GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT

UNIT 2: SOCIETIES AND CITIES

OUTLINE
1 - WHATS SOCIETY DEFINITION ELEMENTS ACTIVITIES 2 - SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND SOCIAL CHANGES. STRUCTURE AND GROUPS SOCIAL INEQUALITIES SOCIAL CHANGES ACTIVITIES 3 SOCIETIES AND SOCIAL MOBILITY DEFINITIONS STATIC OR CLOSED SOCIETIES DYNAMIC OR OPEN SOCIETIES INDIA AS AN EXAMPLE OF CLOSED SOCIETY: THE CASTE SYSTEM ACTIVITIES 4 MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES DEFINITION FOUR MAJOR GROUPS MIGRATION AND DIVERSITY ACTIVITIES 5 SPANISH STATE PRINCIAPAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INSTITITUTIONS ACTIVITIES 6 EUROPEAN UNION PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS, EVENTS AND INSTITUTIONS ACTIVITIES 7 RURAL AND URBAN HABITATS RURAL HABITAT URBAN HABITAT ACTIVITIES 8 CITY FUNCTIONS, ELEMENTS AND LAYOUTS CITY FUNCTIONS (DEFINITION AND TYPES) ACTIVITIES ELEMENTS (TYPES) LAYOUTS (TYPES) ACTIVITIES 9 CITIES IN DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WHAT ARE CITIES LIKE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? WHAT ARE CITIES LIKE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES? ACTIVITIES 10 CITY GROWTH CAUSES RESULTS PROBLEMS ACTIVITY 11 VOCABULARY
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ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS

VOCABULARY BELIEFS CITY LAYOUT DYNAMIC SOCIETIES DEVELOPED DEVELOPING HEALTH INEQUALITIES LABOUR FORCE NARROW POLLUTION QUALITY OF LIFE RESOURCES RURAL FLIGHT SCATTER SELF-GOVERNING SETTLEMENTS SHARE SKYSCRAPERS SOCIETY STATIC SOCIETIES UNEMPLOYMENT WAY OF LIFE

PRESENTE CONTINUO PRESENTE CONTINUO CON VALOR DE FUTURO. VERBOS MODALES : SABER, PODER (CAN / CANT) PHO ETICS

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT

1 THE URBANIZATION (urbanisation or urban drift) PROCESS The urbanization phenomenon has been caused by the growth of cities: the increase in number of their inhabitants; the rise of their economic activities. Urban morphology is the result of a constant transformation throughout history. We have established three different phases: - Pre-industrial city, in turn it is divided into the ancient city (Greek and Roman cities); cities in Middle Ages; and cities in the Early Modern Period. - Industrial city which arose with the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. - Post-industrial city which exist in current developed countries. In many countries the urbanization process is regulated by Urbanism: the whole administrative, economic and social rules and technical regulations in relation to buildings and urban spaces, which, considering the needs of the population, regulates the development of an urban area. Activity: - Look at these photos and write, in the boxes below them, their corresponding classification according to their historical phase.

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT

2 GLOBALIZATION AND URBAN HABITAT Global Cities Economic globalization has transformed the urban space since the late 20th Century. Global cities have arisen as a new type of city thanks to such globalization. The global cities are privileged places for several reasons: They hold the principal headquarters of banks, of multinational companies (firms) and stock markets. They are production centers of the most innovative activities and advanced services on a worldwide scale. They control international trade: capital, information, cultural experiences, technology

New York, London and Tokyo are the main global cities. Other important cities that offer financial and business services are: Hong Kong, Beijing, Frankfurt, Paris, Amsterdam, Los Angeles, Milan, etc. Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Bangkok and Istanbul offer the same services as the global cities on a minor scale in developing countries. Transformation of great cities The great cities have undergone important economic and social transformations to adapt to globalization. They receive substantial investments from public administrations (states and city councils) and private sources (businesses and private individuals). The results of these investments are new transport infrastructures (new airport terminals, motorways and high-speed rails), better and faster telecommunication networks, advanced skyscrapers, modern business office blocks, luxury hotels and malls, cultural centers and convention centers. As a result of this increase in construction, the great cities have undergone a greater increase in the prices of building property and buildings. Urban networks Cities arent isolated in their territory but instead they are in connected by all types of exchanges: people traveling, vehicles transporting goods, information transmitted by telecommunication networks.
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT
Taipei Buenos Aires Stockholm Zurich Madrid Sydney Beijing Washington San Francisco

Bangkok New York Melbourne Mexico City Londres

Frankfurt Brussels

All these exchanges or flows link the cities making up urban networks. All urban networks are interconnected making up a global network where the cities are nodes or connection points, because they have become privileged places. A city has an influence on the territory that surrounds it, but sometimes its influence is greater on other cities of the global network than on its own area. According to field of influence, an urban network can be worldwide, national or regional.

