..

2545

..2525 2 11

(Professional competencies)
1.
(Professional habits, Attitudes, Moral, and Ethics)
1.1 (work habits)

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

1.2

1.3
1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7
2.
(Communication and interpersonal skills)

2.1
(
)

2.2 (non-verbal communication)

2.3

2.4

2.5


2.6

2.7


2.8

2.9

2.10

3.
3.1
[
.. 2536 4
(Basic Medical Sciences)
]
( 1)

3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.4
(medical informatics) evidencebased medicine
3.2.5
-

3.2.6

(
2)
4. (Clinical Skills)

4.1
4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

(International Classification of Diseases, ICD)

4.8 (holistic
approach)

4.9

5.
(Technical
and Procedural skills)

1
6.
(Continuous professional development)
6.1
6.2

6.3
(information
technology)
6.4

6.5 (biomedical
sciences) evidence-based medicine

6.6

3
1. ( Normal
conditions and general principles of care)
2.
( Individual organ systems or types of disorders)
International
classification of diseases (ICD 10)

/ 3
1 //

2 //

3 //




3.
( Technical
and Procedural skills)
1.

1.1.

1.1.1. Statistical concepts of measurement in medical

practice
central tendency
variability, probability and distribution
scales of measurement
disease frequency
case fatality, survival rate
relative risk, odds ratio, standardized mortality rate

risk differences, attributable risk

sensitivity, specificity, accuracy
positive and negative predictive values
decision analysis

1.1.2.Appraisal and interpretation of medical literature :

study design
- clinical trials, community intervention trials
- cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, case series,
community surveys
- subject eligibility and sampling
- randomization, self-selection, systematic
assignment
- outcome assessment
- validity
- advantages and disadvantages of different designs
- sample size
statistical inference
- hypothesis generation, hypothesis testing, and test
statistics
- statistical significance and type I error
- statistical power and type II error
- confidence interval
1.1.3 Epidemiology of health and diseases
patterns of disease occurrence
- age, race, gender, and socioeconomic status
- international, national, and regional variations
- sporadic seasonal, secular, and birth cohort patterns
- disease surveillance
- epidemic, endemic, and pandemic patterns
- outbreak investigation and control
- leading causes of death and disability
natural history and prognosis
- modes of disease transmission
- incubation periods
- methods of rationale for early detection
- disease manifestations
- evaluation of treatment efficacy
- determinants of disease progression

 risk factors for disease occurrence

- hereditary/genetic traits
- age, race, gender, and socioeconomic status
- life-style/behavioral factors
- occupational exposures
- environmental characteristics
- dietary/nutritional patterns
- nosocomial / iatrogenic exposures
- prenatal exposures
- abnormal metabolic or physiologic states
1.2

1.2.1 Health services organization and delivery

general aspects of health care system structure
- community preventive medicine service programs
- health education
- home health care
- infectious disease control
- consultative services
- immunization, school and occupational health
program
- catastrophic illness and access to health care
evaluation of outcomes of disease prevention
health promotion interventions
- nutrition
- mother and child health
- contraceptive control
- oral health
- fitness and exercise
1.2.2 Community dimension of medical practice
general aspects related to community organization
- health status assessment of population
- health surveys
- disease-reporting systems
general public health issues

 environmental and occupational health

- environmental control
- air and water quality
- industrial and occupational health
1.3




1.3.1 Fetus
fetal growth and development
1.3.2 Infancy and childhood
normal physical growth and development
cognitive and psychosocial development
infant-parent and child-parent interaction; changing
child-parent relationships
physician-child-parent communication
well-baby care, well child care
1.3.3 Adolescence
sexuality
individualization and identity
physical and psychosocial change of puberty
1.3.4 Adulthood
normal physical and mental development and
function
stress management
pregnancy
male and female climacteric
menopause
1.3.5 Senescence
physical and mental changes associated with aging
emotional, social, and cultural adaptations
death and dying
1.3.6 Disability
physical and mental changes associated with

disability
1.4
( ICD 10
XXI FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS AND CONTACT
WITH HEALTH SERVICES: Z00 - Z99)
1.4.1 Person without complaint or reported diagnosis
general medical examination and investigation
eyes and vision examination and investigation
ears and hearing examination and investigation
dental examination
general gynecologic examination
1.4.2 Examination and encounter for administrative
purposes
issue of medical certificate for fitness or incapacity
examination for driving license
pre-employment examination
examination for insurance purposes
1.4.3 Routine general health check-up
schoolchildren
student
sports teams
1.4.4 Special screening examination for diseases and
disorders
diabetes mellitus, nutritional disorders, iron
deficiency
eye and ear disorders
cardiovascular disorders
1.4.5 Carriers of infectious diseases
1.4.6 Contact with and exposure to communicable
diseases
1.4.7 Immunization
1.4.8 Contraceptive management
1.5





( 2)
1.6


( 2 )
1.7

1.7.1 Consent and informed consent to treatment

full disclosure, alternate therapies, risk and benefits, refusal
of treatment
1.7.2 Physician-patient relationship truth telling,
confidentiality, privacy, autonomy, public reporting
1.7.3 Death and dying diagnosing death, lifesupport, autopsy, organ donation, euthanasia, suicide,
eliminating pain, life-sustaining and end of life care
1.7.4 Birth-related issues pre-natal diagnosis,
abortion, maternal-fetal conflict
1.7.5 Research issues informed consent, placebos,
conflict of interest, vulnerable populations
2.






/

/ 3
1 //

2 //

3 //

2.1 / (ICD10 XVIII, R00 - R69)

2.2 // ()
1 //

cardiac arrest
pulmonary edema
malignant hypertension
shock : hypovolemic, anaphylactic, septic, cardiogenic
acute coronary syndrome
cardiac tamponade
anoxic spell
respiratory arrest
respiratory obstruction, suffocation
status asthmaticus, asthmatic attack
pneumothorax
superior vena cava obstruction
diabetic ketoacidosis
hypoglycemia
disseminated intravascular clotting
incompatible blood transfusion
acute psychosis, delirium
hyperventilation syndrome
severe depression
suicidal attempt

 stress response syndrome

acute corneal abrasion and ulcer
acute glaucoma
anuria
acute urinary retention
hyperkalemia
obstructed labor
threatened uterine rupture
rape
coma
syncope
convulsion
acute increased intracranial pressure
asphyxia of the newborn
fetal distress
acute abdomen
serious bleeding : massive bleeding , intracranial
bleeding, hyphema, antepartum and postpartum
hemorrhage
acute poisoning : drugs, food, chemicals, substances
bite & stings
injury /accident : head & neck injury, fracture,
dislocation, body and limb injuries, serious injury, electrical
injury, burns, near-drowning & submersion
2.3
I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (ICD10, A00B99)
2 //

gastroenteritis (cholera, shigellosis, salmonellosis,

E.coli, virus, Campylobacter sp., Clostridium difficile,
amoebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporosis,
microsporidiosis, food-borne intoxication)
typhoid and paratyphoid fever
intestinal parasites (ascariasis, hookworm infestation,
enterobiasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, taeniasis,
capillariasis)}
tuberculosis
melioidosis

 leptospirosis
tetanus
diphtheria
septicemia
sexually transmitted disease (syphilis, gonococcal
infection, chancroid, non-specific urethritis, condyloma
acuminata, lymphogranuloma venerum, trichomoniasis)
typhus fever (scrub typhus, murine typhus)
poliomyelitis
rabies
dengue hemorrhagic fever & Chikungunya fever
varicella, zoster
herpes simplex infection
viral exanthemata (measles, rubella, erythema
infectiosum, exanthema subitum)
viral hepatitis
mumps
infectious mononucleosis
superficial mycoses (tinea, pityriasis versicolor,
candidosis)
malaria
whooping cough
ectoparasitic diseases : scabiasis, pediculosis
3 //

