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CHAPTER 8 - BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS

Exercise 8.1 1. Jane brought doughnuts [DO] for everyone in her office [for PREP PHRASE] every Friday. Jane brought everyone in her office [IO] doughnuts [DO] every Friday. The Genie offered Ali Baba [IO] three wishes [DO]. The Genie offered three wishes [DO] to Ali Baba [to PREP PHRASE]. His parents bought George [IO] a car [DO] as a graduation present. His parents bought a car [DO] as a graduation present for George [for PREP PHRASE]. Ellen invited too many guests [DO] to dinner [to PREP PHRASE]. This sentence cannot be transformed: *Ellen invited dinner too many guests. The library sent all the students [IO] overdue notices [DO]. The library sent overdue notices [DO] to all the students [to PREP PHRASE]. Evan mowed the lawn [DO] for his neighbor [for PREP PHRASE]. This sentence cannot be transformed: *Evan mowed his neighbor the lawn. Joseph gave concert tickets [DO] to several of his friends [to PREP PHRASE]. Joseph gave several of his friends [IO] concert tickets [DO]. Dr. Dogood prescribes childrens aspirin [DO] for all his heart patients [OBJ of PREP]. Can this sentence be transformed? ?Dr. Dogood prescribes all his heart patients [IO] childrens aspirin [DO].

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Exercise 8.2 Sentences number 4 and 6 have no [IO] transformation. 1. One version focuses attention on what was brought (doughnuts) and one on whom Jane brought them to (everyone in the office). Students may prefer the less wordy version. Students may prefer the less wordy version.

2. 3.

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5. 7. 8.

Students may prefer the less wordy version. The version with the to-prepositional phrase may be more easily understood. The version with the for-prepositional phrase may be more easily understood.

Exercise 8.3 (This exercise is discussed in the text.)

Exercise 8.4 This exercise functions well as the basis of class discussion of the effects of using the passive. Below are some possible effects. Students may perceive others. 1 Suggesting that someone has already paid for the camera may be designed to make the recipient feel guilty about ignoring the notice. By not stating who is painting or who recommends that the numbers be painted, and by alluding to the police and fire departments, this flyer suggests (without saying it), that the painters have official backing. The passive forms disguise rumor as report and leaves unnamed both sources: the people who did the briefing and the people who spoke to the reporter. Using the passive allows the magazine not to name the culprit who got the recipe wrong. Notice that this version of the passive allows the magazine not to acknowledge that an error was made. It may, in fact, place the responsibility on cooks who want to use the recipe. In the alternative (We make our vodka from the pure glacial waters of the river Neva), the focus on made from the pure glacial waters is lost. Since the agent is self-evident in the ad (it is the manufacturer of the vodka), nothing is gained by including it. The three short sentences naming the steps followed in matching the hospital patient to the missing son have a dramatic impact that would be lost if the agents were supplied in active versions of the sentences: The hospital and the family made phone calls. They exchanged photos. They found the photos matched.

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Exercise 8.5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Passive version: Bones of our earliest known ancestors have been found by archeologists. Passive version: Fred is really being distracted by that dripping faucet. Passive version: Fortunes were made in Silicone Valley by some people during the 1990s. Passive version: A new foreign policy is desperately needed by this country. Active version: Scientists can create viruses of various kinds in the laboratory today. Active version: The Channel Tunnel has reduced traveling time between Paris and London considerably. Active version: One small community in California gave $100,000 to victims of floods in the Midwest. Active version: People must use spindle whirls of different weights to spin different thicknesses of wool yarn. Active version: Someone hung Jennifers painting in a dark corner of the gallery. Active version: At some time on Halloween night someone must have broken the window.

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9. 10.

Exercise 8.6 Students will not necessarily agree on which version is easier to understand. In general, however, the exercise seems to support the belief that the passive should be reserved for situations in which it serves a purpose. Only sentence 5 may be as clear in its passive form as in its active, and that may be because its subject is a general and omissible noun: scientists.

Exercise 8.7 1. 2. 3. Unforeseen events caused the cancellation of the meeting of the Clairvoyants Club. Someone asks visitors to the zoo not to feed the animals. The paper person delivered our morning paper this afternoon again today.
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4. 5. 6.

