) ( yo )
(3-9)

W(3-9)
Kfinal potential energyW U f

= mg y

Kinitial potential energyW U o = m g yo

W(3-9)
- -

LL

( y ) K ( y ) Wmg y
K

(y)E-F

Kgravitational potential energy

( y ) W

WPower -

K
( t ) ( W ) (W )
Wforce average power

P=

W
t

(3-10)

Winstantaneous power
P = limt 0

W
t

W
P=

dW
dt

(3-11)

W
dx
dt
= Fv cos( )

P = F cos( )

(3-12)

(Watt)(SI)
K
1Watt = 1W = 1

- -

J
s

LL

horse power
W
1 horse power = 1 hp = 746 W

( vr ) ( F )
K

ExampleE-F

(53 m/s)(102 kg)

W K(2 m/s2)
K-

K-
K-

K(t = 120 s)-

K(4 m/s2)-
WSolution

r
r
F = ma

W-

= ( 102 kg )( 2 m / s 2 ) = 204 N
vo2 = 2 as
-
s=

vo2
( 53 m / s )2
=
= 702.2 m
2a 2 2 ( m / s 2 )
W = Fd = ( 204 N )( 702.2 m )

W-

= 14.33 104 J

-
p=

W ( 14.33 104 J )
=
t
( 30 s )
= 1194.2 W

- -

LL

W-

F = ma = ( 204 m )( 4.0 m / s 2 )
= 816 N

KEF
WConservation of Energy -

kinetic
thermal

energymechanical energy

energygravitational potengal energy

atomic energyoptical energychemical energy

K

E-F

E-F
(K)

WE vr F(m)

K = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

(3-13)

(U)

(h)(m)

U = mgh

(3-14)
Kgravitational acceleration ( gr )

(x)spring
U = ( 1 / 2 ) k x2

Hocks

Wequilibrium position
(3-15)

low(k)

r
F = k x

(3-16)

- -

LL

K(x)

( k = F / x )

K(N.m-1)W

E = (1 / 2 )m v + m g h
2

E = (1 / 2 )m v + (1 / 2 )k x
2

(3-17)
(3-18)

EF (3-19)

E = K +U

(3-19)

0 = K + U = Ether +

EF
K = K f K o

(3-20)

U = U f U o

K + U + Ether + ... = W

W
(3-20)
(3-21)

K-
-

Wmass-energy
- -

LL

E = mc2

(3-22)

Kspeed of light(c)(m)(E)

quantized-
( Ey ) ( Ex )

Ex E y = hf

(3-23)

W Plancks constant(h)
h = 6.63 10 34 J .s

= 4.14 10 15 eV .s

K(f)

ExampleE-F

(h)(m)
KE-F(v)
K-

K-

E-FE-F

WSolution

- -

LL

W-
W
r
U + K = mgh + 0

W -

W
U + K = 0 + ( 1 / 2 )mvo2

EF
K

0 + ( 1 / 2 )mv = mgh + 0
2
o

W(v1)
r
vo = 2 gh

W
v 2 = vo2 + 2ax

KW v

WE ar = gr F(x = h)W vo
r
0 = vo2 2 gh
r
vo = 2 gh

ExampleE-F

(4

kg)

K(300 m/s)

K -

K-

- -

LL

(25 s)-
K
WSolution

W
r
r
r
F = ma = mg
r
r
a = g = 9 .8 ( m / s 2 )

W-
r r r
v = vo + at
r r r
v = vo gt

W
r
r
v o = gt

300 (m / s ) = 9.8 (m / s 2 ) t
300 (m / s )
t=
= 30.6 ( s )
9 .8 ( m / s 2 )
v = v 0 gt
= 300 (m / s ) 9.8 (m / s 2 ) 25 ( s)
v = 55 (m / s )
1
mv 22
2
= (1 / 2)(4kg )(55 m / s ) 2
= 6050 J
U = mgh
K=

v 2 = v o2 + 2ax = v o2 2 gh

K(25 s)
h=

v 2 vo2
2g

( 55 m / s )2 ( 300 m / s )2
2( 9.8 m / s 2 )
h = 4437.5( m )
=

U = ( 4 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 4437.5 m )
= 173950 ( J )

- -

LL

W(h)
y = h = vo t ( 1 / 2 ) g t 2
= ( 300 m / s )( 25 s ) ( 1 / 2 )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 25 s )2
h = 4437.5 ( m )

K
WMomentum -

( vr )

(m)
W

r
r
P = mv

(3-24)
r
momentum ( P )
r
r dP d
r
F = dt = dt (mv )
r
dv
r
=m
= ma
dt

W
(3-25)

K ( dvr / dt = ar ) W

W(t) ( F )
r
r
F = ma
r
r F
a=
m
v = vo + at

v = vo +

F
t
m

m v mv o = Ft

(3-26)

W ( m v mvo )
r
P = F t

(3-27)

- -

LL

( Ft )
(F )

K(t)

(40

ExampleE-F

r
m/s)(2000 kg) ( F )

K(4 s)(30 m/s)

WSolution

Ft = P = m v m v o = m (v v o )
= (2000 kg )(30 m / s 40 m / s)
= 2 10 2 kg (m / s )
2 10 4 kg (m / s )
4s
= 5000 N

F=

(3-27)
K

r
r
P = mvcm

(3-28)
r
center of mass ( vcm ) (m)

Kvelocity

WConservation of Momentum -

conservative

EF
W

r
Fext = 0

(3-29)

- -

LL

r
r
dP d ( m v )
=
dt
dt
r
dv
=m
=0
dt

r
P = cons tan t

(3-30)

W
P = 0 = Pf Po

Pf = Po

(3-31)

K ( Pf ) ( Po )

ExampleE-7F

(2.3 m/s)(39 kg)(75 kg)

K
WSolution

mc

mm

vc

vo

WEF

r
( mm + mc ) vo = mcvc
v = vc =
=

( mm + mc ) vo
mc

[(75kg ) + ( 39kg )]( 2.3m / s )

( 39kg )

= 6 .7 m / s

v = v vo = ( 6.7 m / s ) ( 2.3 m / s )
= ( 4 .4 m / s )

- -

LL

Summary

r
( sr ) ( F ) W

r r
W = F .S

(1 m)(1 N)
K

WW

K f Ko = W

1
m v2
2
1
Ko =
mvo2
2

Kf =

W
W

WW

U f Uo = W

Uf = mgh

U o = m g ho

( h ) ( ho )

K

W
W
E=K+U

W
K + U EF =0
- -

LL

K
W
r
r
P = mv

ext

=0

W
r
P = const.
P =0
Pf Po = 0 Pf = Po

- -

LL

EF

SI

force

displacoment

work

Joule

weight

Joule

kinetic
energy

Joule

potential
energy

m/s

m/sec

vo

initial
velocity

m/s

m/sec

final velocity

m/s2

m/sec2

acceleration

Watt

power

Joule

total energy

J.s

Joule.sec

Planeks
const

kg
m/s

kg m/sec

momentum

kg

kilogram

mass

Newton

meter

Joule

F
EF

K
EF
K(s)(d)(x)EF
- -

LL

Self Test Exams

W
( l = 2 m ) (m)
(30)E-F(A)
K(A)
K(B)-

K(C)-
(102

W
g)
-

-
K(1 kW)
W
K(4.31014 Hz)
W
( m )
K ( 90 m )

K-
F-

KE ( g = 9.8 m / s 2 )

KEF
- -

LL

Unit Three Exercises & Problems

(50 kg)

K(0.5)(10 m)
K(15)(10 m)

(200 m) (30 min) ( 3 104 kg )

K(20 kg)
K(3000 m)

K-

K-

(2.9105

kg)

K(11.2 km/s)

(20 m/s) (200 g)

(0.3

cm)

K-

K-
W
K=

P2
2m

(7 kg)(50 m/s)(20 g)
K

K-
-
K(1.5 cm)

- -

LL

E-F

E-FE-F

K-
( m2 ) ( m1 ) -
K(h)

KE-F(20 m)
K-

K-

E-FE-F

- -

LL

Optional Problems

( 3 10 4 kg )

K(37)

K-
K-

( 1.2 107 m / s )
(30

mm) ( 4.5 10 16 N )

K ( me = 9.1 10 31 mg )
(20

m) (2 kg)

(25) (25 kg)

K(8 m/s)

K(1.5 m)K(209 N)

K EF-
-

-
-

(9.2 m) (27 kg)

K(32)
KE-F(0.20)

- -

LL

E-FE-F

(30)(6.0 m)(50 kg)

W (0.20)

K-

-
KE-F

E-FE-F

(30) ( m1 = 3.7 kg )
KE-F (m2 = 2.3 kg)

- -

LL

E-FE-F

K ( m2 ) ( m1 ) -

K ( m2 ) -

K-
K (2 m/s) (8 kg)

(16 J)

K-
K-

- -

LL

The Electrostatics

WIntroduction -
fundamentals electrostatics

electric

chargeconcepts

permitivivtyconservation
Coulombs

of electric charge

law

insulatorsconductorselectrostatic

force

Kelectrostatic potentialelectrostatic field

repulsionattractionK
negative

charges

positive

charges

WEF

-
W
K

-
K

- -

LL

W -

-
K
-
K

WThe Electric Charge -

electric

neutral

K imbalance

K
W

KLike charges repel each otherW-

KUnlike charges attract each otherW-
atomic structure of matter

electronnucleus

elementary charge
(e)
W

e = 1.60 10 19 C

(C)

W ( 6.25 1018 )

- -

LL

me = 9.1 10 31 kg

continuous

fluid

q = n e, (n = 1, 2, )

W
(4-1)

(e)
Kcharge is quantized

proton
neutron

KE-F

Particle

Symbol

Charge (e)