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections

including acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
systemic mycoses (candidiasis, cryptococcosis,
aspergillosis, penicillosis)
tissue parasitic diseases (trichinosis, cysticercosis,
gnathostomiasis, pneumocystosis, angiostrongyliasis,
filariasis, toxoplasmosis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis,
schistosomiasis)
leprosy
cytomegalovirus infection
anthrax
II NEOPLASM ( ICD10, C00-D48)
2 //

benign neoplasm of skin and subcutaneous tissue

3 //

benign and malignant neoplasm of oral cavity, larynx,

nasopharynx, eyes, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver and
biliary tract, pancreas, lungs, bone, breast, vulva, uterus,
cervix, ovary, placenta, prostate gland, testes, kidney,
urinary bladder, brain, thyroid gland, lymph node,
hemopoietic system ( leukemia, multiple myeloma)
malignant neoplasm of skin and subcutaneous tissue
III. DISEASES OF BLOOD & BLOOD FORMING ORGANS
AND DISORDERS INVOLVING THE IMMUNE
MECHANISM (ICD 10, D50 -D89)
2 //

nutritional deficiency anemias (iron, folate)

thalassemia
G6PD deficiency
acquired platelet dysfunction with eosinophilia
3 //

hemolytic anemias (autoimmune hemolytic anemia,

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
coagulation defects (hemophilia, consumptive
coagulopathy, acquired prothrombin complex deficiency)
neutropenia
aplastic anemia

 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

immune deficiency states
IV. ENDOCRINE, NUTRITIONAL, AND METABOLIC
DISEASE (ICD 10, E00 - E90)
2 //

goiter
iodine deficiency
thyrotoxicosis
hypothyroidism
diabetes mellitus
protein-energy malnutrition
vitamin deficiency (A, B, C, D, E, K)
disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and lipidemia
obesity
disorders of fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance
(acidosis, alkalosis, hyponatremia, hypernatremia,
hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia)
3 //

Cushings syndrome
hormonal disorders Addisons disease,
pituitary gland disorders, parathyroid gland disorders

V. MENTAL & BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS (ICD10, F00 F99)

2 //

mental & behavioral disorders due to alcohol, drugs and

substances
panic, anxiety disorders

 3 //

organic mental disorders (dementia, brain damage,

systemic diseases, alcohol & substance induced, organic
amnestic syndrome, delirium)
neurotic disorders (phobia, obscessive-compulsive
disoreders, dissociative or conversion disorder)
somatoform disorders
behavioral and emotional disorders in childhood and
adolescence (conduct disorder, tic disorder, enuresis,
feeding disorder, nail biting, thumb sucking, attention deficit
disorders)
schizophrenia
mood (affective) disorders : manic episode, bipolar
affective disorders, depressive episode
behavioral syndromes associated with physiological
dysfunction and physical factors (eating disorder, sleep
disorder, sexual dysfunction, post-partum psychosis)
disorders of adult personality and behavior (aggressive,
antisocial, compulsive, hysterical, obscessive-compulsive,
paranoid)
mental retardation
disorders of psychological development (speech and
language disorder, disorder of scholastic skills, motor
function disorder, autism)
VI. DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (ICD10, G00
- G99)
2 //

meningitis
tension headache
encephalitis & myelitis
periodic paralysis
epilepsy
migraine

 facial nerve paralysis (Bells palsy)

polyneuropathies (systemic diseases, drugs, chemical,
alcohol)
3 //

brain abscess
peripheral nerve entrapment (carpal tunnel syndrome,
cubital tunnel syndrome)
myasthenia gravis
myopathy
hemiplegia, paraplegia, tetraplegia
Reye's syndrome
hydrocephalus
cerebral palsy
parkinsonism
Alzheimers diseases
polyneuropathies (Guillain-Barre syndrome)
trigeminal neuralgia
VII. DISORDERS OF THE EYE AND ADNEXA (ICD 10,
H00 - H59)
2 //

hordeolum
chalazion
conjunctivitis
3 //

disorders of ocular muscles, refraction &

accommodation (strabismus, myopia, presbyopia,
hypermetropia, astigmatism)
dacryostenosis, dacryocystitis

 pterygium
keratitis, corneal ulcer
uveitis
cataract
glaucoma
VIII. DISORDERS OF THE EAR & MASTOID PROCESS
(ICD 10, H60 - H95)
2 //

myringitis
acute otitis externa
acute otitis media
impacted cerumen
3 //

perforation of tympanic membrane

chronic otitis media
mastoiditis, cholesteatoma
conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
disorders of vestibular function and vertiginous
syndrome (Meniere s syndrome, vertigo)
IX. DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (ICD10,
I 00 I 99)
2 //

rheumatic fever
hypertension
heart failure
lymphadenitis
hemorrhoids

 3 //

valvular heart diseases (mitral, aortic valve)

ischemic heart diseases (angina pectoris, myocardial
infarction)
common cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation,
supraventricular tachycardia, premature ventricular
contraction, premature atrial contraction, ventricular
tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, heart block)
pulmonary embolism
infective endocarditis
pericarditis, myocarditis
varicose veins of lower extremity
hemorrhoids (complicated)
cerebrovascular diseases (intracerebral hemorrhage,
cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage)
deep vein thrombosis
X. DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (ICD 10,
J00-J99)
2 //

influenza
allergic rhinitis
asthma
pneumothorax
upper respiratory infections (nasopharyngitis, sinusitis,
pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, croup)
lower respiratory infections (bronchitis, bronchiolitis,
pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchiectasis)
pleurisy, pleural effusion
3 //

 peritonsillar abscess, deep neck infection

pyothorax (empyema thoracis)
respiratory failure
nasal polyp
occupational lung diseases
chronic obstructive lung diseases (chronic bronchitis,
emphysema)
XI. DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (ICD10,
K00 - K93)
2 //

oral ulcer (aphthous ulcer, stomatitis, glossitis, thrush)

peptic ulcer, gastritis
dyspepsia, esophagitis
irritable bowel syndrome
anal fissure
alcoholic liver disease
cirrhosis
hepatic failure
liver abscess
acute pancreatitis
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
acute appendicitis
3 //

disorders of tooth development & eruption

dental caries, gingivitis & periodontal diseases
hernia (inguinal, umbilical)
gastroesophageal reflux
cholelithiasis, cholecystitis
intestinal obstruction
fistula in ano
perianal abscess
peritonitis
XII. DISORDERS OF SKIN & SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

(ICD 10, L00 - L99)