Hong Kong Paris

Miami Milan

Jakarta Sao Paulo Singapore Tokyo Los Angeles Chicago Amsterdam Toronto

Activities: - Look at these photos and write, in the boxes below them, the corresponding reasons which have converted these global cities into privileged places.

-Look for information about the terms home automation and building automation and write their meanings. -Classify these cities according to their sphere of influence -Madrid: -San Francisco -Beijing:
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-New York: -Sao Paulo: -Seville:

-Brussels: -Chicago: -Hong Kong

-Melbourne: -London: -Buenos Aires:

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT

3 TERRITORIAL AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES Globalization brings advantages to these cities, but it accentuates the poverty and social disadvantages too. This phenomenon favors some cities over others, and, inside the cities, some residential zones over others. This reason has worsened territorial and social inequalities. Privileged zones People with high incomes look for zones with luxurious and comfortable houses, exclusive recreation and leisure activities zones. For this reason private urbanization with green zones, luxury shopping centers and golf courses have arisen. In these private developments there is restricted access, only for their residents. Marginalized zones In the cities of developing countries, and in many cities of developed countries, there are marginalized enclaves or poor settlement zones. These zones are called shantytowns, favelas, slums... and part of the population live badly without the minimal accommodation conditions, and, sometimes, they live illegally. City Centers The city centers have suffered important changes too. Sometimes, spaces of the historical center are recovered through the transformation of old buildings in luxury hotels, restaurants or shopping malls. This process is called gentrification. This causes a greater increase in the price of building property. For this reason the old residents with low incomes leave these zones, looking for cheaper zones, and they are replaced by people with high incomes. In these zones, neighborhoods are deteriorating nowadays because they dont receive investments for new infrastructures, and people with low incomes continue to live in these neighborhoods.

Activities: -Look at photos on the left and write next to their corresponding number what kind zone or phenomenon is shown in each of them. 1:

2: 3: 4: -What is the translation of gentrification in Spanish?

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT
4 PRESENT-DAY URBAN HABITATS The urbanization process has been very intensive in the last few decades. The number of urban inhabitants is greater than rural inhabitants. This growth has had different effects: - Greater urban concentrations of millions of inhabitants. - Cities have high technological development, but they also have important social inequalities and environment problems too. - Cities compete to have a preferential place in the classification of cities on a worldwide scale. - Multicultural cities. Cities in developed countries are losing population density because people move outside of the city or to medium-sized cities. As a result metropolitan areas have been growing in a remarkable way. The urban landscapes have changed from compact cities to dispersed cities, where all its territory is a continuum of buildings, mall areas, roads and it is very difficult to distinguish where the city ends and where the

countryside starts. Cities in developing countries have huge population densities because rural inhabitants move to urban zones, confident that they will find a job. For this reason spontaneous and random urbanization, characterized by the building of poor shacks, is arising in these cities. Among the most populated cities in the world there are some megacities or megalopolis in developing countries. They are cities with ten million inhabitants and they coincide with the capital cities of those countries. They belong to great conurbation, which are part of anenormous urban region, and have great influence throughout the country.

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT

Activities: - Write the differences between the cities in developed countries and the cities in developing countries. -Look on the internet for eight English terms (words) similar to shantytown. 5 COMPACT CITIES, DISPERSED CITIES Metropolitan areas move toward the rural areas. The limits between both areas arent clear and there exists a new zone where urban and rural activities are mixed called dispersed area or peri-urban area. In that urbanization process we move from compact cities to dispersed cities. Compact cities have been the common type of cities throughout history. They were characterized by the development of urban functions and urban activities right inside the city. But, over the course of time, those traditional functions and activities spread further outside city limits. With the growth of the city, needs arise in the dispersed metropolitan areas which cant develop easily in the urban cores: residential urbanization, sports facilities, shopping centers, airports, industrial zones The causes of the growth of dispersed cities are: - The increase in the price of building property. - The development of private transport. - The rise of the road network. The consequences are: - A super-high consumption of land. - An increase of necessary services (street lighting, water, waste). - Constant mobility of people who work and study in one zone and live in another, creating lots of movement. - Development of more individualistic social activity. This urban model has negative consequences and it doesnt seem to be a sustainable way to use land.

