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pjsclc:f.ificcf fey .'._.!. VH2

~R - 3 - 2309

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY WASHINGTON 23. D. C. OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

Declassified by 1=^-dat. 2 0 AFP 13IZ

KEriORANDUTt TO: Director, Psychological Strategy Board SUBJECT: Flying Saucers

1. I an today trans.-nitting to the national Security Council a proposal (TAB A) in vrnich it is concluded that the problems connected vdth unidentified flying objects appear to have i:nplications for psychological warfare as well as for intelLip.ence and operations. 2. 'Ihe background for this view is presented in sorae detail in TAB 3. 3. I suggest that we discuss at an early board' meeting the possible offensive or defensive utilization of these phenomena for psychological warfare purposes.

Enclosure

Walter B. Snith Director

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ft* fch other thoro ara natior^l security i-olicstlc-rr in t!ia protlcn cf TinUonJ.ifirxl fl0'ia;i ocjocts3 i.e.
!? Vhorher Jtdcqv-ito nt'rly aai rcrcnrca is currently t*Lr^ tlircctctl to this prcbic-a in ilr rclatica to r'-icli r=ttic:r:X cccurivy trrl
to

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C?l Iui3 Inrc^ti.oalccl tlia ucrL: airrerrtlj' bainc pc-rTcrr-cd oa ecd haa fcuisi that:

(1) llza crJLy unit of ;.ororrr^:nt ccrrontly sttL^-'i^--1: tie prooloa iff tic Dircctcroto cf Intolllcni-^a, ^Sil-", ".L^icii h^3 cl^rro.l the Air TcchrJLcoi JnU-ilI;.-cace Center (.''tK) wilh. recoonsluilitj for invest JU;a tin.; tiw reports oi" ^i^;;\tiar,3 (?) Z ^TI" thtra is a rrr^lJL r?1^-^ coririatin^ of c rcrorvo Tvi-.-ij t?:o !.ioutvr,~r.t.'i or:1. V-:o -:fccrol.?.riC3 to tr.Iu: c porl/s of ji"^jT.ir.;:.9 tircu.-ii ciTicicl c!*^i~.f>r:lr , trvl vliica ccrrtuctn irivcst-ifntion or t?rj rcr-.crt-^ eiL;cr ItcoIT cr tbrcu/A co::r'-ilLc.tica vith oilier Jiir ;'crco orric'ji"j or trith civiiirn teclipj.cr.i (3) A worl/i-*ri;!o rmortir..-: trstars I-.- 3 Lcsn irstitutcei ord rajor Air / orco ie.-.-os tn'.-o tc-un cmicred t p nokc intorcaptiona of (li) Tho rcs^nrch boim; csrrJLnd on lo ntrictlj- cr. a c/tna pe^ro to Lo ri-jci?--^^ ^oioly to att-;:-pt a o^ticfcctory or:of or.ch xrxJiv-ki-j.tl ri.^jtL 1 (5) /-TK h33 concl'^ded an rrrnnrcr.unt uith t'nttellQ K/rraorin Institute Tor tho l^ito.r to raULii^h n rncliirta indo.rin,^ ^ otca for ofriciol rcpcr'cs or nii

- W^i*

(6) Sir.so 1^11 A -MY; br^ ro^ived r>-nro:c:Lu;icJ.v li/31 r f ;r'~j.-l reports cT ^5..u : I;.'...-.' r iu-j r.'i rrv:-.r: /.>..;! -/oi^-.i o_~ l-j'-:. ...:<; ;v.o-..'3 CJlio en;: ,3:-.: ::.! ivv^^.::. ; ;vL'v; i.\- :--.:.h 01 J-.vLj 1:'>: r.lorrj, o_ff ir^HL vopc-i-j c."'.:-l-J 2>"> ''H' v : - > l .-"> i^vori';, .'..".r 5o.-cv r-rrlc l?Ok on '- ^"' '''-^iLlii - :v! ""- ^'JC:C received tlcrri^i It cirri-:: c-/. u ; x i . ^ . r - : j