2 //

impetigo
cellulitis
abscess
dermatitis and eczema
urticaria
acne
dyshidrosis, miliaria
corn, keloid, scar
wart
ulcer
cyst
3 //

bullous dermatoses (pemphigus, pemphigoid)

papulosquamous disorders (psoriasis, pityriasis rosea,
lichen planus)
erythema (- multiforme, - nodosum)
discoid lupus erythematosus
XIII. DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ICD 10, M00 - M99)
2 //

osteomyelitis
pyomyositis
tendinitis (de Quervain disease, bursitis, synovitis,
fasciitis, fibrositis)
reactive arthropathy
crystal arthropathy (gout, pseudogout)

 osteoarthrosis (osteoarthritis)
3 //

rheumatoid arthritis
spondylolithiasis and disc syndrome
infective arthritis & spondylitis
osteoporosis
abnormal curvature of the spine
systemic lupus erythematosus
myositis, myofasciitis
XIV. DISORDERS OF THE GENITO- URINARY SYSTEM
(ICD 10, N00 - N99)
2 //

cystitis, urtethritis
urethral syndrome
orchitis and epididymitis
hyperplasia of prostate
phimosis / paraphimosis
mastitis
vulvovaginitis
cervicitis
pelvic inflammatory disease (endometritis, salpingitis,
oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess)
menstrual disorders
abnormal uterine or vaginal bleeding
menopausal & peri-menopausal disorders
nephritic syndrome (acute & chronic
glomerulonephritis)
nephrotic syndrome
pyelonephritis
stress incontinence
3 //

interstitial nephritis
renal tubular acidosis
obstructive & reflux uropathy
renal failure
hydrocele of testis
urolithiasis
endometriosis
Bartholinitis & abscess, Bartholin cyst
imperforate hymen
female genital prolapse (cystocoele, rectocoele,
prolapse uterus)
fistula involving female genital tracts
XV. PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH, AND THE PUERPERIUM
(ICD 10, O00 - O99)
2 //

abnormal findings on antenatal screening of mother

(biochemical, hematological, serological, cytological,
chromosomal )
abortion
hyperemesis gravidarum
antepartum hemorrhage (placenta previa, abruptio
placentae)
hypertensive disorder in pregnancy
other maternal disorders related to pregnancy (infection
of genitourinary tract, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition)
malposition & malpresentation of the fetus
normal delivery
pre-term labor
premature rupture of membranes, chorio-amnionitis
prolonged pregnancy (post-date & post-term)
abnormal labor forces (prolonged labor)
fetal distress
trauma to birth canal during delivery & fetal injury
complications during puerperium
breast infection associated with childbirth

 hydatidiform mole
3 //

umbilical cord complication (prolapse cord, vasa previa)

obstructed labor
ectopic pregnancy
multiple gestation
fetopelvic disproportion
polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios
XVI. CERTAIN CONDITIONS ORIGINATING IN THE
PERINATAL PERIOD (ICD 10, P00 - P95)
2 //

birth asphyxia
transitory metabolic disorders (hypoglycemia,
hypocalcemia, hypothermia, dehydration)
feeding problems of newborn
birth trauma
intrauterine and perinatal infections (rubella, syphilis,
gonococcal infection, tetanus neonatorum, sepsis, hepatitis
B virus, HIV, chlamydial infection)
hemolytic diseases of fetus and newborn
perinatal jaundice
3 //

slow fetal growth and fetal malnutrition

prematurity, low birth weight, pre-term infant
post-term infant
respiratory distress syndrome
XVII. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS, DEFORMATIONS

AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES (ICD 10, Q00 Q99)

3 //

encephalocoele, hydrocephalus
pre-auricular sinus, sinus, fistula and cyst of branchial
cleft
congenital malformation of heart
cleft lip, cleft palate
thyroglossal duct cyst
laryngomalacia
tracheo-esophageal fistula
diaphragmatic hernia
congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
congenital megacolon, imperforate anus
omphalocoele, gastroschisis
hypospadias, undescended testis, ambiguous genitalia
chromosomal abnormalities (Downs syndrome)
clubfoot
congenital hip dislocation
XIX. INJURY, POISONING AND CONSEQUENCES OF
EXTERNAL CAUSES (ICD 10, S00 - T98)
2 //

wound
eye injury and foreign body on external eye
animal bites
toxic effects of contact with venomous animals
fractures
dislocations
muscle & tendon injuries (sprains & strains)
foreign body through orifices
burns
corrosions, heat stroke, electrical injury
near-drowning
poisoning & intoxication by drugs, substances, toxins

 maltreatment syndrome (child abuse, sexual abuse,

battered child)
3 //

chest injury
abdominal injury
head injury
spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury
XX. EXTERNAL CAUSES OF MORBIDITY & MORTALITY
(ICD 10, V01 - Y98)
2 //

nosocomial conditions
transport accidents
fall
exposure to smoke, fire and flames
exposure to forces of nature (natural heat or cold,
sunlight, victim of lightning, victim of earthquake, victim of
flood)
intention self-harm crashing of motor vehicle,
hanging and suffocation, handgun discharge
problems related to life-style tobacco use, alcohol
and biological substance use, lack of physical exercise
drugs, medicaments and biological substances causing
adverse effects in therapeutic use
medical device associated with adverse incident
diagnostic and therapeutic use
work-related conditions
environmental pollution-related conditions
3.

3.1.


3.1.1 Stethoscope
3.1.2 Sphygmomanometer : blood pressure
measurement, tourniquet test
3.1.3 Jerk hammer
3.1.4 Snellen chart (visual acuity measurement)
3.1.5 Ishihara chart (color blindness measurement)
3.1.6 Schiotz Tonometer
3.1.7 Ophthalmoscope
3.1.8 Otoscope
3.1.9 Tuning fork
3.1.10 Nasal speculum, head light, nasopharyneal mirror,
laryngeal mirror ()
3.1.11 Proctoscope
3.2.

3.2.1 Hematocrit
3.2.2 Blood smear : differential white blood cell count, red
cell morphology, platelet estimate and morphology
3.2.3 Malarial parasite
3.2.4 ABO blood group, Rh and cross matching
3.2.5 Urine analysis
3.2.6 Body fluid analysis: CSF, pleural, etc.
3.2.7 Stool examination including stool occult blood
3.2.8 Gram stain, acid fast stain
3.2.9 KOH smear, Tzanck s smear
3.2.10 Tuberculin skin test
3.2.11 Venous clotting time, clot retraction, clot lysis
3.2.12 Electrocardiography
3.2.13 Growth and development assessment (weight,
height, circumferences of head ,chest and mid-arm, arm
span, upper and lower segment ratio, growth chart and
developmental milestone)
3.3


3.3.1 Chest x-ray
3.3.2 Plain abdomen
3.3.3 Plain KUB
3.3.4 Skull and sinuses
3.3.5 Bones and joints
3.3.6 Lateral soft tissue of neck x-ray

3.4

3.4.1 Hemoglobin, white blood cell count
3.4.2 Red cell indices
3.4.3 Reticulocyte count
3.4.4 Inclusion body
3.4.5 Platelet count
3.4.6 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
3.4.7 Coagulation study
3.4.8
3.4.9 Susceptibility test
3.4.10 Cytology
3.4.11 Endocrinologic studies : Oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT), post-prandial GTT, thyroid function test, serum
cortisol
3.4.12 Liver profile
3.4.13 Kidney profile
3.4.14 Lipid profile
3.4.15
3.4.16 HIV testing
3.4.17 Serologic studies
3.4.18 Arterial blood gas analysis
3.4.19 Spirometry, peak expiratory flow rate
measurement
3.4.20 Growth and development assessment ; Denver
Development Screening Test (DDST)
3.4.21 audiometry
3.4.22 Psychological test
3.4.23 Ultrasonography: abdomen, pelvis
3.4.24 Computerized axial tomography scan
3.4.25 Magnetic resonance imaging
3.4.26 Mammography
3.4.27 Radionuclide scan
3.4.28 Barium contrast GI studies
3.4.29 Intravascular contrast studies: arterial and venous
studies
3.4.30 Echocardiography
3.5

