Lecture #10 (with Prof.

Neureuther)
OUTLINE Inverting-amplifier circuit Summing-amplifier circuit Noninverting-amplifier circuit Difference-amplifier circuit Reading Chapter 5.3-5.7

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 10, Slide 1

Prof. King

Review: Negative Feedback

Negative feedback is used to linearize a high-gain differential amplifier.
Without feedback +
5
EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 10, Slide 2 Prof. King

With feedback VIN +

V0 5 4 3 2 1 12345

V V+

A = 105

V0

A = 105

V0

V0(V) 5

50V

V+ V

VIN

Inverting Amplifier Circuit

is vs + Rs + vn + vp in + + vo
Lecture 10, Slide 3

Rf

if

vo =

Rf Rs

vs

in = 0 vp = 0

is = -if vn = 0
Prof. King

EECS40, Fall 2003

Analysis using Realistic Op Amp Model In the analysis on the previous slide, the op amp was assumed to be ideal, i.e. Ri = ; A = ; Ro = 0 In reality, an op amp has finite Ri, finite A, nonzero Ro, and usually is loaded at its output terminals with a load resistance RL. It can be shown that

vo =

A + ( Ro / R f ) Rs Rf R R R R R 1 + A + o + o + 1 + o 1 + s + o Ri RL RL Ri R f
Lecture 10, Slide 4

vs

EECS40, Fall 2003

Prof. King

Summing Amplifier Circuit

ia + vb
+ -

Ra ib + ic + vc Rc Rb + vn + vp in + Rf

if

va

+ vo

can be derived by superposition

in = 0 vp = 0

ia + ib + ic = -if vn = 0

Rf Rf Rf vo = R va + R vb + R vc b c a

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 10, Slide 5

Prof. King

Application: Digital-to-Analog Conversion

A DAC can be used to convert the digital representation Binary Analog number output of an audio signal into an analog voltage that is then (volts) used to drive speakers -- so that you can hear it! 0000 0
Weighted-adder D/A converter
S4 S3 10K 20K 40K 80K S1 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

8V

S2

5K

4-Bit D/A (Transistors are used as electronic switches)

EECS40, Fall 2003

V0

S1 closed if LSB =1 S2 " if next bit = 1 S3 " if " " = 1 S4 " if MSB = 1
Lecture 10, Slide 6

MSB

LSB
Prof. King

Characteristic of 4-Bit DAC 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Analog Output (V)

0
0001

4
0100

8
1000

10

12

14

16

0000

1111

Digital Input
Lecture 10, Slide 7 Prof. King

EECS40, Fall 2003

Noninverting Amplifier Circuit

Rs + vg + vn Rg vp Rf

ip = 0 in = 0

vp = vg

vn = vg

Rs & Rf form a voltage divider

Lecture 10, Slide 8 Prof. King

EECS40, Fall 2003

ip

+ vo

in

vo =

Rs + R f Rs

vg

Difference Amplifier Circuit

Ra + + vb + va Rc vn Rd ip + vp in + + vo Rb

in = 0 ip = 0

vn va vn vo + =0 Ra Rb Rd vp = vb = vn Rc + Rd

vo =

Rd ( Ra + Rb ) R vb b va Ra Ra ( Rc + Rd )

If

Ra Rc R = , then vo = b (vb va ) Rb Rd Ra
Prof. King

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 10, Slide 9

Difference Amplifier Another Perspective Redefine the inputs in terms of two other voltages: 1. differential mode input vdm vb va 2. common mode input vcm (va + vb)/2 so that va = vcm (vdm/2) and vb = vcm + (vdm/2) Then it can be shown that
vo = Acm vcm + Adm vdm where Acm = Ra Rd Rb Rc R ( R + Rb ) + Rb ( Rc + Rd ) and Adm = d a Ra ( Rc + Rd ) 2 Ra ( Rc + Rd )
differential mode gain
Prof. King

common mode gain

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 10, Slide 10

Difference Amplifier (contd)

If

Ra Rc R = , then vcm = 0 and vdm = b Rb Rd Ra

An ideal difference amplifier amplifies only the differential mode portion of the input voltage, and eliminates the common mode portion.
provides immunity to noise (common to both inputs)

If the resistors are not perfectly matched, the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is finite:

CMRR

Adm 1 + Rb / Ra R R if a = (1 ) c Acm Rb Rd
Lecture 10, Slide 11 Prof. King

EECS40, Fall 2003

Summary
Voltage transfer characteristic of op amp:
vo Vcc
~10 V slope = A >>1

vpvn

-Vcc
~1 mV

A feedback path between an op amps output and its inverting input can force the op amp to operate in its linear region, where vo = A (vp vn) An ideal op amp has infinite input resistance Ri, infinite open-loop gain A, and zero output resistance Ro. As a result, the input voltages and currents are constrained: vp = vn and ip = -in = 0
EECS40, Fall 2003 Lecture 10, Slide 12 Prof. King