Mass (m)

electron

-1

proton

+1

neutron

1836.15
1838.68

E-F

WconductorsEF-

room temperaturefree electrons

Kaluminumcooperiron

- -

LL

Wnon conductors or insulators-

EF

Kglassplasticrubberwood

Wsemi conductorsEF-

germanium

silicon
K
WCoulomb's Law -
Coulomb

Charles Augustus

Coulombs

torsion balance

KE-F-

( q1 )

WvacuumK

( q 2 , q1 ) (F)-

Kpoint charges

F q q
1

(4-2)

( r 2 ) (F) -

1
r2

(4-3)

- -

LL

E-F

W(4-3)(4-2)
F

q1 q2
r2

(4-4)

W
F =k

q1 q2
r2

(k)

W(SI)
q = q = 1C
1

r=1m

Wrepulsion force
F = 9 109 N

W(4-5)
k=
=

Fr 2
q1q2
( 9 109 N )( 1m 2 )
= 9 109 N .m 2 .C 2
2
1C

W(4-5)
F = 9 10 9

- -

q1 q 2
r
r2

LL

(F) ( r )

W(k)
1

k=

4 o

permittivity of vacuum(o)

o =

1
4 k

1
= 8.85 10 12 N 1 . m 2 .C 2
4 ( 9 109 )

W(4-5)
F=

q1 q2

4 o r 2

W
F =k

q1 q2
r2

EF

(4-5)

relative permittivity
r =

=
o

(4-6)

K(r)(4-6)

KE-FK

E-F
- -

LL

K
W

K-
K-

KE-F

ExampleE-F

E-F(ABC)
(+2 10-6 C)(+4 10-6 C)(-10 10-6 C)
K(B)

E-FE-F

WSolution
6

FBA = 9 109

( 10 10 )( +4 10 )
= 9 N
( 20 10 2 )2

FBC = 9 10 9

( +2 10 6 )( +4 10 6 )
= 1 .8 N
( 20 10 2 )2

E-F ( FBA )

K ( FBC )

- -

LL

FBA ,x = FBA cos 60 = 4.5 N

FBA , y = FBA sin 60 = 7.79 N

Fx = FBA ,x FBC = 4 1.8 = 2.2 N
Fy = 7.79 N
F = ( Fx ) 2 + ( Fy ) 2 = 8.09 N
tan( )

Fy
Fx

7.79
2 .2
= 3.54
=

= tano1 ( 3.54 )
= 74.2

(x, y)E-F

ExampleE-F

(10 e)(2 e)
KK(3 nm)
WSolution

W
F=

q1 q 2
4 o r 2
1

r = 3nm = 3 10 9 m
q1 = 2e = 2( 1.6 10 19 C )
q 2 = 10 e = 10( 1.6 10 19 C )

o = 8.85 10 12 N 1 .m 2 .C 2
F=

) (

1
2 1.6 10 19 C 10 1.6 10 19 C
= 5.12 10 10 N
12
2

9
4 8.85 10
3 10 m

- -

LL

( k = 9 10 9 N m 2 C 2 ) W
K
WThe Electric Field -

vectors field

(q)test charge ( qo )
r

( qo ) ( F )
( qo ) (q)

( qo )

W
r
r F
E=
qo

EF

(4-7)

( F / qo ) ( E )
r

K(N/C)(SI) ( F )

W ( qo ) E-F(q)
F=

1 qq0
r
4 0 r 2

E-F

(q)(q )
o

W(r)

r
r F
1 q
E=
=
r
q o 4 0 r 2

(4-8)

- -

LL

( r )
K

K ( F ) ( E )

EF ( E )
r

K
( E ) E-F
KE-FE-F
Electric Field

3 1021

5 1011

3 106

at the surface of uranium nuclus

within a hydrogen atom, at the electron orbit
electric breakdown occurs in air

103

103

103

102

102

at the charged drum of a photocopier

the electron beam accelerator in a TV set
near a charged plastic comb
in the lower atmosphere
inside the copper wire of household circuits

(N/C)

E E FE-F

KE-FEF
- -

LL

E-F

E-F

WThe Electric Field Due To A Point Charge -

r

(q) ( E )
r
E=

W(r)
1

q
r
40 r 2

W
E=k

q
r2

EF

(4-9)

unit vector ( r )
r

( E )

KE-FE-F

ExampleE-F

( 6.8 fm ) ( r ) radius
KK
WSolution

W (4-10)
- -

LL

E=

Ze
Ze
=k 2
2
4 0 r
r

= ( 9 10 9 N .m 2 .C 2 )

( 92 )( 1.6 10 19 C )
( 6.8 10 15 m )2

E = 2.9 10 N 21 / C

K ( Z )
WThe Electric Potential -

W
-
-

-
KE-F

(q )E-F
o

(B)(A) ( qo ) test

charge

(+q)
electric

potential energy

(B)(A)

Kpotential difference

W
VBA = V B V A =

W A B
qo

(4-10)

W A B = ( VB V A )q o = U

W
K(B)(A)(qo)(F)W W A B

KBWVB

- -

LL

KAWVA

K ( qo ) WU

( qo )

( E q ) (F)E-F
W A B = U

K ( VB qo ) B

( qo )

(VB VA )
VB V A =

U
qo

W
=

UB U A
qo

W ( qo ) (q)
W = F .r
=

1 qqo
1 qqo
r=
2
4 o r
4 o r

(F)
(B)(A)(r)

(J/C)K ? ?
K(V)

ExampleE-F

(3V)(4 10-6 C)
W E-F

K-
K(8V)-

K(B)(A)-
- -

LL

E-FE-F

WSolution
W-
U= q V
= (4 10-6 C)(3V) = 12 10-6 J

K(B)(A)-
W = q(VB - VA)
= (4 10-6 C)(8V - 3V) = 20 10-6 J

W-

U = UB - UA = 20 10-6 J

EFW

(q)

(q)(r) ( qo )

W = Fr =

qq o
1 qq o
r=
2
4 o r
4 o r
1

qq o
W 4 o r
1 q
V =
=
=
qo
qo
4 o r
1 q
V =
4 o r
1

W
V =k

q
r

EF

(6-11)

(q)(r)

ExampleE-F

(1 C)E-Fpoint charge
K(1 m)(B)(2 m)(A)
- -

LL

KE-F (VA VB ) -

KE-F (VA VB ) -

E-FE-F

WSolution
q
q
k
rA
rB

VA VB = k

1
1

= k q

r
r
B
A
1
1

= 9 10 9 N m2 C 2 1 10 6 C

2m 1m
= 4500 V

)(

W ( r ) -
VA VB = 4500 V

WCapacitance -

K
capacitor
capacitance

- -

LL

(q) storage chargeK(V)

W

qV

(C)??

WEF

q = CV

(4-12)

KE-F

Farad(SI)

1 Farad
1F

= 1 Coulomb/1 Volt
= 1 C/1 V

Gaus's low ( E )
r r
0 E .dA = q

W
(4-13)

(q)
r

( dA ) (A)(dA)

K ( dA ) ( E )
r

( dA ) ( E ) (dA) ( E ) (o) ( F )
r
0 EA = q

W(4-14)
(4-14)

(A)(dA)
W(V)
KEF
- -

LL

V = Ed

(4-15)

E-F

(A)-
(V)(d)

K(-q)(+q)
r

E E F-

(fringes)

(A)(d)

W(4-15)(4-14)(4-12)
o E A = C Ed

C = o

A
d

(4-16)

W(4-16)
C = o r

A
d

EF

(4-17)

(r)

K
WCapacitors in Parallel -

in seriesin parallel

- -

LL

E-F
V1 = V2 = V3 = V

q = q1 + q2 + q3

W(V) ( C1 ,C2 ,C3 )

W(q)

E-F

connected

in parallel ( C1 ,C 2 , C 3 ) -

K(V)(B)

( Ceq ) -
K ( q1 + q2 + q3 )

E
-F
q1 = C1 V , q2 = C2 V , q3 = C3 V

q = q1 + q2 + q3 = C1 V + C2 V + C3 V = V ( C1 + C2 + C3 )

W
C = C eq =

q
= C1 + C 2 + C 3 + ... = C i ...
V
i =1

(4-19)

K(n)

W(C)E-F
- -

LL

C = C1 + C2 + C3

WCapacitors in series -
in series

KE-F

E-F

connected in series ( C1 ,C 2 ,C 3 ) -
K(V)(B)

(V) ( Ceq ) -
( V1 + V2 + V3 )

KEF

E-F

( V1 ,V2 ,V3 )
W

q = q1 = q 2 = q 3
V1 =

q
q
q
,V2 =
,V3 =
C1
C2
C3

W
V = V1 + V2 + V3

W
- -

LL

Ceq =

q
q
q
=
=
q
q
q
1
V
1
1
+
+
+
q +
C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3

1
1
1
1 = Ceq +
+
C1 C2 C3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C eq C1 C 2 C 3

(4-20)

W
n
1
1
=
C eq i 1 C i

(4-21)

K(n)
WStorage Energy In A Charged Capacitor -
(V)(q)
(V

= 0 )

(V

= V ) ( q = 0 )

W(q)

V =

V +0 1
= V
2
2

(4-22)

K(V)
W ( V ) (q)
1 1
W = q V = qV
2 2

(4-23)

U =W =

1
q2 1
qV =
= CV 2
2
2C 2

(4-24)

(4-24)
K

ExampleE-F

( C2 = 600 PF ) ( C1 = 200 PF )
K(120 volt)
- -

LL

K-
K-
WSolution

q1 = C1 V
= ( 200 10 12 F )( 120 V )
= 2.4 10 8 C
q2 = C2 V
= ( 600 10 12 )( 120 V )
= 7.2 10 8 C
q = q1 + q2
= ( 2.4 + 7.2 ) 10 8 = 9.6 10 8 C
-