3.5.1

venepuncture
capillary puncture
intravenous fluid infusion
injection : intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous,
subcutaneous
blood and blood component transfusion
arterial puncture
lumbar puncture
endotracheal intubation
local infiltration and digital nerve block
advanced cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
oxygen therapy
aerosol bronchodilator therapy
anterior nasal packing
nasogastric intubation, gastric lavage, gavage and
irrigation
urethral catheterization
incision and drainage
debridement of wound
wound dressing
excision of benign tumour and cyst of skin and
subcutaneous tissue
suturing and desuturing
stomal care
stump bandaging
first aid management of injured patient
measurement of central venous pressure
normal labor
amniotomy
episiotomy and perineorrhaphy
PAP smear preparation
removal of foreign body from vagina in adult
phototherapy
3. 5.2

venesection

 cervical dilatation and uterine curettage

tubal ligation & resection
insertion and removal of intrauterine device
removal of foreign body from vagina
neonatal resuscitation and transportation
biopsy of skin, superficial mass, cervix
appendectomy
external splinting and plaster of Paris technique
skin and skeletal traction
removal of foreign body from conjunctiva
removal of foreign body from ear, nose, throat,
basic mechanical ventilation
paracentesis : abdominal, pleural
postural drainage : chest percussion and vibration
breathing exercise
strengthening and stretching exercise
3.5.3

intercostal drainage
circumcision
general anaesthesia for uncomplicated patient for
simple surgery
low transverse caesarean section
close reduction of simple fractures
reduction of simple dislocations
joint aspiration
3.5.4 /
/

diagnostic liver percutaneous biopsy

diagnostic kidney percutaneous biopsy
pleural biopsy
peritoneal lavage
peritoneal dialysis
bone marrow aspiration

vacuum extraction
low forceps extraction
manual removal of placenta
culdocentesis
marsupialization of Bartholin cyst
conization of uterine cervix
salpingectomy and oophorectomy
breech assisting and extraction
contraceptive drug implantation and removal
vasectomy
tracheostomy
spinal anaesthesia

3.5.5

cranial burr hole

subdural tapping
dental extraction
tonsillectomy
thyroidectomy
peripheral nerve block
incision and curettage (external hordeolum)
excision of pterygium
cataract and glaucoma surgery
probing and irrigation of nasolacrimal duct
gastrostomy
colostomy
repair of gastric perforation, intestinal perforation
suture of peptic ulcer bleeding
herniorrhaphy
cholecystectomy
hemorrhoidectomy
suprapubic cystostomy
vesicolithotomy
hemodialysis
skin graft
laser surgery
gastrointestinal endoscopy
bronchoscopy
paracentesis: pericardium, urinary bladder

internal fixation of fracture

amputation of finger, toe and extremities
tendon repair
cervical spine and pelvic traction
bone marrow biopsy
hysterectomy
organ transplantation
cardiovascular surgery
Electric convulsive therapy

2



1.

1.1

1.2

1.3
.. 2499 64 50
1.4
2
.. 2535 4
1.5
4
2.
.. 2499
2.1
1
2.2 18
2.3 39
2.4
59
2.5
65 , 66 67
2.6
68
2.7
80 82

2.8
95 96
2.9 102106
3. /
.. 2499
3.1
157
3.2 269
3.3

276279

3.4

309,310

3.5
3.5.1
288,290 291
3.5.2
295,300 390 297
3.5.3 301305
3.5.4
307,373
3.6 374
3.7
323 ..
2540 15,24 25
3.8 326
4.
.. 2535

4.1 15
4.2 () 65
4.3

19,20,2225
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Hippocratic Oaths , International
Codes of Medical Ethics Declaration of Geneva

.. 2545
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3
(basic
medical science)
1

General Principles
Biochemistry and molecular biology
biochemistry and function of macromolecules and their
derivatives
o carbohydrate
o lipid
o nucleic acid
structure, properties and function of amino acids and
proteins
o amino acid structures and properties
o principles of protein structure and folding
o enzymes: kinetics, reaction mechanisms and
regulation
o structural and regulatory proteins: ligand binding,
self-assembly
o regulatory properties
gene expression: DNA structure, replication, and
exchange
o DNA structure: single- and double-stranded DNA,
stabilizing forces, supercoiling
o gene structure and organization: chromosomes,
centromere, telomere
o DNA replication, mutation, repair, degradation, and
inactivation
o recombination, insertion sequences, transposon
o mechanisms of genetic exchange, including
transformation, transduction, conjugation, crossover,
recombination, linkage
gene expression: transcription, including defects
o transcription of DNA into RNA, enzymatic reactions,
RNA, RNA degradation
o regulation: cis-regulatory elements, transcription

factors, enhancers, promoters, silencers, repressants,

splicing
gene expression: translation, including defects
o the genetic code
o structure and function of tRNA
o structure and function of ribosomes
o protein synthesis
o regulation of translation
o post-translational modifications, including
phosphorylation, addition of carbohydrate units
o protein degradation
genetic engineering technology
o analysis of DNA: sequencing, restriction analysis,
PCR amplification hybridization
o plasmids and bacteriophages
o gene cloning
o recombinant DNA technology and application
energy metabolism, including metabolic sequences,
regulation, and disorders
o generation of energy from carbohydrates, fatty
acids, and amino acids; glycolysis, pentose phosphate
pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle,? oxidation, ketogenesis
and ketone bodies o xidation , electron transport and
oxidative phosphorylation, glycogenolysis
o storage of energy: gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis,
fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis
o thermodynamics: free energy, chemical equilibria
and group transfer potential, energetics of ATP and other
high-energy compounds
metabolic pathways of small molecules and associated
diseases
o biosynthesis and degradation of carbohydrate
o biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids (eg,
phenylketonuria)
o biosynthesis and degradation of purine and
pyrimidine nucleotides (eg, gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome)
o biosynthesis and degradation of lipids (eg,
dyslipidemias, carnitine deficiency)
o biosynthesis and degradation of porphyrins
biosynthesis and degradation of other macromolecules
and associated abnormalities, complex carbohydrates (eg,
lysosomal storage disease), glycoproteins, and
proteoglycans