(The judges) awarded a blue ribbon to Jackies zucchini bread at the County Fair. Every contestant misspelled nephelinite during the spelling bee. The newspaper printed the instructions for preparing compost bins in the Sunday Gardening Section of the Bugle. After the cook has diced the fruit and steeped it in brandy, he or she can add it to the cake. Security guards asked some people going through the security check point to remove their shoes. Someone usually asks passengers to board the plane only after someone calls their rows.

7. 8.

9.

Exercise 8.8 past + HAVE + {-en} + BE + {-ing} + BE + {-en} + spend What had someone been spending that money on? Exercise 8.9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. was [passive AUX] eaten; was [passive AUX] served be [progressive AUX] hearing been [main verb]; heavier = ADJP [subject complement] be [main verb; there = ADVP] is [progressive AUX]; being [main verb]; his usual self = [NP1 - subject complement] is [passive AUX] identified; was [main verb]; Queen Victorias Husband = [NP1 - subject complement]

Exercise 8.10 The (a) version of 1-3 are simple statements. 1b. is negative.
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2b. is a question. 3b. is a command. 4a. Rufus blamed someone else. 4b. Rufus blamed Rufus. 5b. is emphatic.

Exercise 8.11 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. . . . has not taken . . . (after auxiliary HAVE) . . . is not . . . (after auxiliary BE) . . . are not . . . (after the main verb be) . . . should not . . . (after the MODAL auxiliary) . . . must not . . . (after the MODAL auxiliary) . . . was not . . . (after auxiliary BE) . . . do not have . . . (auxiliary DO added; negative follows DO) . . . did not bring . . . (auxiliary DO added; negative follows DO)

Exercise 8.12 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. present + MODAL + not + agree present + BE + not + {-ing} + have past + DO + not + like present + HAVE + not + {-en} + see past + be + not
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6. 7. 8.

present + HAVE + not + {-en}+ have past + DO + not + do present + be + not

Exercise 8.13 [This exercise is discussed in the text.]

Exercise 8.14 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Is the coffee . . . ? Has the last movement . . . ? Did most of the students turn in . . . ? Should I cook . . . ? Is the plane . . . ? Do you have to be . . . ? Does Veronica owe . . . ? Can the school have . . . ? Isnt the coffee . . . ? Hasnt the last movement . . . ? Didnt most of the students turn in . . . ? Shouldnt I cook . . . ? Isnt the plane . . . ? Dont you have to be . . . ? Doesnt Veronica owe . . . ? Cant the school have . . . ?

Exercise 8.15 1. 2. 3. 4. Where did we leave Eleanors tickets to the play? How does the cat get outside? Why did the orchestra stop playing? What did he read during the flight to London?
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5.

Who left the garage door unlocked all night?

6. 7. 8.

When are you are expecting a phone call? How did that car go over the cliff? Who/whom did you notify that your phone was out of order?

Exercises 8.16 Many speakers report that they would use the first because it sounds more natural, but that the second and third are more correct and sound more formal. Some speakers are influenced by having been taught a prescriptive rule that advises against ending a sentence with a proposition, although a majority of American English speakers themselves seem to prefer and use the version ending with a preposition (Who did Carol go with?) Those who use two or all three of the options generally consider the versions beginning with whom and with whom to be more formal and/or more appropriate to writing. Most people use the object form whom when the preposition is in the immediately preceding position. When the preposition and its object are separated (as in Who did Carol go with?), the requirement to use whom rather than who as its object seems to be much weaker.

Exercises 8.17 Who traditionally functions as subject, whom as object. In informal, especially spoken, usage, many Americans use the form who whenever that word begins a sentence, even when it actually functions as an object. Thus, Who did Carolyn invite to the dance? is standard informal American English. Even though Who did you say is calling? is grammatically correct (because who is the subject of calling), some speakers feel that whom sounds more correct, perhaps because they associate the use of whom under any circumstances with greater formality and correctness. In this case, the use of whom would be an example of hypercorrection, over-correction, interpreted by some sociolinguists as a sign of linguistic and social insecurity.

Exercise 8.18 1. Answer: They [NP1 - subject] have been waiting [MVintr] in this line [ADVP] for too long
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[ADVP]. How = qualifier of the adverb long; too replaces how in the answer. Waiting is an intransitive verb. (Sentence Type I)

2.