C = C1 + C2
= ( 200 10 12 ) + ( 600 10 12 )
= 800 10 12 F
C = 8 10 10 F

ExampleE-F

( C2 = 6 PF ) ( C1 = 3 PF )
K(V = 10 volt)

K-
K-
K-
WSolution

1
1
1
=
+
C C1 C2
=

1
1
(6 + 3 ) 1
+
=
3 PF 6 PF 18 PF 2 PF

C = 2 PF = 2 10 12 F

- -

LL

q = CV
= ( 2 10 12 F )( 10 V ) = 2 10 11 C

W
q = q1 = q2 = 2 10 11C
V1 =

q
2 10 11C
=
= 6.67 V
C1 3 10 12 F

V2 =

q
2 10 11C
=
= 3.33V
C2 6 10 12 F

W
Vt = V1 + V2

10 = 6.67 + 3.33 = 10 volt

- -

LL

Summary

W
F( N ) =

q1 q2
q q
= k 122
2
4 o r
r

K(9 109 N)
K

W
E( N / C ) =

F
1 q
q
=
=k 2
2
qo 4 o r
r

? ?W

W K

V ( volt ) =

1 q
q
W A
=
=k
qo
4 o r
r

WEF
C( farad ) =

q
V

C = o r

A
d

1
1
1
=
+
+ ...
C eq C1 C 2

W
- -

LL

Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...

W
U=

- -

1
qV
2

LL

Self Test Exam

(2

W
cm)(a) E-F

(3.0 10-6 C)(30) ()

K ( q1 ) ( F1 ) K

E-F

W
K ( p ) E-F
- -

LL

E-F

W
( p ) E-F

E-F

W
( d = 1 10 3 m ) capacitor

K ( C = 6 106 F )

(V )

W ( q = 6 106 C )

K (V ) -
K ( E ) -

( 0.5 10 6 C ) -
K
W
( q2 = 20 n C ) ( q1 = 10 n C ) E-F

K ( a = 30 cm ) ( q3 = 20 n C )

K ( q1 )

- -

LL

E-F

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Four Exercises & Problems

(30

(-3 C) (2 C)

KKcm)

K(18 e)

K(1 nm)

( 3 10 9 C )
(3
(1

nm) ( 120 10 9 C )

N/C)

(1 m)

( 5 10 6 C ) ( 0.5 10 3 kg )

( 0.5 10 5 N / C )
W ( 10 10 2 m )

K-
K-

K-
W

W
( q 2
( r2

= 6 10 6 C ) ( q1 = 5 10 9 C )

= 5 10 2 m ) ( r1 = 10 102 m ) (A) ( q 3 = 3 10 6 C )

K(A)E-F ( r3 = 3 10 2 m )

- -

LL

( q 2

E-FE-F

= q 3 = q 4 = 3 10 9 C ) ( q1 = 3 10 9 C )

E-F ( r = 3 10 2 m ) (A)

K(A)-
K(A)EF-

(A) ( q5

= 9 10 6 C ) -

K ( q1 ) ( F15 )

(202

K(500

V)

E-F

cm2)

K(0.4 cm)

K-

-
K
- -

LL

K
-

K(8) (0.4 cm) -

KK

(3 F)

K(2.8)
W(60 P F)
K(2 kV)-

K(3 10-8 C)-

- -

LL

Optional Problems

(a)E-F

(Q)
K(C)

E-F

E-F
( q = 1 10 8 C ) (5

cm)

E-F

- -

LL

Current & The Electric Circuit

WIntroduction -

a stream of moving changes

(106

m/s)

EF

W
(E)(V)
ammeter

WEF
- -

LL

K-
K-

-
K

K-

K -

K-

-
K

-
K
WElectric Current -

random

motion E F

established current
direct currentsteady state condition

Kalternating current

W
- -

LL

(q)

I=

WEFK(t)

q
t

EF

(5-1)

(A) (SI)

Winstantaneous current
I=

dq
dt

(5-2)

(q)
q = ne ,

W(n)

n = 1, 2 , 3 , ...,

(5-3)

-(n)quantized

(e)-
Kelementary charge

K
(E)

positive terminal K
negative

terminal

KE-F

KI = (q/t)(7-1)EF
- -

LL

E-F

ExampleE-F

( 6 10 4 A )
W ( 5 103 s )
K-

-
K

WSolution
q
t
q = It

W(5-1)-

I=

= ( 6 10 4 A )( 5 10 3 s )
= 30 10 7 C = 3C

K(5-3)-
q = ne

(q) (n) (e)

30 10 7 C = n( 1.6 10 19 C )
n=

( 30 10 7 C )
= 1875 1010 electron
19
( 1.6 10 C )

WCurrent Density -
E-F

- -

LL

E-F

( vd ) -
K

( vd ) -
r

K ( E ) (J)K

E -F
r

( E )
r

( J ) current density
(I)E -F

r I
J=
A

EF (5-4)

(A)
EJ FK(A/m2)(SI) unitK
r

( E ) ( J ) EJ F
-

W-

r r
I = J .dA

(5-5)

- -

LL

( dA ) ( dA )

K(5-5) ( dA ) ( J )

drift velocityK

( vrd )

E-F

( n ) ( n A L ) ( L ) ( vrd )

( A ) ( A L )
W ( q ) ( t )

q = ( n A L )e

(5-6)

( L ) ( q ) ( e )
W

r
t = L / vd

(5-7)

W (5-1)(5-6)(5-7)
I=

q ( nAL )e
=
t ( L / vd )

I = n A e vd

W (A)
r

r
r
J = (ne)v d

I
= n e vd
A

W ( J )

(5-8)
K ( vrd )
r
(n e)K ( vrd ) ( J ) (5-8)

K(C/m3)
- -

LL

ExampleE-F

(1.8 mm)(2.5 mm)

K(1.3 A)

WSolution

W-

J Al =

I
AAl

AAl = r12

= 1.25 10 3 m

J Al

= 4.61 10 6 m 2
1 .3 A
=
= 2.6 10 5 ( A / m 2 )
2
6
4.61 10 m

W-
J Cu =

I
ACu

ACu = r22

= 0.9 10 3 m

= 2.54 10 6 m2
1 .3 A
= 5.1 105( A / m2 )
J Cu =
2.54 10 6 m2

(A)

( x = 250 m ) (W

ExampleE-F

= 3.2 mm )

( I = 5.2 mA )
n-type semiconductor
K ( n = 1.5 1023 m3 )
r

K ( J ) -
K ( vrd ) -

- -

LL

WSolution

r
I
J=
Wx
A = Wx

r
J =

5.2 10 3 A
= 6500 A / m 2
3
6
( 3.2 10 m )( 250 10 m )

W
-

vd =

J
ne

6500 A / m 2
( 1.5 10 23 m 3 )( 1.60 10 19 C )
= 0.27 m / s = 27 cm / s
=

WResistance and Receptivity -

ammeter (V)

resistanceEFK
(I) (V)

R=

V
I

EF

(5-9)

ohm volt/amper (SI)

K()Georg Simon Ohm (1870)
1 ohm = 1 = 1 volt/amper

resistor

( E )
- -

LL

(I) ( J )

conductivity

KEF()
W EF()

r r
J E
r
r
J = E

EF

(5-10)

EF

(5-11)

r
E
= r
J

( E ) (.m) (SI)
r

K(A/m2) ( J ) (V/m)
=

(V / m)
(. A)
=
= .m
2
( A / m ) ( A / m)

(5-12) (5-11)KEF

r
r
E=J

(5-12)

(5-12) (5-11)
conductivity K
W

= 1/

EF

(5-13)

K(.m)-1EF
KE-F

- -

LL

Material

Resistivity (.m)

Temperature
coefficient of resistivity
(k-1)

typical metals
silver

1.62 10-8

4.1 10-3

copper

1.69 10-8

4.3 10-3

aluminum

2.75 10-8

4.4 10-3

tungsten

5.25 10-8

4.5 10-3

(20C)EFE-F

Material

Resistivity (.m)

Temperature
coefficient of resistivity
(k-1)

iron

9.68 10-8

6.5 10-3

platinum

10.6 10-8

3.9 10-3

manganin

18.2 10-8

0.002 10-3

2.5 10-3

-70 10-3

silicon. n-type

8.7 10-4

silicon. p-type

2.8 10-3

silicon. pure

typical insulator

glass
fused quartz

1010 1014

1016

(20C)EFE-F

- -

LL

KE-F

(I)(A)(L)(V)E-F

(A)(L)E-F

K(I) (V)
r

( J ) ( E )
W
E=

V
L

EF
W

J=

I
A

EF
W(5-11) ( J ) ( E )

E V /L
=
J I/A

( R ) (V / I )

W ( A ) ( L )

R=

A
L
=R
L
A

EF

(5-14)

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

(o = 1.69 10-8 .m)

o = o ( T To )

W
(5-15)

( o ) ( To )

EF

To = 20 C

EF

To = 293 K

o = 1.69 .cm

E-FE-FEF ()

(T) ()-

( o ) -
K ( To . o )

W
R Ro = Ro ( T To )

EF

(5-16)

ExampleE-F

(1.3 A)(0.9 mm)

- -

LL

WSolution

r
r
E=J

J=

I
A

A = r2

= 0.9 10 3 m

= 2.54 10 6 m 2
J=

1 .3 A
= 5.1 10 5 A / m 2
2.54 10 6 m 2

W 1.69 108 .m WE-F ()

E = ( 1.69 10 8 .m )( 5.1 10 5 A / m2 )