Biology of cells
cell components
cytoskeleton, including cell movement and intracellular
transport
signal transduction: second messenger systems
voltage- and ligand-gated channels and receptors
secretion and exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis
cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, structure and regulation of
spindle apparatus, control points
epithelial cells, including surface specialization,
intercellular junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells:
basement membrane, extracellular matrix, proteoglycans,
fibronectins, adhesion molecules, annexins
muscle cells, including cardiac, smooth, skeletal:
structure and regulation of contractile elements, excitationcontraction coupling
adaptive cell response to injury (eg, hypertrophy and
metaplasia)
mechanisms of cell injury and necrosis, including free
radical mediated cell injury
apoptosis
Human development and genetics
embryogenesis: programmed gene expression, tissue
differentiation and morphogenesis, homeotic genes
congenital abnormalities: principles, patterns of
anomalies, dysmorphogenesis
principles of pedigree analysis, including inheritance
patterns, occurrence and recurrence risk
population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg law, founder
effects, mutation-selection equilibrium
genetic mechanisms: chromosomal abnormalities,
mendelian inheritance, multifactorial diseases
clinical genetics, including genetic testing, prenatal
diagnosis, newborn screening, genetic counseling/ethics,
gene therapy
Biology of tissue response to disease
inflammation, including cells and mediators
o acute inflammation and mediator systems
o vascular response to injury, including mediators
o inflammatory cell recruitment, including adherence
and cell migration, and phagocytosis
o bactericidal mechanisms and tissue injury

o clinical manifestations (eg, pain, leukocytosis)

o chronic inflammation
reparative processes
o wound healing, hemostasis, and repair: thrombosis,
granulation tissue, angiogenesis, fibrosis, scar/keloid
formation
o regenerative processes
neoplasia
o classification, histologic diagnosis
o grading and staging of neoplasms
o cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of
neoplastic cells: transformation, oncogenes, oncogenesis,
altered cell differentiation, and proliferation
o hereditary neoplastic disorders
o invasion and metastasis
o tumor immunology
o paraneoplastic manifestations of cancer
o cancer epidemiology and prevention
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
progression through the life cycle, including birth
through senescence
o cognitive, language, motor skills, social and
interpersonal development
o sexual development (eg, puberty, menopause)
o influence of developmental stage on
physician/patient interview
psychologic and social factors influencing patient
behavior
o personality traits or coping style, including coping
mechanisms
o psychodynamic and behavioral factors, related past
experience
o family and cultural factors, including socioeconomic
status, ethnicity, and gender
o adaptive and maladaptive behavioral responses to
stress and illness (eg, drug-seeking behavior, sleep
deprivation)
o interactions between the patient and the physician
or the health care system (eg, patient transfer)
o patient adherence, including general and adolescent
patient interviewing, consultation, and interactions with

the family
o establishing and maintaining rapport
o data gathering
o approaches to patient education including patients
understanding about the health problems, purpose of
therapy, proper use of drugs, adherance to therapy and
signs of major adverse drug effects
o enticing patients to make lifestyle changes
o communicating bad news
o difficult interviews (eg, anxious or angry patients)
o multicultural ethnic characteristics
medical ethics, jurisprudence, and professional behavior
o consent and informed consent to treatment
o physician-patient relationships (eg, ethical conduct,
confidentiality)
o death and dying
o birth-related issues
o issues related to patient participation in research
o communications with other health professionals (eg,
case refer)
o sexuality and the profession: other boundary
issues
o health schemes, national drug policies
o ethics and standards of care among various health
schemes
o organization and cost of health care delivery
o concept and utilization of national essential drug list
(NEDL)
o ethics, equity and budget constraints in prescribing
high cost drugs (eg, erythropoietin, anti-HIV)
Multisystem processes
nutrition
o generation, expenditure, and storage of energy at
the whole-body level
o assessment of nutritional status across the life span,
including calories, protein, essential nutrients,
hypoalimentation,
o functions of nutrients
o protein-calorie balance and malnutrition
o vitamins: structures of vitamins and derivatives of
medical important, absorption storage and excretion,

functions, food sources and requirements, deficiencies

and/or toxicities
o mineral requirements, deficiencies and toxicities
o eating disorders (eg, obesity, bulimia)
o biotransformation
o food toxicology
temperature regulation
adaptation to environmental extremes, including
occupational exposures
o physical and associated disorders (eg, radiation,
decreased atmospheric pressure)
o chemical poisoning and therapy (eg, agricultural
hazards, biological venom and toxins, heavy metal)
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and disorders
(eg, dehydration, acidosis, alkalosis)
exercise physiology
Principles of specimen collections and laboratory
interpretations
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes
general principles
o pharmacokinetics: absorption and bioavailability,
distribution, metabolism, excretion, dose, method of
administration and dosage intervals
o pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of drug action,
structure-activity relationships, receptors,signal transduction
o concentration- and dose-effect relationships (eg,
efficacy, potency), types and actions of agonists and
antagonists
o individual factors or special populations altering
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (eg, age,
pregnancy, pharmacogenetics)
o adverse drug effects including contraindication,
warning, precautions, side effects, drug interactions,
overdose and toxicity
o regulatory issues (eg, drug development, approval)
o pharmacoeconomics
o phamarcovigilance (eg, ADR reporting system)
o concept of rational drug prescription
general properties of autacoids, including peptides and
analogs, biogenic amines, prostanoids and their inhibitors,
and smooth muscle/endothelial autacoids
general principles of autonomic pharmacology

 general properties of antimicrobials, including

mechanisms of action andresistance
general properties of antineoplastic agents and
immunosuppressants, including drug effects on rapidly
dividing mammalian cells
Microbial biology and infection
microbial classification
bacteria and bacterial diseases
o structure and composition
o metabolism, physiology, and regulation
o genetics
o nature and mechanisms of action of virulence factors
o pathophysiology of infection
o epidemiology and ecology
o principles of cultivation, assay, and laboratory
diagnosis
viruses and viral diseases
o physical and chemical properties
o replication
o genetics
o principles of cultivation, assay, and laboratory
diagnosis
o molecular basis of pathogenesis
o pathophysiology of infection
o latent and persistent infections
o epidemiology
o oncogenic viruses
fungi and fungal infections
o structure, physiology, cultivation, and laboratory
diagnosis
o pathogenesis and epidemiology
parasites and parasitic diseases
o structure, physiology, life cycles, and laboratory
diagnosis
o pathogenesis and epidemiology prevention and
control
principles of sterilization and pure culture technique
Immune responses
production and function of granulocytes, natural killer
cells, macrophages
production and function of T lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte
receptors

 production and function of B lymphocytes and plasma

cells, immunoglobulin andantibodies, structure and biologic
properties
antigenicity and immunogenicity, antigen presentation,
cell activation and regulation, tolerance and clonal deletion
immunologic mediators: chemistry, function, molecular
biology, classic and alternative complement pathways,
cytokines, chemokines
immunogenetics: MHC structure and function, class I, II
molecules; erythrocyte antigens; transplantation
immunizations, vaccines, protective immunity
alterations in immunologic function
o T- or B-lymphocyte deficiencies
o deficiencies of phagocytic cells
o combined immunodeficiency disease
o HIV infection/AIDS and other acquired disorders of
immuneresponsiveness
o drug-induced alterations in immune responses,
immunopharmacology
immunologically mediated disorders
o hypersensitivity (types IIV)
o transplant rejection
o autoimmune disorders
o risks of transplantation, transfusion (eg, graft-versushost disease)
o isoimmunization, hemolytic disease of the newborn
o immunopathogenesis
immunologic principles underlying diagnostic laboratory
tests (eg, ELISA,complement fixation)
innate immunity
Quantitative methods
fundamental concepts of measurement
o scales of measurement
o distribution, central tendency, variability, probability
o disease prevalence and incidence
o disease outcomes (eg, fatality rates)
o associations (eg, correlation and covariance)
o health impact (eg, risk differences and ratios)
o efficacy of drug therapy (eg, odd ratio, number
needed to treat, risk reduction)
o risk of drug therapy (eg, number needed to harm)
o sensitivity, specificity, predictive values
fundamental concepts of study design