o CSI entered Into it-j irxniry T'illy c.;,-cro tliot It rmj c-r.Ir:'into c Ticli alr^a-y c!ior:r:^ \:ith rr-rLi^c.'r'.iJLp, crj in *;;.'iich cb^cc* tl'."ity ho^ ivccu cvcrrjdan ty nuncrcuj r-in.7Ct.ioro.L :-rritcr3 rr.l cm in vhicii ti:orc oi-o r.rc? rarer: j;cn- iv>rt-rcT^~in- crpL>r;<iti'jrj ?n voll r.n for overs irr,iiii'icrti'jp. '.-h-j O'l '_ci;r.i conavilt^d viUi a ro-;reaiGtotiv or /tir icrco Tpocial II to lies Oi-oupt cl-:ru.-.-;.7i tJis problem v:luh thc-ja i:i ciuirr.o cr tho Air Torco rro.j^ct rt ;ri-ht ficl-Jj rovio.-od n con- clr.e"bl-J volcrrD nT intoiil-o:i':o repor:::; choc^cd tiio rcrviot procc = trc^d--;^ut. irJiwC::; ar.i corl'crr".<I ;:?.t^ Lirco U'-I co"c-alt"-:tr, cJJL lecx In "Uioir Dclantilic i'ioldj, -<io ^ori; ciosr.n bccnao c.? ihoir trcsd loicvledf.a of tiio tt;chr:.'.r.?J. b. Cf,I fc d that e-io ATIC -Uidy is orcbcUy vilii If ilio r.urcovic "> ^.-.it-Nl to c c^c;=-cy-cc'j;o ovpi^^r:tlcn i.c^fcrrcrj tho nVjUy rskcs r ct-tcirat. to cclvo tho r.c-ro iunimoulol ."3ryc'c- cf llio prcL-icn viii.ch i-j io cot^rrJ-ra clcii:il*^.)j t.';c- ra'v^-o ci" ILao v-rlci.-j fj)Mio.?.rj:"ji taica ara ceuaias theses tiratinra^ or to discover ns.crry by v;.;iicli tj-i-ro cr-urca crri thoir vi.^.i=l cr v.'i.cctrc'.-.ic Di'i^crs 7 cc l-^icdictoly ir-^ntii'lod. Cur cor:-;uJLtcnl y:sr.'*i ^t^tc-i i.'ir.t t:icc^ oo^uticna ^crild ::r:;-".bl^/- bo fou=:l en tha c^rrir^: or juob t^ycrsi the .fro:Atic.r5 Cu ci:r pro-or.t lincx;lGd.~c J^i the lie Ida of oi-:;or.^cric, iono-r-hiric, r.r>d c:ctratcrr^3t. phcnc-r.c^., uitii U;c c-^clcd rorrailiiii-y tbct cui* rrc.-oct dirv.crssi of rcic-ieikT ui-.^'Xi prcuucto nii.au riro Vc u jTr.ctor. Ihcj roccr^-'.enJ^d tha a ctuJy cruup to Torrid tc (ici-i'cr-j v!>rnc f^nclio:is: (1) j".:al;-ro arri r^crnt Lr.c tin f.--ctcrs Ci ir^orsr.tlurt vhich (2) Colcmir.o iivo fi'jlda of rj nlrr.cn tal ncJxjnco vhicli rur bo irv;osti^.-.(7,ocl in orcior to resc-h nn u-y'or.ri--?.r.dla~ or Iji.o p>.9involved j aad (3) }^:o roccrne^Jr.tiona for Iho inirjLaticn of cp^ropriatg Ds-. Jp.l_Lio A. E.tratlon, 'ico ^rc. 7 1.0 ant of thD lLi-*;r.7.Vj-of.t3 .Tmtitulo Of Toc^i^cio.-^', hari i:\ii c.".!>.M to ^ ~ I '-:uit :T i~.'.\ c. frouo ccal-J ti> r.or,~ otilulcd r.L Uuit i-.c 'Mtul:.!. Cxallirly, "ro.'o.it Li.-'.colrjj ttia Air r'crco oir tlolcnso proj^Cv ct ;;.1T, co'.iLi Id c^a.-j/cd uitl'i thorse rccnc;i3i.biJ

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a 7 ho !"!:.' '.7 :: "-?"" ^V'x^vV.'ri crrrl.v.*.;:,.; bo c'Xczirv'-s oJC dan^r cli, In a sit ;.-! ;r! c.r ir.^i-ir.^io'vxl torsir-a, hr.vo ri^ticrnl scsarity ^Z.y^2i2;I2i ~ V'-L^- ''""rld-^id rji;_-htin.",G rep or tod, i vsa fci::r1 ':.., vo vj r'-.c \.*-? M'' t-ur i.T.''.'TLi'>tion, 11: era hod Locn Jbi x >".; Vu'Tiun v>rrv:t r.o rr-pcrt c,r cc-.v.an1:., e\-jn ^.". on fly.l:i-j r^ucorr., then; > ,'rirv? r-o-rrko l:iid r.tdci one cnr.orc r^ation of -'r,c r.ubjtct. V.'i'c.'ri 2 ? t?.<o-ccrtLroiicil f^rtou, i_JL'j cculd ^ rrir:c:T f-n to vhoVh.er cr rvrrt (n) Crrjld tr> corrtrollcd* (b) Cc-itf. to :>rcdintod, srxi . . . .