E = 8.6 10 3 V / m

K ( E ) W
WOhm's Law -
conductor resistor

potential magnitude and polarity

E -FK
W

- -

LL

E-F

K(I)(V)-

K(1000 )(V)(I)-

K(p.n) (V)(I)-

(V) E -F
(I)EF
K(V)

E -F

( I / V ) EF
( R = V / I )

E-F

( 1.50 volt )

(5-9)

K(I/V)EF
- -

LL

( amper ) ( volt )

E -F

( p n ) E J F
K

W
E
J
V
R=
I

( ) ( A ) ( L ) ( R )
r

( E ) ( = RA / L ) (R = ( L / A ))
WE-F (V / L )
E=

V
RA I
=J =
L
L A
V RI
=
L
L
V = RI

(V,I)
(ohm-meter)
K

- -

KEFEF

(5-9)-

K(V)(R)(R = V/I)
- -

LL

(5-11)-

K(E)()( =E/J)

ExampleE-F

K ( 1.756 108 .m ) (8 mm) (2 m)

WSolution
R=

L
A

W (A)
A = r2

Kr = 4 mm

A = ( 4 10 3 m )2 = 5.03 10 5 m2
2m
R = 1.756 10 8 .m
5.03 10 5 m2
R = 7.02

ExampleE-F

( 20 C ) ( 3.35 )
K ( = 4.26 104 K 1 ) W ( 50 C )
WSolution

Rt = Ro ( 1 + t )

Rt = R50 C

Ro = R20 C = 3.35

= ( 50 20 ) C = ( 323 293 ) = 30 K

= 4.26 10 4 K 1

R50 C = 3.35 ( 1 + 4.26 10 4 K 1 30 K )

= 3.392

- -

LL

(V )
( P ) -

EF

P = IV

(5-17)

(V ) ( I ) power ( P )

Kpotential defference

-
W
P = IR =

V2
R

( watt )

1W = ( 1 J / 1 s )

EF

resistive dissipation (R) ( P )

ions lattice
K

WResistors in Series and in Parallel -

in

senries

ammeter

W
I = constant

WE-F

- -

LL

(V)in seriesE-F

( I ) ( R1 , R2 , R3 )

W (V1 , V2 , V3 )

V = V1 + V2 + V3

W ( I )
V V1 V2 V3
= + +
I
I
I
I

W
Req = R1 + R2 + R3

EF

(5-18)

W
in

parallel

KE-F(I)

(V)in parallelE-F

- -

LL

V = V1 = V2 = V3

I1 , I 2 , I 3 W(I)

EF

I = I1 + I 2 + I 3

W (V)
I I1 I 2 I 3
= + +
V V V V
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R eq R1 R 2 R 3

EF

(5-19)

ExampleE-F

KE-F

E-FE-F

WSolution

(r)
W(7 )(3 )
- -

LL

1
1 1 10
= + =
Req 3 7 21

K
Req =

21
= 2.1
10

(5 )

Rtot = 2.1 + 5 + 0.4

= 7.5

W
I=

Rtot

30V
= 4A
7.5

WElectric Circuit Equation -

KE-F

E-F

K(r)-
Vr = Ir

Kexternal resistor-
VR = IR

( E m f )

W (a)

EF

Ir IR = 0

= IR + Ir

(5-20)
- -

LL

I=

EF

(r + R)

(5-21)

(a)

KE-F

E-F

Vb Va = Ir

(5-22)

W(I)(5-20)

I = I R + I 2r
2

(5-23)

Kresistive dissipation

I=

W(5-21)
(5-24)

(R)

- -

LL

ExampleE-F

K ( r = 1 ) ( = 24 V )

K-
K-
K-
WSolution

I=

W(5-21)-

R+r

24 V
=3A
(1 + 7 )

Vb Va = Ir

W(5-22)-

= 24 ( 3 )( 1 ) = 21V
P = I = 24 3 = 72 watt

W-

ExampleE-F

KE-F

E-F

K-

K(b)(a)-
WSolution

W-
2 1

- -

LL

(a)

2 Ir2 IR Ir1 1 = 0
2 1
( 8 4 )V
I=

r1 + r2 + R

( 1 + 1 + 10 )

EF

4
= 0.333 A
12

W(b)(a)-
KEF

( Vc Va ) + ( Vd Vc ) + ( Vb Vd ) = Vba

( Vc Va ) = 1

( Vd Vc ) = Ir1 4 + ( 0.333 )( 1 ) + ( 0.333 )( 10 ) = 7.663V

( Vb Vd ) = IR
Vab = 7.663

( Ve Va ) + ( Vb Ve ) = Vba

( Ve V a ) = 2
8 ( 0.333 )1 = 7.663V
( Vb Ve ) = Ir2
Vab = 7.663V

WSuper Conductivity -
Kammerlingh

Onnes

KE-F(4K)

E-F

(4 K)

(I2R)super
K
(W
- -

conductivity

= I2Rt)

LL

(7.2 K)

super conductivity

Ceramic

K(125 K)

W
low temperature

K(77 K)

- -

LL

Summary

(q)WElectric Current Intensity

(I)(t)

W
I( A ) =

q( C )
t( s )

(q)WElectric Current density

(I) (A)
W(A)

r
I( A )
J ( A.m 2 ) =
A( m 2 )

(V)WResistance

W(I)

R( ohm ) =

V ( volt )
I ( amper )

W ( Req )
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

W ( Req )
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ...
Req R1 R2 R3

(SI)WOhm

K
WResistivity

( .m ) = R ( )

A( m )
L( m )

WHeat Coefficient of resistonce

K
- -

LL

( K 1 ) =

( RT Ro )
Ro ( )T ( k )

WDrift Velocity

vd ( m / s ) =

J ( A m2 )
n ( m3 ) e ( C )

WElectro

motive force

K
WKirchhoffs rules

W-

W
I = I1 + I 2 + ...

I I1 I 2 ... = 0

W
-
W

= V

- -

LL

Self Test Exam

W
K(1.3 A)(0.9 mm)

K 8.47 1028 ( m3 ) ( vrd )

W
E-F ( R2 = 5 ) ( R1 = 12 )
K ( r = 1 ) ( = 18 V )
K-

K-

K-

E-F

W
WE-F

- -

LL

E-F

W
( 5 mm ) ( 10 m )

( 5.9 1028 m3 ) ( 1.62 108 .m )

W ( 1.5 A )
K-

K-
K-
K-

KEF-
W
E-F
K ( 22V )

E-F

K-
K ( R3 ) -
- -

LL

( R4 ) -

K ( 2 mm ) ( 1 m )

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Five Exercises & Problems

KE-F

E-FE-F

(2.4

)(12 )

W( = 75 V)(r = 0.6 )

K-

K(2.4 )-
K(12 )-

K-
(2 A)(1.41 V)

(5 )

(1.59 V)

(4 A)

(100 V)
(110

V)(120 V)

( 2 108 )

(20 A)

( 1 105 m / s )
K(J)
- -

LL

8 A ) (1.5
( 2.4 10

mm)

K(J)-
K-

( 8.70 cm3 )

K ( 470 km / s )
K(J)-

-
K

K ( 6.37 106 m )

K(56 cm2)

(4 m)(0.5 mm)

K(3 10-7 .m)resistivity(10 km)

KK(25 m)resistance

(6 )

K(4 h)
(7 W)(9 V)

(3 A)

K(100 W)

- -

LL

Optional Problems

(50

(58

)(20 C)

( 1.69 10 8 .m )

K ( 4.3 10 3 K 1 ) ( 20 C )

(q = 2e)alpha particles

K(0.25 A)(20 MeV)

-
(3 s)

K(20 cm)-
-
K ( 20 MeV )
K 1 eV

= 1.6 10 19 J

(0.1 cm)(33 m)
(1.2 V)
W

K-
K-

K-

K-
K ( 1.69 10 8 .m ) W

- -

LL

Magnetic Field

WIntroduction -

r
( B )

permanent magnet

electromagnet
K

EF moving charge

r
B EF moving charge

EF moving charge

r
B EF moving charge

Hans Chrictian Orested

WEF

- -

LL

K-

-
K

J -
K

-
K

K-
WThe Magnetic Field (B) -

(q) ( E )

( q o )
r

W ( F ) ( F )

r
r
F = qE

(6-1)
r
( B )

K
r

( B )
r

( FB ) ( v ) (q) ( B )
r
r r
FB = qv B

W(q)

(6-2)
r
r
( B ) cross product ( FB )

EqF ( v )
(6-2)
- -

LL

( v )
( FB ) -

( B )
r

E -F ( B )
r

W ( FB )

E -F EF

( vr )
r

( FB ) ( B )
E-F

E -F
K

W E-Fparallel or antiparallel

r
FB = qv B sin

(6-3)

K()
r
FB max = qvB

Wdeflecting force-
(6-4)

K( = 90)
r

KEvF(q) ( FB ) -
r

KE-F ( FB ) -

KE1F
- -

LL

E-F

(v)(q)-
r

KE FB FE B F

K(B)(v)-
r

E FB F(-q)-

KEF
r
tesla (SI) ( B )

W(6-6)

B=

FB
qv

EF

Newton
( Coulomb )( meter / sec ond )
Newton
=1
( Coulomb / sec ond )( meter )

1 tesla = 1T =

1T = 1

N
A.m

W
Ampere =

- -

Coulomb
sec ond

LL

Gauss

KGauss meter
1 T = 104 gauss

K(SI)

KE-F

K
at the surface of a neutron star (calculated)

108 T

an electromagnet

1.5 T

10-2 T

10-4 T

near a small bar magnet

at the surface of the earth

10-10 T

in intersteller space
smallest value in amagnetically shielded room

10-14 T

E-F

ExampleE-F

( B = 1.2 mT )