o types of experimental studies (eg, clinical trials, field

trials, community intervention trials)
o types of observational studies (eg, cohort, casecontrol)
o sampling and sample size
o subject selection and exposure allocation (eg,
randomization, systematic assignment)
o outcome assessment
o internal and external validity
o level of evidence
fundamental concepts of hypothesis testing and
statistical inference
o confidence intervals
o statistical significance and Type I error
o statistical power and Type II error
Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular Systems
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
cell/tissue structure and function
o production and function of erythrocytes, hemoglobin,
O2 and CO2 transport, transport proteins
o production and function of leukocytes and the
lymphoreticular system
o production and function of platelets
o production and function of coagulation and
fibrinolytic factors
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o infections of the blood, reticuloendothelial system,
and lymphatics (eg.AHF, infectious mononucleosis,
malaria,filariasis)
o allergic and anaphylactic reactions and other
immunopathologic mechanisms
o acquired disorders of immune deficiency
o autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases (eg,
Coombs positive hemolytic anemia, cryoglobulinemias, ITP)
o transfusion complications

 neoplastic disorders (eg, leukemia, lymphoma,

myeloproliferative disorders, multiple myeloma)
metabolic and regulatory disorders, including acquired
and congenital
o anemias and cytopenias
- nutritional anemia (eg, iron deficiency anemia,
megaloblastic anemia )
- hereditary hemolytic anemia (eg, thalassemia,
hemoglobinopathies, hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD
deficiency)
- acquired hemolytic anemia (eg, PNH)
- cytopenia (eg, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis)
o hemorrhagic and hemostatic disorders ( eg, acquired
coagulopathies, DIC), hereditary (eg, hemophilia)
o bleeding secondary to platelet disorders (eg, von
Willebrand's, APDE)
vascular and endothelial disorders (eg, hypersplenism,
TTP, hemolytic-uremic syndrome)
systemic disorders affecting the hematopoietic and
lymphoreticular system (eg, nutritional deficiencies,
systemic lupus erythematosus), hematologic manifestations
of systemic disorders, hematologic disorders present as
systemic diseases
idiopathic disorders
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the
hematopoietic system
o blood and blood products
o treatment of anemia, drugs stimulating erythrocyte
production (eg,erythropoietin, androgen)
o drugs stimulating leukocyte production (eg, G-CSF,
GM-CSF)
o anticoagulants, thrombolytic drugs
o antiplatelet drugs
o antimicrobials (eg, antimalarials, anti-retroviral)
o antineoplastic and immunosuppressive drugs
o drugs used to treat acquired disorders of immune
responsiveness (eg. IVIG)
o therapeutic antibodies
other therapeutic modalities (eg, splenectomy,
chelating agents, radiation therapy for lymphomas,
plasmapheresis, principles of stem cell transplantation)

Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting

disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, diet, depression
and immune responses, blood doping among athletes)
influence on person, family, and society (eg, childhood
leukemia)
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
heavy metals, hydrocarbons, lead)
gender and ethnic factors (eg, herbal treatments with
bone marrow depression)
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes, including neural tube derivatives, cerebral
ventricles, neural crest derivatives
organ structure and function
o spinal cord, including gross anatomy, blood supply,
and spinal reflexes
o brain stem, including cranial nerves and nuclei,
reticular formation, gross anatomy, and blood supply
o brain, including gross anatomy and blood supply;
cognition, language, memory; hypothalamic function; limbic
system and emotional behavior; circadian rhythms and
sleep; and control of eye movement
o sensory systems, including proprioception, pain,
vision, hearing, balance, taste, and olfaction
o motor systems, including brain and spinal cord, basal
ganglia and cerebellum
o autonomic nervous system
o peripheral nerves and synapse
cell/tissue structure and function
o axonal transport
o excitable properties of neurons, axons and dendrites,
including channels
o synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and
degradation of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
o pre- and postsynaptic receptor interactions, trophic
and growth factors
o brain metabolism
o glia, myelin

o brain homeostasis: blood-brain barrier; cerebrospinal

fluid formation and flow; choroid plexus
o repair, regeneration, and changes associated with
stage of life Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
(eg, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, subdural and
epidural hematomas, cord compression, peripheral nerve
injury)
neoplastic disorders, including primary and metastatic
acquired metabolic and regulatory disorders (eg,
delirium, Reyes syndrome)
vascular disorders (eg, cerebrovascular disease)
systemic disorders affecting the nervous system (eg,
lupus, diabetic neuropathy)
congenital disorders, including metabolic (eg, neural
tube defects, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, Down
syndrome)
degenerative disorders (eg, Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
paroxysmal disorders (eg, epilepsy, headache, pain
syndromes, and sleep disorders including narcolepsy,
periodic paralysis)
disorders of special senses (eg, blindness, deafness)
movement disorders (eg, chorea, tremor, dystonia,
rigidity, hypokinexia)
psychopathologic disorders, processes and their
evaluation
o early-onset disorders (eg, learning disorders)
o disorders related to substance use
o schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
o mood disorders
o anxiety disorders
o somatoform disorders
o personality disorders
o physical and sexual abuse of children, adults, and
elders
o other disorders (eg, dissociative, impulse control,
post-traumatic stress disorder)
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the nervous
system

o anesthetics
o hypnotics
o psychopharmacologic agents (eg, anxiolytics,
antidepressants, antipsychotic agents, mood-stabilizing
agents)
o anticonvulsants
o analgesics
o stimulants, amphetamines
o antiparkinsonian drugs
o skeletal muscle relaxants, botulinum toxin
o neuromuscular junction blocking agents
o antiglaucoma drugs
o drugs used to decrease intracranial pressure (eg,
mannitol, high-dose glucocorticoids)
o antimigraine agents
o drugs affecting autonomic nervous system (eg,
anticholinesterases)
other therapeutic modalities (eg, radiation, CFS
shunting, surgery)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, drug abuse, sleep
deprivation, accident prevention, pets)
influence on person, family, and society (eg,
developmental disabilities, dementia, generational reversal,
nutrition, seizures, sleep disorders)
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
boxing, carbon monoxide exposure)
gender and ethnic factors (eg, dementia)
Skin and Related Connective Tissue
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
cell/tissue structure and function, including barrier
functions, thermal regulation, eccrine function
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life or ethnicity (eg, senile purpura, male pattern
baldness, postmenopausal hair changes) skin defense
mechanisms and normal flora

Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o bacterial infections, (eg, acne, cellulitis, carbuncle,
abscess, necrotizing fasciitis, gangrene)
o viral infections (eg, herpes infections, chickenpox,
rubella, measles, roseola, verrucae)
o fungal infections, including mycoses,
dermatophytosis (eg, tinea)
o parasitic infections (eg, scabies, lice, creeping
eruptions)
o dermal inflammation, eczema, vesiculobullous
disease:pemphigus), insect bites and stings
o immune and autoimmune disorders (eg, lupus
erythematosus, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, alopecia,
psoriasis, urticaria, allergic dermatosis)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, thermal injury,
decubitus ulcers, effects of ultraviolet light and radiation)
neoplastic disorders
o keratinocytes (eg, seborrheic keratosis, actinic
keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)
o melanocytes (eg, nevi, melanoma)
o vascular neoplasms (eg, hemangiomas, Kaposis
sarcoma)
o other (eg, leukemia- lymphoma, skin appendage
tumors)
metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders (eg,
vitamin deficiencies, hypervitaminosis, hyperhidrosis)
vascular disorders (eg, vasculitis, Raynaud's disease)
systemic disorders affecting the skin
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the skin and
connective tissue, including anti-inflammatory agents
(eg,corticosteroids, antihistamines), emollients, sunscreen,
retinoids, antimicrobial agents, cytotoxic and immunologic
therapy (eg, methotrexate, PUVA, keratolytics)
other therapeutic modalities (eg, laser, tattoo removal,
cryotherapy)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, sun exposure,
acne)