Answer: Kelly [NP1 - subject] finished [MVtr] her term paper [NP2 - direct object] yesterday. [ADVP] When = adverb[time]; yesterday replaces when in the answer Finished is a transitive verb. (Sentence Type V) Answer: The hikers [NP1 - subject] found [MVtr] the hidden gold mine [NP2 - direct object] accidentally. [ADVP] How = adverb[manner]; Accidentally replaces how in the answer. Find is a transitive verb. (Sentence Type V) Janet [NP1 - subject] grows [MVtr] her fingernails [NP2 - direct object] so long [ADJP object complement] for some reason. [ADVP] Why = adverb [reason]; For some reason replaces why in the answer. Grow is a transitive verb. (Sentence Type V) The man by the water cooler [NP1 - subject] is [MVlink] someone [NP1 - subject complement]. Who = subject complement; someone replaces who in the answer. Be is a linking verb. (Sentence Type IV) The concert [NP1 - subject] will start [MVintr] at some time [ADVP] next week. [ADVP] What = determiner of the noun time; some replaces what in the answer. Start is an intransitive verb. (Sentence Type I) You [NP1 - subject] are seeing [MVtr] some movie [NP2 - direct object] tonight.[ADVP] Which = determiner of the noun movie; some replaces which in the answer. See is a transitive verb. (Sentence Type V). It [NP1 - subject] is [MVlink] very cold [ADJP - subject complement] outside [ADVP] today [ADVP]. How = qualifier of the adjective cold; very replaces how in the answer. Be is a linking verb. (Sentence Type III)

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Exercise 8.19 This exercise is discussed in the text.

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REVIEW EXERCISES Creating Transformations A. 1.

The chairman might not have given . . . . Might the chairman have given . . . ? Might the chairman not have given . . . ? The soprano didnt sing . . . . Did the soprano sing . . . ? Didnt the soprano sing . . . ? Sam didnt pry . . . . Did Sam pry . . . ? Didnt Sam pry . . . ? Georgia isnt storing . . . . Is Georgia storing . . . ? Isnt Georgia storing . . . ? The airplane should be waiting . . . . Should the airplane be waiting . . . ? Shouldt the airplane be waiting . . . ? That man didnt leave . . . . Did that man leave . . . ? Didnt that man leave . . . ? Tiger Woods wont participate . . . . Will Tiger Woods participate . . . ? Wont Tiger Woods participate . . . ? The horses arent . . . . Are the horses . . . ? Arent the horses . . . ?

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1. 2. 3.

Who might the chairman have given all the details to? How many solos did the soprano sing? What did Sam pry the window open with?

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. C. 1. D. 1.

What is Georgia storing in the locker at the railroad station? Where will the airplane be waiting for us? Who left his wallet lying on the table? When will Tiger Woods participate in the British Open? Where are the horses?

The chairman might have given the reporters all the details.

All the details might have been given to the reporters by the chairman. The reporters might have been given all the details by the chairman. Too many solos were sung by the soprano. The window was pried open with a screwdriver by Sam. Her luggage is being stored in the locker at the railroad station by Georgia. His wallet was left lying on the table by that man.

2. 3. 4. 6.

Basic Sentence Patterns 1. Your class [NP - subject] reacted [MVP] how [ADVP] to the ending of Silas Marner [ADVP]. Intransitive verb (Sentence Type I) John Adams [NP1 - subject] became [MVP] a lawyer [NP1 - subject complement] in some year [ADVP]. Linking verb (Sentence Type IV)
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3.

Wendys new cleaning service [NP1 - subject] does [MVP] windows [NP2 - direct object]. Transitive verb (Sentence Type V) They [NP1 - subject] poured [MVP] the driveway concrete slab [NP2 - direct object] on Wednesday morning [ADVP]. Transitive verb (Sentence Type V) They [NP1 - subject] deliver [MVP] the mail [NP2 - direct object] sometime [ADVP] on Saturdays [ADVP]. Transitive verb (Sentence Type V) They [NP1 - subject] have [MVP] some kind of antiques [NP2 - direct object] in the Paris flea markets [ADVP]. Transitive verb (Sentence Type V) Harvey [NP1 - subject] feels [MVP] angry about his last-place finish in yesterdays race [ADJP - subject complement]. Linking verb (Sentence Type III) Many artists and composers [NP1 - subject] have celebrated [MVP] the changing nature of the seasons [NP2 - direct object]. Transitive verb (Sentence Type V)

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