( 5.3 MeV ) E-F

K ( m p = 1.67 10 27 kg )

WSolution
W ( FB )
FB = qv B sin

- -

LL

E-F

W
K=

1
mpv2
2

( 5.3 10 6 eV ) =

( 1.67 10 27 kg )v 2
2

W
( 2 )( 5.3 10 6 )( 1.6 10 19 J / eV )
v2 =

( 1.67 10 27 kg )

7
v = 3.2 10 m / s
FB = ( 1.6 10 19 C )( 3.2 10 7 m / s )( 1.2 10 3 T )(sin 90 )
= 6.1 10 15 N

WMagnetic Field Lines --

E-F
K(S) south pole(N) north ploe
W
r

K ( B ) -
-

K ( B ) ()

K-

- -

LL

E-F

(N)
(S)

-
WThe Magnetic Force On A Current-carrying Wire
KE-F

(I)E-F

(B)(A)(L)
K

E-F
- -

LL

(q) ( FB ) E-F

W(6-6) ( vr )
r
FB = qv B

W
q = en ( LA )

(LA)(L)(A)
(e)(n)

FB = en( LA ) B sin

(6-5)

(6-5) ( I = e n L A / t ) ( v = L / t )

FB = ILB sin

r
r r
FB = IL B

EF

(6-6)

K ( L )

(6-6)

( FB )
r

r r
dFB = IdL B

W
r

K ( L ) ( FB ) ( dL ) ( dFB )

ExampleE-F

(30)(12 A)(0.5 m)

( 2 10 2 T )
K

WSolution
W(6-5)
- -

LL

FB = ILB sin

I = 12 A
L = 0 .5 m
B = 2 10 2 T
= 30
FB = ( 12 A )( 0.5 m )( 2 10 2 T ) sin 30
= 0.06 N

ExampleE-F

K(28.0 A) ( B )
r

( FB ) ( B )

K(46.6 g/m)EFE-F(mg)
WSolution

( FB ) (mg)E-F
FB = mg = LIB
B

W(6-6)

mg ( 46.6 10 3 kg )( 9.8m / s 2 )
=
LI
( 1m )( 28 A )

= 1.6 10 2T

( 46.6 10 3 kg )

E-FE-F

K( kg / m )(SI)EF
- -

LL

EJ F -

WBiot-Sarart law, Magnetic Field Du To ACurrnet

Biot-SavartE -F

KE-F

E-F

(dL)E-F
(r)
(p)(dB)(I)

(dB)K
(p)EdLF

1
r2
dB I
dB sin
dB dL
dB

W(p)EdLF(dL)()
dB

dB =

0 IdL sin
4
r2

IdL sin
r2

W
EJ F

(6-7)

permeabiliy constant ( o )
o = 4 10 T .m / A
7

1.26 10 6 T .m / A

- -

LL

(dB)E-F

(r) ( dL r )

W(6-7)(p)
r

I dL r
dB = 0
4 r 3

(6-8)

- (6-7)
K

ExampleE-F

-
K(I)ErF(p)
KE-F

WSolution

(I)

- (r)
KE-F

E-F

(p)
(6-8) ( - 0)
r
r o IdL rr
dB =

3
4 r

- -

WE-F

LL

r
(p)
( r )

W ( dB ) ( dL rr )
dB =

0 IdL sin
4
r2

dL r = dL r sin

r
sin dL
B = dB = 0
2 0
r2

WE-F
sin ( ) = sin ( ) =

R
L + R2
2

1
2 2

r =(L + R )
r I
R
B= o
ds
3
o
2
L s2 + R2 2
2

1
2
2
L + R 2 o

I
= o
2 R

o I
2 R
r I
B= o
2 R
B=

- -
WJ

r
B
.ds = o I

(6-9)

W (R)

- -

LL

B . dL = 2 R B

2 R B = o I
r I
B= o
2 R

K-

(0 - )
( - 0)

W(+, -)
+

B = dB =

o I
4

dL sin

r2

R
, L = R tan
L
R
R
sin = , r =
r
sin

tan =

R d sin
o I R sin3 d
=
sin2 R2 4 sin2 R2
2
sin
o I o 2
o I
sin d =
[ cos ]0
=

4
4
o I
B=
2 R
B=

o I
4

K(0 - )(- -)(dL)W

(6-9)

K

ExampleE-F

(I)
K(r)
WSolution

r r
B . dL = o I

- -

LL

WErF

dL = 2 r
B ( 2 r ) = o I

B=

o I
2 r

E BF

(6-10)

WThe Magnetic Field of Solenoid -

E-F
(I) (n)
K

E-F

( B )

(abcd)

K
( I o )
K
b r
c r
d r
a r
r
B . dL = B . dL + B . dL + B . dL + B . dL
a

(90)(da) (bc) ( B )

(B = 0)(cos 90)
r

W ( B ) (cd)(ab)
d
r
r
r
B
.
dL
=

B . dL = B h
b

EcdF(ab)(h)

WEnF
- -

LL

I o = I ( nh )
r
r
B . dL = B h = o I n h

r
B = o I n

K
idial

(6-11)

solenoid(6-11)

(N)(I)toroid
r
B ( 2 r ) = o I N

B=

o I N
2 r

E BF (6-12)

(r)(6-12)

WInteracting force-two parallel currents -

(Ib) (Ia)EdF
KE-F

E-F

( Ba ) (b)
Ba =

0 I a
2 d

W(b) ( Ba )
(6-13)

E-F

W(6-5)(b) ( Fba )
Fba = I b L Ba

(6-14)

- -

LL

( Ba ) (L) E-F

Fba = I b L Ba sin 90o =

Fba =

o I a I b L
2 d

W (6-14)(6-13)

0 L I a Ib
2 d

EF

(6-15)

( L Ba ) ( Fba )
K(a) ( Fba )

(a)

(b)
W

F E F

KE

ExampleE-F

(d) E-F
W ( I a , I b )
d = 5.3 cm, Ib = 32 A, I a = 15 A

K(40 m)

WSolution

E-F

KE-F

W (6-15)
- -

LL

I a = 15 A,
d = 5.3 cm

I b = 32 A

L = 40 m

o = 4 10 T .m
I I L
Fab = o a B
2 d
7

( 4 10 7 )( 15 )( 32 )( 40 )
2 ( 5.3 10 2 )

= 7.24 10 2 N

- -

LL

Summary

magnetic field

(SI)

W(90)
B=

FB
qv

1T =

1N
1N
=
1 m 1 A.1 m

1C
1s

( I ) ( L )
r r
FB = I L B
r r
o I dL r
dB =
4
r3

W ( B )
WBiots-Savart law-

( I )
K

r r
B
.dL = o I

WAmpers law

WAmperian Loop

W ( r ) -
B=

o I
2 r

B = o I n
- -

W-

LL

K ( n )

B=

o I N
2 r

W-

K ( r ) ( N )
W

Fba =

o I a I b L
2 d

( I b ) ( I a ) ( L )
K ( d )

- -

LL

Self Test Exam

(B) Biot-Savart -

(c) E-F

( R2 )

( R1 )

K(I)(ADJHA)

E-F

K ( m / s 106 v = 1.3 ) ( 5.3 10 11 m )

K

K ( q = 1.6 1019 c ) ( me = 9.11 10 31 kg ) W

W

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Six Exercises & Problems

( 2.6 mT ) (23)

K ( 6.5 1017 N )

K-

K ( eV ) -
( 4.4 A )

( 1.5 T )

(1200) ( 2 cm ) ( 95 cm ) solenoid

KKEA{F

K ( 0.3 A ) ( 10 cm ) ( 25 cm ) (200)

K ( 18 A ) ( 2.6 cm ) ( 13 cm )

( 5 cm ) toriod

KK ( 23 mT )

K ( 0.8 A ) (500) ( 1.5 cm )

K-

K-

( 40 A ) ( 12 10 2 m )

- -

LL

Optional Problems

r
v = ( 2 106 m / s ) i + ( 3 106 m / s ) j

r
B = ( 0.03 T )i ( 0.15 T ) j

K-
KEF-

W
r
v = ( 40 km / s ) i + ( 35 km / s ) j

r
F = ( 4.2 10 15 N ) i + ( 4.8 10 15 N ) j

- -

LL

Semiconductors

WIntroduction -

W
Kinsulators-

Kconductors-

KsemiconductorsEF-
( 10 28 electron / m3 ) ??