 influence on person, family, and society (eg, psoriasis)

occupational and other environmental risk factors
gender and ethnic factors (eg, keloid)
Musculoskeletal System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
cell/tissue structure and function
o biology of bones, joints, tendons, skeletal muscle
o energy metabolism in muscle
o exercise and physical conditioning
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o infectious disorders
o inflammatory disorders (eg, fibrositis, synovitis,
tenosynovitis)
o immunologic disorders (eg, rheumatoid arthritis,
ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis, connective tissue
diseases)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, repetitive
motion injuries)
neoplastic disorders (eg, osteosarcoma, metastatic
disease)
metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders (eg,
dwarfism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteomalacia,
osteoporosis, gout)
vascular disorders (eg, bone infarcts)
systemic disorders affecting the musculoskeletal
system (eg, diabetes mellitus),
idiopathic disorders (eg, Dupuytren's contracture)
degenerative disorders (eg, disc disease, osteoarthritis)
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the
musculoskeletal system
o nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
o muscle relaxants
o antigout therapy

o immunosuppressive drugs (eg, glucocorticoids, gold

salt, cytotoxic agents)
o drugs affecting bone mineralization (eg,
diphosphonates, calcitonin, estrogen analogs)
other therapeutic modalities (eg, radiation, surgery,
casts, rehabilitation)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, diet, exercise,
seat belts, bicycle helmets)
influence on person, family, and society (eg,
osteoporosis, fractures in elderly, alcohol abuse/fractures)
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
athletes, musicians)
gender and ethnic factors (eg, bone mass)
Respiratory System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
o airways, including mechanics and regulation of
breathing
o lung parenchyma, including ventilation, perfusion,
gas exchange
o pleura
cell/tissue structure and function, including surfactant
formation, alveolar structure
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
pulmonary defense mechanisms and normal flora
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o infectious diseases
- infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract
- acute infectious diseases of the lower respiratory
tract, pleura and their complications
- chronic infectious diseases of the lower respiratory
tract
o immunologic disorders
- allergic and hypersensitivity disorders

- autoimmune disorders (eg, Wegeners

granulomatosis)
o inflammatory disorders
- pneumoconiosis
- acute and chronic alveolar injury (eg, acute
respiratory distress syndrome, chlorine gas/smoke
inhalation)
- obstructive pulmonary disease
- restrictive pulmonary disease (eg, sarcoidosis)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, aspiration,
pneumothorax, atelectasis, sleep apnea)
neoplastic disorders (eg, polyps, bronchogenic
carcinoma, mesothelioma)
metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders (eg,
hypoventilation, ventilation-perfusion imbalance, neonatal
respiratory distress syndrome)
vascular and circulatory disorders (eg, pulmonary
hypertension, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion)
systemic disorders affecting the respiratory system
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the respiratory
system (eg, decongestants, cough
suppressants,expectorants, mucolytics; bronchodilator
drugs)
other therapeutic modalities (eg, oxygen therapy, nasal
CPAP, mechanical ventilation, physical therapy)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental emotional and
behavioral factors (eg, smoking)
influence on person, family, and society (eg, family
smoking)
occupational and other environmental risk factors
gender and ethnic factors (eg, lung cancer)
Cardiovascular System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
o chambers, valves

o cardiac cycle, mechanics, heart sounds, cardiac

output
o hemodynamics, including systemic, pulmonary,
coronary, and blood volume
o circulation in specific vascular beds
cell/tissue structure and function
o heart muscle, metabolism, oxygen consumption,
biochemistry, and secretory function (eg, atrial natriuretic
peptide)
o endothelium and secretory function, vascular smooth
muscle, microcirculation, and lymph flow
o neural and hormonal regulation of the heart, blood
vessels, and blood volume, including responses to change in
posture, exercise, and tissue metabolism
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o infectious disorders (eg, endocarditis)
o inflammatory and immunologic disorders (eg, acute
rheumatic fever, vasculitis)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, tamponade,
valvular disease, obstructive cardiomyopathy)
neoplastic disorders
metabolic and regulatory disorders (eg, hypertension,
dysrhythmias, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, cor
pulmonale, ischemic heart disease)
vascular disorders (eg, atherosclerosis) systemic
diseases affecting the cardiovascular system
congenital disorders of the heart and central vessels
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the
cardiovascular system
o coronary and peripheral vasodilators
o antiarrhythmic drugs
o antihypertensive drugs
o measures used to combat hypotension and shock
o drugs affecting cholesterol and lipid metabolism
o drugs affecting blood coagulation, thrombolytic
agents
o inotropic agents and treatment of heart failure
o immunosuppressive and antimicrobial drugs

o drugs to treat peripheral arterial disease

o drugs to treat nicotine dependence (smoking
cessation therapy)
other therapeutic modalities (eg, pacemakers,
angioplasty, valve replacement)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, smoking, alcohol,
ischemic heart disease, obesity, exercise, diet)
influence on person, family, and society (eg, altered
lifestyle)
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
stress)
gender and ethnic factors (eg, hypertension)
Gastrointestinal System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function, including alimentary
canal, liver and biliary system, salivary glands and exocrine
pancreas, motility, digestion and absorption
cell/tissue structure and function
o endocrine and neural regulatory functions, including
GI hormones
o salivary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, hepatic
secretory products, including enzymes, proteins, bile salts,
and processes
o synthetic and metabolic functions of hepatocytes
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
gastrointestinal defense mechanisms and normal flora
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o infectious disorders (eg, peritonitis, hepatitis,
intestinal parasitic infection)
o diarrhea and food poisoning
o inflammatory disorders (eg, cholecystitis,
pancreatitis)
o immunologic disorders (eg, inflammatory bowel
diseases)

 traumatic and mechanical disorders

o hiatus hernia
o obstruction (eg, volvulus, postsurgical obstruction)
o perforation of hollow viscus and blunt trauma
o inguinal, femoral, and abdominal wall hernias
o esophageal and colonic diverticula , Meckel's
diverticulum
neoplastic disorders, including benign and malignant
metabolic and regulatory disorders (eg, hepatic failure,
motility disorders)
vascular disorders (eg, portal hypertension,
hemorrhoids)
systemic disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system
congenital anomalies (eg, omphalocele, hirchsprungs
disease)
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the
gastrointestinal system
o treatment and prophylaxis of peptic ulcer disease
and gastroesophageal reflux
o drugs to alter gastrointestinal motility (eg,
antiemetic drugs, prokinetic drugs)
o fluid replacement (eg, oral rehydration)
o pancreatic replacement therapy and treatment of
pancreatitis drugs for treatment of hepatic failure (eg,
lactulose) and biliary disease (eg, drugs to dissolve
gallstones)
o anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive,
antineoplastic, antimicrobial drugs and anti-parasitic drugs
other therapeutic modalities (eg, surgical procedures,
stents, feeding tubes)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, peptic ulcer,
encopresis)
influence on person, family, and society (eg,
inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disease,
pancreatitis and alcohol, chronic laxative abuse)
occupational and other environmental risk factors
gender and ethnic factors (eg, diets)