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(?.) Coulrf be v.i?d ircn ^ rj-77c\clo^ic3L ^^rforo pcirit of view cltJror o.fi'o:^?I\'cly c-r d^i'arrr Itis p'.iMlc rcrjrcm trith zjio ohGnc^.ona, 'jbicii 13 rai locked in. th3
i::yi "in r-rnip^.T-o ofT :{.i:rnii-y npnn tli

2 n^i'.'.cHj co:r;itin^-d to t_hD occcp-^rvo ci' x!:3 ir:crcd-Lclo thic fact licD tic otc'.;t^L fcr tho lociciLlij^-ori' oi' CX.CD i^j

In

A f r Virln^rrrUity - Iho i;nitcc ."^tD .Air \.'ar=irfj Systen viJLL u'j:!c;u:t^ciy ai.';:,,\c f.crcrrrd c:;vn .1 cct.v/iruit-j.cn. OJ."1 rrdar ccrcon-cf c-ollv-irin- ;i-n ^iv sttro^ r.--iinr.t u-j, jot i. t cr,y f.tvra r.-.C'r.-ar. cc.-r 1^-cro rr.-' re o.vrrv.'^t a tlor.ftn T"! vein. I urdt'ontiricfi 5-Lri p.lu.l r.r.r^r ur.if.C.icial. At. r.rr;; i-or/.-jrit. ol a;.lAciij vo ci-o r:Cv/ in cs. position sv,oro VT r.onrct^ en )?.:: j.:!~'.c-t. L-.-.cIp, dict.'.rxr.ich h^r^vr.rs ^rrn Vi-.rn.'.T!, t'-'i ~r? tomio:i r.Tur.tn v:o v?_LL iTir: t>.o ir^i-^oain ric!: of fr.l.-o rierts r.r.-\ tha erren rro^tor darker of jiclccl^r idcct.i f yirr; 'v!ic> ro.?l cj plzur.tcn.
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b. Doth o.C therm pr'.blms ra nrinnr:Lly cnoratioru-il in na-t,v,r^ fcttt erch contniris rr??.rtlly c.-.r.crtnb incojJLL;:onco factors, r' tdonai point or vie-:, throe c;ctj.or3 ro laqulrccix ' (1) Jr.-c^.lnte r.loou riiouic: Vn *.r..-r;n ' o 1-provo li-'cntlfictition Cf tol'l vi.^ur-l ni:J cioctro"Lc v>h."ntx?.T ro ihat i\\ t;:o ovsnt of nn ctcecir, i;-^;*.r.-.t arvi ncct'livft iuentLl'lcctLon of o^eyj pLccan <n* csilcn cxm tc ai2c

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(1) The present. lov^l or l>o-nrlan krw.-l'rd^ (2) ror.iblcj F&viol inVxu o piie::-ci'.ori to t.13 colrir.ont. of i,^ r.:i-(3) 'ii'j r1. avonn i*or olio no*? in t!-a '"o'/l.^t Prcr-? ir?^!!r^in tio.i in +;-.ir: ficlrl CD rs.rnr-i ccllcc.lo:i ^:xi -^.^^ia rrrii : orly aTLcr r^icb r.or? ia 'cv'^ :^^a \
y The pivv-lt^ 'li-'.nsccr-.^ir-i-Mtio?, c;xi in oi" ersi tccion ty tau ;.:,t;Lc-;irii f

rcIir-.;> th:; cr^ct mt4.:rc :.l.n love), -..-r Ir^iv.l^ 1 c^r'rt~c^ i^:>ort.^r.r;': m to r.crit C3;7ri--^r." Ccvrc ll rrr.Vn^ IP chrrrrrt^r crv4. e-r*>.33io v A Lr .-'or?.?. v?..ll *:rs r-^tulrrd to

T iVJ'.: Ltju>r:~> I r.7 .-r.rch, thit prer'or.t Ly c_-i^'' tTurior-.: tho spor;i:ic; j-.sc<;a .:i' coui o;

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J.t ic rocc:v:-,vrr:.i.tj La^t:

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hlo c.fiV.-mi-.'n (/T <i ..i'nr.o-V.-'O \t. uij.-r.tici cr 'r.o
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nc-'b.-Tl 1 - /.d/SI 1 - Daily

(11 Scptantcr 1?52)

-5-

u
:i TO:

Declassified by t^PL-^L data 2_L_i:__l

OST 2 135?

Director of Central Intelligence Deputy Director (Intelligence)

THROUGH: FRO1.!: SUBJECT:

1.