K ( 107 electron / m3 )

semiconductors

silicon(Ge)germanium

(Si)
(p-n)

K
solid state physics

Kelectronic valves

WEF

K-

K-
KsemiconductorsEFF
- -

LL

-
K-

??-
K

K??-

-
K

WEnergy Bands in Asolid -

(N)
energy
valence

bands

band

Kconduction band
forbidden band-gap

Kthermally excited electrons

W
Kelectron density-
Ksource of energy-

- -

LL

K
-

KE-F

E-F

E-F(5.4 eV) ( EG )

(1 eV) ( EG ) K
K

E-F

K
WIntrinsic Semiconductor -
germaniumsilicon
(group IV A)
- -

LL

covalent bond

KE-Fcrystaluniform crystalline structuse

valance electronsE-F

covalant bond

( EG = 0.72 eV ) forbidden energy gap

K ( EG = 1.1 eV )

E-F

hole

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

holeE-F

( ni ) intrinsic
np = n

density

W(p)(n)

2
i

(7-1)
r
EF ( E )

r
J n = ne n E
r
J p = pe p E

( p ) electron

(7-2)

W
(7-3)
mobility ( n )

Whole mobility
KEF
- -

LL

r
J = J n + J p = (n n + p p )eE

(7-4)

r
J = E

(7-5)

Wconductivity
EF

= ( nn + p p ) e

n = P = ni

(7-6)

= ( n + p )ni e
n T e
2
i

EG / kT

W ( ni )
(7-7)

K(EG)

ni2 = 3.1 10 32 T 3 e 9101 / T

(7-8)

ni2 = 1.5 10 33 T 3 e 14028 / T

(7-9)

W
n = N C e ( EC E F ) / kT

EF

(7-10)

W
EF

p = N V e ( EF EV ) / kT

(7-11)

( N V ) ( N C )
( EC )
KFermi energy level ( E F )

KE-F

- -

LL

silicon

germanium

property

2.33

5.32

12

16

5.00 10 22

4.4 10 22

( cm3 )

1.21 eV

0.785 eV

EGO

1.10 eV

0.72 eV

( 300 k ) EG

1.50 1010 / cm3

2.5 1013 / cm3

( 300 k ) ni

230 k . cm

45 . cm

( 300 k )

1300 cm2 / V .s

3800 cm2 / V .s

34 cm2 / s

99 cm2 / s

Dn = n VT

500 cm2 / V .s

1800 cm2 / V .s

13 cm2 / s

47 cm2 / s

Dp = p VT

14

32

28.1

72.6

( g / cm3 )

E-F

W(n= ni = p)
N C e ( EC EF ) / kT = N V e ( EF EV ) / kT

W
N
E + EV
EF = C
kT ln C
2

NV

EF =

EC + EV
2

(7-12)

WNCNV
(7-13)

K
- -

LL

Wn Type Seim Conductor -

EKKKF

donor

level E-F

( E d )
KE-F

(0.01 eV)

(0.04 eV)

E
F

E-F

EF
EF

WP Type Semi Conductor -

EKKKF

- -

LL

E-Facceptor level
KEF

E-F

EF

( 0.01 eV )
( 0.16 eV )

KEF

ExampleE-F

( 1.5 V ) ( 1 cm )

W ( 0.25 mm )

( 2 1019 m3 )

K ( p = 0.17 m2 / V . s ) ( n = 0.36 m2 / V . s )

- -

LL

WSolution

W (7-5)

r
J = E
r V
1.5V
E= =
= 6 10 3 V / m
d 0.25 10 3
= ( n + p )ni e

= ( 0.36 + 0.17 ) 2 10 19 1.6 10 19

= 1.696( .m ) 1
J = 10176 A / m 2
A = 1.0 cm 1.0 cm = 10 4 m 2
I = AJ = 1.0176 A

ExampleE-F

( 1 : 108 ) donors(Ge)
( p = 1800 cm2 / V .s ) ()

K ( n = 3800 cm2 / V .s )
WSolution

()

=

W()

= ( nn + p p )e

(p)(n)
WE-F

K72.6 ( 5.32 gm / cm3 )

(NA)(n)

W(A)EF(d)

n
d
=
NA A
K()(d)EF
- -

LL

nGe = 6.02 10 23

1 mole
gram
atoms

5.32
mole 72.6 gram
cm 3

= 4.41 10 22 cm 3

W
ND =

1
4.41 10 22 = 4.41 10 14 atom / cm 3
8
10

n ND

W
ni = 2.5 10 cm
13

(2.5 10 )
p=

13 2

4.41 10

14

mole
= 1.42 10 12

3
cm

Wn << p

n n e

= 4.41 10 14 3800 1.6 10 19

= 0.268( .cm ) 1

= 3.72 .cm

WThermistor -

thermistor? ?

thermal

resistor

K

Fe2O2

MN2O3NiO
(NTC)
K(PTC)

negative temperature coefficient

positive temperature coefficient

(-0.04 W/m.k)

EF(200C 0C)
- -

LL

(5 10-4C)

Kbolometermicrowave
W(p-n) Junction(p-n)EF -

(p-n)E-F

negative type crystalpositive type crystal

K

K

K?? (p-n)EF
- -

LL

(p-n)E-F
EF
EF

(p-n)W

E
E F

deffusion

- -

LL

(E)

(p-n)
KE1mFdepletion region

E -FE-F(p-n)

E-F
Kbarrier

potential E-F

potential

hill

K
WCrystal Diode Characterstics -

EF(p-n)E-F

K(n)(p)

K
WEForward BiasF--

KE-F

majority carriers

forward

forward

bias

resistance
- -

LL

(p-n)E-F

WEReverse BiasF--

KE-F

(p-n)E-F

- -- -

reverse

?
K ???resistance

KE-F

- -

LL

( I a ) ( Va )

( I a )( Va ) ( V )
K(-Va , -Ia)

(I-V)E-F

K

KE-F

E-F

(V)

- -

K ( I np ) ( I nn ) E-F

E-F
- -

LL

- -
( I pp )

( I pn )

(Ipn) ( I np ) E-FE-F
W

Ipn Inp

(7-14)

E -F

(x)
W
I = Ipp + Inp
I = Inn + Ipn

(7-15)
(7-16)

(I)

Kbipoler current

porential difference

semiconductor(V)

(V)(Io)

V
I = I o exp
VT

(7-17)

W
- -

LL

K(0.026 V)
volt equivelent of tempW(VT)

KWV

EFEFW

(V > 0.1 volt)

WEF(7-17)

I = Io [exp (39 V)]

(7-18)

[ exp ( 39 V ) ] (7-17)EF

KEF

W(7-17)(VT) (VT )

I -I0

(7-19)

KE-F

E-F

-(Si)(Ge)-

cutin

(0.2 volt)voltage

(0.4 volt)(0.6 volt)

K(9-18)(9-17) ( VT
- -

EF

= 0.026 ) ( = 1 )

LL

(I0)
K

characteristics (I-V)

K
( I o )

K ( I o )

W(7-17)
V
I I 0 exp
VT

(7-20)

(V)

( kT ) ( VT ) (T)(7.-20)EF
W
dI dI o V VI o

=
exp
dT dT kT kT

exp
kT

(7-21)

( dV / dT )
W ( 0.2 volt )
dV
= 2.1 mV / o C
dT
Kexp(x)EF
- -

LL

W(0.6 volt)
dV
= 2.3 mV / o C
dT

(0.25 -
transistor

KmV/C)

static resistance
WEF
R=

V
I

(7-22)

Wdynamic resistance
r=

dV
dI

EF

(7-23)

Kslope ( I a Va ) characteristics
W
I I o e 39V
I dI
=
= ( I o e 39V )( 39 )
r dV
= I 39
r =

1
39 I

W
V

V
T

I I o e

- -

LL

V 1
1 dI
=
= I o e T
V
r dV

= I
VT
V
0.026

r= T =
I
I

( 2) ( = 1)

r=

0.052

KEF

volt equivelant

of temperature

W
Dp

Dn

= VT

k T 1.6 10 19 k T
=
e
e
( 1.6 10 19 C )( 8.620 10 5 eV / K )
=
( 1.6 10 19 C )
T
=
11600

VT =

W ( T = 300 K )
VT =

300
= 0.26
11600

- -

LL

W
Vo = VT ln

nn
np

(7-24)

W
K ( N p )

K ( Nn )
WCrystal Diodes And Their ApplicationsEF -

W
voltage

doublervoltage clippervoltage rectifier

Zener diodevoltage regulator

K

WZener Diode --

(I-V) characteristicsE-F
K

deplesion area

RZ =

V
I

(7-25)

( 2 50 ) ( RZ )

Zener voltage

K (2.0-200 volt)
KEF
- -

LL

power

(50 watt-200 m watt)

Im =

Pm
VZ

(7-26)

E-F

voltage regulator

loadin parallel
KE-F

E-F

( RS )
( VZ )
RS =

Vin VZ
IZ + IL

(7-27)
- -

LL

W
Kinput voltageWVin

KZener voltageWVz

KZener currentWIz
Kload currentWIL

WVaricap Diode --
tuning
varicap

of resonance circuits

diode
W

C=

Co

(7-28)

W
KWCo

KWC

KWV

barrier potential
K

transition capacitor

Kn-typep-type

storage capacitor J
CD =

Q
t

W
(7-29)

- -

LL

Klogic circuitsdetection and rctification

WPhoto Diode --

photo electromagnetic waveW

electrons

of valance band

conductivity
Kphoto diode
W

WPhotoconductive Diode---

electrical

electronic

light

calculatorspunch reach power

detectorssignals

audio

signals

reverse biased

Kdark current

WPhotovalic Diode---

solar cells

- -

LL

Kin series-
Kin parallel-

barrier potentialK

electromotive force

K(0.1 volt)(0.5 volt)

WLight Emitting Diode --

? ?