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT
Activity: - Look at drawings below and write, in their corresponding boxes, whether they belong to the compact city or dispersed city. accessibility

accessibility

networks density density

networks

7 NEW URBAN HABITATS The dispersed city has organized a redistribution of its space: - Industry was relocated from the city to peri-urban areas near highways, ports and airports and where the building properties had low prices. - In the peri-urban zone science and technology parks develop, also called research parks, where industries were held at the forefront of the technological research, such as microelectronic, computing, biotechnology or telecommunications companies and industries. - Large shopping centers or mall centers, which need lots of space, arise in these great areas where people mix trade and spare time. In the peri-urban zone amusement parks and sports facilities are created as well. - People with high incomes leave the city center and move to residential urbanization zones. The central cities receive investments because they are seen as decision and image centres, and their functions are specializing in services such as advertising, legal advice, banking, insurance

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT
8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN CITIES: SUSTAINABLE CITIES, SMART GROWTH When an urban core is created we alter the natural space forming a humanized habitat. As result, we alter its natural characteristics, which creates some problems. - Shortage of vegetation: deforestation and very few green zones. - The availability of water: shortage of drinkable water, excessive exploitation of aquifers, pollution of water. - High pollution: air pollution (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide), noise pollution, light pollution. - Consumer society: It gives rise to vast quantities of solid wastes and consumes huge quantities of nonrenewable energy. We have an obligation to future generations to preserve and improve the environment by recycling, reusing products, using of recycled products, moderating our water and energy consumption, respecting different habitats the small gestures count. We need to transform our cities into sustainable places, considering a balance between reasonable social-economic development and environmental preservation, conservation, and improvement, minimizing the impact of our development. To attain sustainable cities we have to develop the concept of smart growth, an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact, walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl and advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices. The city of Vancouver (Canada) is an exemplary model of smart growth because it is considered the greenest city in the world. Activities: - Look at the three photos on page 32 and name the phenomena that belong to each of them. - Write five measures that you use to preserve the environment. - How can we transform our cities into sustainable places? - What is smart growth? - Look for information about the measures that have been used in Vancouver. Which have made Vancouver the greenest city? 9 - VOCABULARY
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT
English
A

Pronunciation

Spanish
De acuerdo con, segn, conforme a (con) Apoyar Parques temticos (de atracciones) Disponibilidad, accesibilidad Evitar, eludir, evadir Equilibrio Negocio Consumo Eleccin Ciudad compacta Ciudad difusa, ciudad dispersa Potable, bebible

According to prep. to Advocate veb. Amusement parks adj. y sust. Availability sust. to Avoid verb. B Balance sust. Business sust. C Consumption sust. Choice sust. Compact city adj. y sust. D Dispersed city adj. y sust. Drinkable adj. E Environmental adj. to Establish verb. F to Favor verb. G Gentrification sust. Gesture sust. H Headquarters sust. High-speed rails adj., sust. y sust. to Hold verb. I Improvement sust.
Over the course of time prep., art., sust. prep. y sust.

/ n'va r nm ntal/

Medio ambiental Establecer Favorecer Elitizacin Gesto Sede Trenes de alta velocidad Reunir Mejora, adelanto, mejoramiento En (con) el transcurso (paso) del tiempo Ingreso Seguro Inversiones

Income sust. Insurance sust. Investments sust. Isolated adj. to Increase verb. L Legal advice adj. y sust. Light pollution adj. y sust. M Mall sust. to Make up verb. to Mix veb. N Needs sust. Neighborhood sust. Noise pollution adj. y sust.
/ nt rd pend ns / /' nkri:s/

Aislado Aumentar, incrementar Asesora legal Contaminacin lumnica Centro commercial Formar, constituir Mezclar Bienes, necesidades Barrio Contaminacin acstica

O
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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ORGANIZATION OF UNIT 2: Societies and cities URBAN HABITAT
to Offer verb. Own adj. P Phenomenon sust. Q Random adj. Range sust. Reasonable adj. Relocated adj. Renewable, Non-Renewable adjt. Research sust. Rubbish sust. S Settlements adj. Shortage sust. Smart growth adj. y sust. Sprawl sust. Stock markets sust.y sust. Street lighting adj. y sust. Substantial adj. Sustainable adj. Sustainability sust. T The Greenest adj. superl. Toward to Turn into verb. U Urban core adj. y sust. Undergo verb. W Walkable adj. Worldwide scale or sphere adj. y sust. Ofrecer Propio Fenmeno Aleatorio, fortutito Gama, mplitud Razonable Recolocado Renovable, no removable Investigacin Basura, desperdicios
/'set m nts/

Poblaciones, asentamientos Escasez Crecimiento inteligente Crecimiento desmedido, expansion descontrolada La Bolsa, mercado de acciones Alumbrado pblico (de calles) Sustancial, considerable Sostenible Sostenabilidad El (la) ms verde Hacia, a, en direccin a Convertirse en Ncleo urbano Experimentar, padecer, sufrir Peatonal Escala o esfera mundial

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