Renal/Urinary System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
o kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
o glomerular filtration and hemodynamics
o tubular reabsorption and secretion, including
transport processes and proteins
o urinary concentration and dilution
o normal urinary compositions
o renal mechanisms in acid-base balance
o renal mechanisms in body fluid homeostasis
o micturition
cell/tissue structure and function, including renal
metabolism and oxygen consumption, hormones produced
by or acting on the kidney
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
o infectious disorders
- upper urinary tract (eg, pyelonephritis, papillary
necrosis)
- lower urinary tract (eg, cystitis, urethritis)
o inflammatory and immunologic disorders
- glomerular disorders (eg, glomerulonephritis,
nephrotic syndrome)
- tubular interstitial disease (eg, interstitial nephritis,
transplant rejection)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, obstructive
uropathy)
neoplastic disorders (eg, renal, urinary bladder and
collecting system, metastases)
metabolic and regulatory disorders
o renal failure, acute and chronic (eg, acute tubular
necrosis)
o tubular and collecting duct disorders (eg, Fanconis
syndrome, renal tubular acidosis, nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus, polycystic kidney disease)
o urolithiasis

 vascular disorders (eg, renal artery stenosis)

systemic diseases affecting the renal system (eg,
diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, systemic lupus
erythematosus)
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the renal and
urinary system
o diuretics, antidiuretic drugs
o drugs and fluids used to treat volume, electrolyte,
and acid-base disorders
o drugs used to enhance renal perfusion (eg,
dopamine)
o anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
immunosuppressive, and antineoplastic drugs
o drugs used to treat lower urinary tract system (eg,
incontinence, bladder function, benign prostatic hyperplasia)
other therapeutic modalities (eg, dialysis, renal
transplantation)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, drug-induced
interstitial nephritis, diet)
influence on person, family, and society (eg,
hemodialysis, living related kidney donation, transplants)
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
heavy metals)
gender and ethnic factors (eg, disease progression,
urinary tract infections)
Reproductive System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
o female structure, including breast
o female function (eg, menstrual cycle, puberty,
menopause)
o male structure
o male function (eg, spermatogenesis, puberty)
o intercourse, orgasm

o pregnancy, including labor and delivery, the

puerperium, lactation, gestational uterus, placenta
cell/tissue structure and function, including
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, sex steroids, and
gestational hormones
reproductive system defense mechanisms and normal
flora
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
(eg, toxic shock syndrome, breast abscess, orchitis, sexually
transmitted diseases, autoimmune hypogonadism, cystic
mastitis)
traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, female
incontinence, torsion of testis, varicocele)
neoplastic disorders
metabolic and regulatory processes
o female (eg, anovulation, infertility, polycystic
ovaries, endometriosis, orgasmic dysfunction, delayed and
premature puberty)
- menopausal syndrome
o male (eg, infertility, impotence, gynecomastia,
delayed and premature puberty)
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
systemic disorders affecting reproductive function (eg,
obesity, myotonic dystrophy, cirrhosis, renal failure)
disorders relating to pregnancy, the puerperium, and
the postpartum period
o obstetric problems (eg, ectopic pregnancy, thirdtrimester bleeding)
o complications affecting other organ systems (eg,
eclampsia, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders)
o disorders associated with the puerperium (eg,
postpartum hemorrhage, sepsis, depression)
o antepartum, intrapartum, postpartum disorders of
the fetus (eg, prematurity, postmaturity, cord compression,
macrosomia)
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the
reproductive system and management of normal
reproductive function
o female reproductive tract
- fertility drugs

- oral contraception, other methods of contraception

- estrogen, progestogen replacement
- stimulants and inhibitors of labor
- estrogen and progesterone antagonists, treatment of
menopause
- stimulators and inhibitors of lactation
o male reproductive tract
- androgen replacement and antagonists
o gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin
replacement
o abortifacients
o antimicrobials
o antineoplastics
o restoration of potency including mens health (eg,
drugs use in erectile dysfunction)
other therapeutic modalities affecting the reproductive
system (eg, tampons, anabolic steroids)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, sexually
transmitted diseases)
influence on person, family, and society (eg, infertility)
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
radiation)
family planning and pregnancy (eg, unwanted)
gender identity, sexual orientation, sexuality, libido
effects of traumatic stress syndrome, violence, rape,
child abuse
Endocrine System
Normal processes
embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal
changes
organ structure and function
o hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary gland
o thyroid gland
o parathyroid glands
o adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla
o pancreatic islets
o ovary and testis
o adipose tissue
cell/tissue structure and function, including hormone
synthesis, secretion, action and metabolism

o peptide hormones
o steroid hormones, including vitamin D
o thyroid hormones
o catecholamine hormones
o renin-angiotensin system
repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage
of life
Abnormal processes
infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
(eg, Graves disease, Hashimotos thyroiditis)
traumatic and mechanical disorders
neoplastic disorders
metabolic and regulatory processes (eg, diabetes
mellitus)
vascular disorders (eg, pituitary apoplexy)
systemic disorders affecting the endocrine system (eg,
hemochromatosis)
idiopathic disorders (eg, hirsutism)
Principles of therapeutics
mechanisms of action, indication and use, and adverse
effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the endocrine
system
o hormones and hormone analogs
o stimulators of hormone production (eg,
sulfonylureas)
o inhibitors of hormone production (eg, thiouracils)
o hormone antagonists
o potentiators of hormone action (eg, metformin)
antiobesity agents
other therapeutic modalities (eg, surgery, radiation)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting
disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial,
cultural, occupational, and environmental
emotional and behavioral factors (eg, compliance in
diabetes mellitus)
influence on person, family, and society
occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg,
radiation exposure, iodine deficiency)
gender and ethnic factors

1. 16 (jaundice)
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC) osmotic fragility


direct anti-globulin

A. ovalocyte
B. schistocyte
C. spherocyte
D. target cell
E. tear drop cell
C
2. 50 2
1
(atrophy),
(fasciculation), hyper-reflexia, plantar
reflex extensor response

A. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

B. dementia, Alzheimers type
C. Guillian-Barre syndrome
D. multiple cerebral infarcts
E. multiple sclerosis
A
3. 10 5
2 .

A. foreign body reaction

B. hemorrhage
C. lymphocytic infiltration
D. neutrophilic migration
. vasodilatation
E
4. 12

pulmonary edema

A. cyanosis with chest pain

B. jaundice
C. meningitis
D. pharyngitis

E. skin infection
D
5. 6 midline
pubic symphysis cystic mass
umbilicus apex urinary bladder

A. hydrocele
B. Meckels cyst
C. Meckels diverticulum
D. omphalocele
E. urachal cyst
E
6. (end stage renal disease)
hemodialysis
normochromic normocytic anemia
A. erythropoietin
B. ferrous sulfate
C. folate
D. vitamin B6
E. vitamin B12
A
7. (menstruation)
28 peak serum 17 ?-estradiol
12 progesterone
3
A. cessation of menstruation
B. decreased basal body temperature
C. onset of menstruation
D. ovulation
E. regression of the corpus luteum
D
8. 6 short stature delayed bone
age recombinant growth hormone
3
A. insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration
B. alkaline phosphatase activity
C. calcium concentration
D. phosphorus activity
E. BUN concentration