?
K?

forward

biased

(N-type) (P-type)E
F

Kgallium arsenide

Wfrequency

f =

EG
h

EF

(7-30)

Planks

(h) energy gapW ( EG )

6.63 10 J.s
4.14 10-15 eV.s

Wconstant

-34

W
c = f

- -

LL

Kwave lengthW

KfrequencyWf

Klight speed( c = 3 108 m/s)Wc

c
f

(7-31)

( EG ) electron volt
Wmicrometer()
=

1.24
EG

EF

(7-32)

W

light emitting diodesolid state lamp

K(LED)

(p-n)

KE-F

color

infrared

GaAs-

red or orange color

GaAsP-

yellow or green color

GaP-

E-F

K(5500 A)

K seven segment display

matrix

K
- -

LL

WTunnel Diode or Ezake Diode --

Ezaki

KE-F
(0.2 volt)(0.1 volt)

K ( V p )
( V p ) E-F

( IV ) ( I p ) (VV )

negative

dynamic resistance

generation and amplification of high frequencies

Kquantum mechanics

( 1 : 10 3 ) ( 1.10 8 )
( 0.01 m )
K ( 5.0 m )

- -

LL

EFE-F
(I-V) characteristics (p-n) Ezaki diode

KE-F

E-F

WLaser Diode --

EF

high (n)(p)(p-n Junction)

acceptor doner levelsdegeneracy

( 1018 atom / cm3 ) levels

Kjunction lazerEF

(GaAs)

homo junction(n)(p)
KE-F

W--E-F
K--

KEF
- -

LL

( F p )

conduction band ( Fn ) valence band

W(V)
F = eV

(7-33)

depletion layorE-F
(p-n)
K
WE-F

E E G

(7-34)

forbidden

gab energy ( EG )

(7-33)
(V

K(7-32)

= 1.5 volt ) ( Ga As )

E-F
(N-type)(P-type)E-F

K(P/N junction)L
K(P/N)

- -

LL

EFE-F

( Zn O = 380 nm )
( Pb Te = 650 nm ) ( Pb Se = 800 nm ) ( Pb S = 427 nm ) ( Cd S = 495 nm ) ( Zn O = 330 nm )

K ( 300 30,000 nm )

( nm )

650-900

Al Ga As

840

Ga As

910

In P

1530

Ga Sb

- -

LL

Summary

Wconductor

Wsemi

conductor

KK(NTC)

Wp-type

Wn-type

Wimpurities

K-
K-

Wfree electrons

- -

LL

Wholes

Wthermoionic emission

Wphotoelectric emission

Wforward bias

Wreverse bias

Wtransistor

( n p n )
( p n ) ( p n p ) ( n p )

KEF

WAvogadros number

K ( 6.02 10 22 cm 3 )

- -

LL

Self Test Exam

resistivity germanium

W
diode

K(1 .cm)(2 .cm)

Kpotential barrier

W
(25 A)

W(100C)(0.18 V)
K -

K -
W
KEF

- -

LL

Unit Seven Exercises and Problems

free electrons ( 10 23 )

Kelectron mobilityK ( 5 10 5 .cm ) resistivity

(100

.m) resistivity P-type silicon wafer

( 0.12 m2 V 1 s 1 )

K(EA) acceptor level

(20C)

germanium

(1 mm) (2 mm) (1 cm)

K(40C)(20C)

(2160

) (20C)

(18.89 cm-3) density

(8.9 A)
K(0.4 V), (0.3 V), (0.1V)W

- -

LL

Optional Problems

( 0.3 eV )

KK(1%)Fermi energy level

( 5 V )
K ( 5 V ) Zener effect ( 20 C )
K ( VT

= 0.026 V ) ( = 2 ) W

- -

LL

AppendixEF

Physical Constants

273.15 C
9.801 m / s

0K

acceleration due to
gravity at sea level
(Washington d. c.)

absolute zero temperature

6.022 10 23 particles / mole

NO

Avogadros number

1.6022 10 19 C

charge of an electron

8.988 10 9 N .m 2 / kg 2

constant in Coulombs

6.673 10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2

gravitational constant

9.109 10 31 kg

me

mass of an electron

1.673 10 27 kg

mp

mass of a proton

Plancks constant

2.99792458 10 8 m / s ( exact )

speed of light in a vacuum

1.67492 10 27 kg

mn

mass of neutron

8.85 10 12 F / m

permittivity of space

4 10 7 T .m / A

permeability constant

6.626 10 34 J / Hz
4.136 10 15 eV . s

Conversion Factors
1.661 10 27 kg = 931.5 MeV / c 2

atomic mass unit

1.602 10 19 J

electronvolt

1 N .m

Joule

1 V .C

Joule

6.242 10 18 ( elementary ch arg e units )

coulomb

- -

LL

AppendixEF
WMathematical Signs

>

<<

>>

<

WArithmatic Power of

10 a 10b = 10 a +b

10 a / 10b = 10 a b

(10 ) = 10
a b

ab

WAlgebra
:Fractions
b

c = b
d
cd

ab
b
a =
c
c

ac
a c
=
b d bd

a
b
c
d

= ad
bc

a
c
ad + bc
+
=
b
d
bd

W
Kx =

b b 2 4ac
2a

K x =

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

x 2 + 2x +

= 0

WTrigonometry
:Definitions of trigonometnc Functions

EuF u = sin EFWinverse

W
K

functions

= sin 1 u Eu-F = arc sin u

K arc tan u arc cos u

- -

LL

y
r
x
cos =
r
sin
y
tan =
=
cos
x

1
r
=
sin
y
1
r
sec =
=
cos
x
1
x
ctn =
=
tan
y

sin =

csc =

:Simple Properties

sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos

tan ( ) = tan

sin
= cos
2

sin ( ) = sin

cos
= m sin
2

cos ( ) = cos

tan
= ctn
=
2
tan

tan ( ) = tan

:Properties of a triangle

+ + =
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
a
b
c
=
=
sin
sin
sin

a 2 + b 2 = c 2 W =

2

- -

LL

:Trigonometric functions

K
W

sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

sin ( + ) = sin
cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan

W
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos

tan ( ) = tan

W
csc =

1
sin

sec =
- -

1
cos

ctn =

1
tan

LL

Appendix EF

- -

LL

AppendixEF

= 5.67 10 8 kg .s 3 .K 4

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 ) = 4 cos ( 40 )

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 ) = 4 sin ( 40 )

= 3.06 N

= 2.57 N

F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos ( 135 )

F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin ( 135 )

= 1.41 N
F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 ) = 3 cos ( 290 )

= 1.41 N
F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 ) = 3 sin ( 290 )

= 1.026 N

= 2.676 N

F=

( F ) + ( F )

(2.676 )2 + (1.16 )2

= 1.16 N

tan ( ) =

= 2.82

F
F

= 2.91 N

1.16
= 0.433
2.676

= tan 1( 0.433 ) = 23.43

( x, y )
W

K ( F ,Fy ,Fx )

WE-F

- -

LL

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 )

= 10 cos ( 45 )

= 7.07 N

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 )

= 10 sin ( 45 )
= 7.07 N

F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 )

= 7 cos ( 60 )

F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 )

= 3 .5 N
= 7 sin ( 60 )

F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 )

= 6.06 N
= 6 cos ( 135 )

F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 sin ( 135 )

F4 x = F4 cos ( 4 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 cos ( 330 )

F4 y = F4 sin ( 4 )

= 5.19 N
= 6 sin ( 330 )
= 3 N

1 Fx = F1x + F2 x + F3x + F4 x
= 7.07 + 3.5 + 4.24 + 5.19 = 11.52 N
2 Fy = F1y + F2 y + F3 y + F4 y
= 7.07 + 6.06 + 4.24 3 = 14.37
3

( F ) + ( F )
2

F=

= ( 11.52 )2 + ( 14.37 )2

= 18.4 N
tan =

F
F

14.37
= 1.247
11.52

= tan ( 1.247 ) = 51.28

1

- -

LL

W
r
W ( 3 A ) -

r
3 A = 6i + 9 j

W ( 2B )

r
2B = 6i + 9 j

A =
=
B =
=

(Ax )2 + (Ay )2
( 4 )2 + ( 3 )2 =

W ( A ) -
16 + 9 =

25 = 5

(Bx )2 + (By )2
( 3 )2 + ( 3 )2 =

9+9 =

18 = 4.24

r r
( A + B ) = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) i

= ( 2 3 ) i + ( 3 + 3 ) j = i + 9 j
r r
( A B ) = ( Ax Bx ) i ( Ay By ) i

W ( A + B ) -
r

W ( A B )

= (2 ( 3 ))i ( 3 3 ) j = 5i 0 j = 5i

( ) -
r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = ( 2i + 3 j ) . ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 ) i .i + ( 2 )( 3 ) i . j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j .i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j . j

= 6 + 9 = 3
( i . j = j .i = 0 )
A .B
3
=
= 0.1415
cos ( ) =
A B
( 5 )( 4.24 )

= cos 1 ( 0.1415 ) = 81.865

r

W ( A . B ) -

- -

LL

r r
( A . B ) = A B cos ( )

= ( 5 )( 4.24 ) cos ( 81.865 ) =

=3

KEF
r

W ( A B ) -

r r
( A B ) = A B sin ( )

= ( 2i + 3 j ) ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 )i i + ( 2 )( 3 )i j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j j
= 6 k ( 9 )( k ) = 6 k + 9k = 15k

K ( j i = k ) ( i j = k ) ( i i = j j = 0 ) W

- -

LL

W
r

KW N

KW mgr

W
r
f k = k N

k =

fk
470 N
=
N ( 79 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )

= 0.61
k = 0.61

W
K

r
r
f k = ma

- -

LL

r
r
r
v f2 = vo2 + 2ax
r
vf = 0

r v2
( 6 m / s2 )
a= o =
= 1 .2 m / s 2
2x
2( 15 m )
r
f k = ( 1.2 m / s 2 )( 0.11 kg ) = 0.13 N
r
f k = 0.13 N
r
r
f k = k N
r
r
N mg = 0
r
r
N = mg
r
r
f k = k mg
r
fk
0.13 N
k =
=
mg ( 0.11 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
k = 0.12

- -

LL

W
(A)-
U A = mgh = mg( 2 1.732 )

K A = ( 1 / 2 )mvo2 = 0

K ( vo2 )

( B ) ( h = 0 ) U B = 0 W ( B )
K B = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

W
W = U + K = 0
U = K

m( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 0.267 m ) = ( 1 / 2 ) mvB2

vB = 2287 m / s

K ( B )
( C ) -

W ( C ) ( B )

- -

LL

W = 0
U = 0 ( h = 0 )
U = K
0 = ( 1 / 2 ) m vC2 m 0 vC = 0

( vB )

( C ) ( vC )

W
K
K
W
W-
E = mc2

K ( 3 108 m / s ) ( C )
E = ( 0.12 kg )( 3 108 m / s 2 )
= 1.08 1016 joule

W-
E = Pt

W ( t ) ( P )
t=

E 1.08 1016 Joule

=
P
1000 W

= 1.08 1013 s
= 3.44 10 5 y

W

K ( f )

E = E f Eo = hf

( 4.14 10 15 eV ) ( 6.63 10 34 J .s ) ( h )

W ( 4.3 1014 s 1 ) ( f )

= ( 4.14 10 15 eV .s )( 4.3 1014 s 1 )

E = 1.8 eV

K ( E f ) ( Eo )
- -

LL

W
0W-

mgh+

1
1
mvo2
m v 2 = mgho +
2
2

KW ( ho )

KW ( vo )

W
W ( h )

W ( v )
KW ( g )

m
/ gh =

1
2
m
/ vo
2

v = 2 gh = ( 2 )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 90 m )
= 42 ( m / s )

W-
v = vo + a4

( 42 m / s ) = vo + g t = 0 + ( 9.8 m / s 2 ) t
t=

( 42 m / s )
= 4.28 s
( 9 .8 m / s 2 )

- -

LL

r
( F1 )
r r r r r

( F16 , F15 , F14 , F13 , F12 )

W ( q1 )

K ( F12 ) ( q1 ) ( q2 ) -
( q1 ) ( q3 ) -
r

K ( F13 ) ( q1 ) ( F13 )

( q1 ) ( q4 ) -
r

K ( F14 )

EF

( q1 ) ( q4 ) ( q6 ) EF
K ( q4 ) ( q1 )

- -

LL

( q1 ) ( q5 ) -

K ( F15 )

( F16 ) ( q1 ) ( q6 ) -

W ( x, y )

q2
sin ( 120 )
a2
q2
F15 y = K 2 sin ( 240 )
a
F1y = 0
F13 y = K

F14 = K

q2
cos ( 180 )
( 2a )2

F12 = K

q2
cos ( 0 )
( 2a )2

F13 x = K

q2
cos ( 120 )
a2

q2
cos ( 0 )
a2
q2
F15 x = K 2 cos ( 240 )
a
F1x = F12 F14 + F16 F13 cos ( 120 ) F15 cos ( 240 )
F16 =

= F16 ( 0.5F13 + 0.5F15 )

=0

( F14 ) ( F12 ) W

K ( F15 y ) ( F13 y )

W ( P )
VP = k

q2 q1

r2
r1

q
q
= k 2 1
r1
r2
8 10 9 C
3 10 9 C
= 9 10 9

2
2
15 10 m 5 10 m
= 9 10 9 ( 5.3 10 8 6 10 8 )
= 63 V

- -

LL

W
( P )

( P )
q1
9 10 9
r12

E1 = k

( 3 10 C )
(5 10 m)
9

= 10800 N / C

)
)

q2
8 10 9 C
9
=
9

10
2
r22
15 10 2 m
= 3200 N / C

E2 = k

W ( P )

E = E2 + E1 = 3200 10800
= 7600 N / C

W
W-
q = CV

6 10 6 C = 6 10 6 F V
V =

6 10 6 C
= 1 volt
6 10 6 F

E=

V
1 volt
=
= 1 103 V / m
d
1 10 3 m

W-
W =

1
1
q V = ( 0.5 10 6 C )( 1 volt )
2
2
= 10 6 Joule

- -

LL

W
( q1 ) ( q2 )

( F13 ) ( q3 ) ( F12 )

W
F12 = k

)(

9
9
q1 q2
9 10 10 C 20 10 C
=
9

10
2
a2
30 10 2

= 2 10 N

F13 = k

)(

9
9
q1 q3
9 10 10 C 20 10 C
=
9

10
2
a2
30 10 2

EF

= 2 10 N
F=

(F12 )2 + (F13 )2

= 2.8 10 5 N

- -

LL

W
WEF
J
ne
I
1 .3 A
J= =
= 5.1 10 5 ( A / m 2 )
3
2
A ( 0.9 10 m )

vd =

W(A)

A = r2

vd =

28
8.47 10

5.1 10 5( A / m )2
electrons
C
19
1.6 10
3
m
electrons

= 3.8 10 5( m / s )
= 3.8 10 3( cm / s )

W
I=

18V
18V
=
( 12 + 5 + 1 ) 18
= 1A

V1 = IR1 = ( 1 A ) ( 12 ) = 12 volt

V2 = IR2 = ( 1 A ) ( 5 ) = 5 volt

K(1 )(r)
Vab = Ir

= Vab

= 18 V ( 1 A )( 1 ) = 17 volt

W
W ( 10 ) ( 1 ) (7 )
- -

LL

7 + 1 + 10 = 18

W ( 6 )
1
1
1
24
=
+
=
Req 18 6 108
Req =

108
= 4 .5
24

K ( 0.3 ,8 , 2 ) ( Req )
= 4 .5 + 2 + 8 + 0 .3

Rtot

= 14.8
I=

Rtot

20 V
= 1.35 A
14.8

W
W-
J=

I
A

A = r 2 = 5 10 3 m = 7.854 10 5 m2
1 .5 A
J=
= 1.9 10 4 ( A / m2 )
7.854 10 5 m2
2

W-
vd =
=

J
ne
1.9 104 ( A / m2 )
6
(5.9 1028 m3 )(1.6 1019 C ) = 2.023 10 ( m / s )

W-

E=J

= ( 1.62 10 8 .m )( 1.9 104 A / m2 )

= 3.078 10 4 ( V / m )

W-
R=

L
A

= ( 1.62 10 8 .m )

( 10 m )
( 7.854 10 5 m2 )

= 2.063 10 3

W-
- -

LL

=
=

1
= 6.173 107 ( .m )1
( 1.62 10 8 .m )

W
W ( R3 ) ( R2 ) -
1
1
1
=
+
Req
R2
R3
=

1
1
2
+
=
2
2
2

Req = 1

R = R1 + Req + R4

= 5 + 1 + 5 = 11
I=

V
22V
=
= 2A
R
11V

( A ) ( R3 ) -
W ( B )

V
VAB = I Req =
R +R +R
eq
4
1
= 2 A ( 1 ) = 2 V
V
2V
I3 = AB =
= 1A
R3
2

Req

( R4 ) -

=R

A
L

R = 5
L = 1m

A = r 2 = (2 10 3 m) = 1.26 10 5 m2
2

= ( 5 )

( 1.26 10 5 m2 )
1m

= 6.28 10 5 . m
- -

LL

W
W-

r
r 0 I dL rr
dB =
4
r3

( JD ) ( AH ) -

K ( c )

W ( c ) -
r r
r
0 I dL1 r 0 I R1 dL
Bc1 =
=
r3
4 R13
4
r r
dL r = r ds sin ( 90 ) = r dL
R dL dL
1
R
1R13 R12 = R12 dL = R12 1 = R1

I 0 I
Bc1 = 0 =
4 R1
4 R1

W ( R2 )
Bc2 =

0 I
4 R2

Bc = Bc1 + Bc2 =

0 I ( R2 R1 )
4 R1 R2

K
W

W

r r
FB = q v B = q v B sin ( 90 ) = q v B

W
FB = me a

a=

FB
me

- -

LL

v2
r2
F
m v2 m v
B= B = e = e
qv e r v
er

a=

( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 1.3 106 m / s )

= 1.39 10 4 T
19
11
( 1.6 10 C )( 5.3 10 m )

- -

LL

W
W
Vo = VT ln

nn
np

K ( p ) ( np )

K ( n ) ( nn )

W ( )

= ( nn + p p ) e

= p p e W P = N D W

= n n e W n = N A W

W
=

ND =

1
eN A p

1
( 1.6 10 C )( 1800 cm2 / V .s )( 2 cm )
19

= 1.736 1015 / cm3

1
1
NA =
=
19
eNn n ( 1.6 10 C )( 3800 cm2 / V .s )( 1 cm )
= 1.645 1015 / cm3

ni = 2.5 1013 / cm3

W ( ni )
W

T
11600
300
=
= 0.0259
11600

VT =

- -

LL

N D = nn

Vo = VT ln
= VT ln

NA =

ni2
np

np =

ni2
NA

nn
np
ND N A
ni2
( 1.736 1015 / cm3 )( 1.645 1015 / cm3 )

= 0.0259 ln

(2.5 10

13

/ cm3

= 0.1218 eV

( Io = 25 10 6 A )

( V = 0.18 volt )
( T = 100 C )

W
W

W -

I = I o e V / VT

W
VT =

T
11600

( T )
T = 100 C + 273 = 373 K
373
VT =
= 0.0322 V
11600

K(SI)

W ( = 1 )
I = ( 25 10 6 A ) e( 0.18 V / 0.0322 V )
= 6.7 10 3 A = 6.7 mA
r=

VT
I

( 1 )( 0.322 V )
= 4.8
( 6.7 10 3 A )

- -

LL

W -

I = I o = 25 10 6 A

r=

VT

I
( 1 )( 0.0322 V )
=
= 128.8
( 25 10 6 A )

- -

LL

References

WArabic References
??

K-
??

??

??

??

??

K-
KK-
KK
K
K

??

??

K---
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K

??

K-

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LL

WEnglish References

1-

"Fundamentals of physics"
Halliday. Resniek. Walker. Fourth EditionK John Willey & sons. 1997.

2-

"College Physics"
Francis Weston Sears. Addison - Wesely. 1984.

3-

"Electric Devices and Circuits"

Millman & Halkias. Mc Graw - Hill. 1967.

4-

"Electronics"
Millman & seely. Mc Graw - Hill. 1951.

5-

"Menill Physics Principles And Problems"

Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1995.

6-

"Electronic Devices and Circuits"

Millman & Halkias, Mc Graw-Hill, 1997.

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