Assistant Director, Office of Scientific Intelligence Flying Saucers

PROBLSl!To determine: (a) V/hether or not there are national security implications in the problem of "urddofitified flying objects"; (b) vrhether or not adequate study and research is currently bein^ directed to this problem in its relation to such national security implications; and (c) v/hat further investigation and research should be instituted, by v:ho:n, and under v.-hat aegis. FACTS AND DISC/JSSIOMC5I has investigated the r.-or); currently being performed on "flying s-vicsrr." and found that the Air Technical Int-jllir.cnce Centsr, UI, US^U1', V/rif,htPatterson Air Force BiL7e, is the only rrou? devoting appreciable e f f o r t and 5 i,\.dy to this subject, that AUC is concentre 1 .tin:; on a case-by-casc explanation of each report, and that this e f f o r t is not adequate to correlata, evaluate, and resolve V.i'.: situation on an overall basis. The current problem iz discussed in detail in TAB A. CC!:CLTJ3IO'.-:5"Flyin-; cauccrs" pose tv/o elements of danrer v/hich have national security implications. The first involves nass psychological considerations and the second concerns the wlncrability of the United States to air attack. Both factors are amplified in. TA3 A. AC7IOM ^CO'.2:-:DST-)(a) Tiiat the Director of Central Intel- ' licence advise the National Scc^ority Council of the implications o r thn "flying saucer" problem and reo;;est that research be ini tiatod. i'Al> B is a draft r.p.-norandin to the I.:'.-C, for the- DSI's si;,7iature. (b) 'Ihat the XI discusr, this r.ub.v-ct v.ith tne Psychological Stratc-fy Board. A :nr nor'.rd-on to the lo.rector, Psychological Strategy Eor^rd, is attached for signature as TA'l C. (c) Tliat CIA, v.lth trie cooperation of }*S3 and o t i i e r intortr. tod c'opartncr.ts and ar-.oncies, develop and rccccr.-nend for adoption by the !'SC a

2.

3.

h.

\
policy o:f.' public irTor.-'.c.tior. T.tiicli v.ill ninir.ioc concern and possible panic i-e".l tv.ri', from the nicicrous si^htinjjs of xm.ider.tiTied objects

Assistant Director Scientific Intelligence TAB A r-fe^orand-i-n to DCI, tliroujh DDI, Subject: Flying Saucers. TfE B Letter to National Security Council v.ith enclosore. TAB C VIesio 'to Director, Psycaological Stratecy Board enclosure".

CO:-:CU?JIE::CES:
Date: E. FJlr'-CKER Deputy Director/Intelligence ACTlC:i BY /PPROVIUG ^ Date:
Approved (disapproved)

VALTER B. G.'.IHi Director

- 2 -

FROM

a.a.-ii2_u.^7-. ~ .....

.r:c? sic:r

Ti;o sifhti'P.r of unconvmtlonn.! nl'.l^cta car. b? cro*:?n dowa Into tho

1. 2. 3.

Objects identified ao cor.ventloral circrr.fi;. ITeather nr.d atnosph^rlc noundirs balloon?. !.fc\tur^.l phsnoM^n-a: a. Astrophj-sic.il (net?orr, , co::^!^n, plr.r'.yt

b. i:ic.-c1;ro-arr.stical ("ball lirhtnir. f - r St. ?lr.o ' s Fire-, phosphorescence, corona, e t c . ) . .

5.

Unexplained.

".- ' .

- ' ' > Of the unexplained objects there ara the follov/lr.^ p033ib?.litias-r
. .
. . *

Cl

a. *

natural terras trial x,h?no^9r.a: (l) (3)

. '.

' " .

roteorolof.lcal (ball li^rhtnin-) . Sor:9 t>-pe of an anirx-rl. Halluclnator? or pcycho logical origin.

b.

Itvr.-nado terrs2trial phenon^nn.: (l) Advanced t^npe of aircrrft.

C.

Extra-tyrrcjstrial ob]oct;s: '' (1) (2) (3) Meteors. Aniaals. S;p"ce ships. . '

'

S t u d i e s on th? various p o s s i b l l i i i e s have been nac.c 'ay Dr. Lan-rruir of .f-i, r,r. V...\i.py of :-:iT, Dr. LLp-j of P r o j e c t Rr:vl, D r . I!;-n-i: cf Ohio Gtat-^r rj,d j-.cro I'.riLc.-il Lc-.b. That f.V,: o ^ . J r c t - ar^ f r o - ov:tcr -opr.ce or arp a:a advanced aircraft of a f o r r l . - n pou*r ir, A pc?.slbLMt;,-, bit the abovo crup ha.vo concluded that it I n h t . - h l y l-.i-robuble. . '

I-

In discussion of this subject with i'.r. Dcyar-.or.d. n.t U right Patterson Air Force Base, ho seened to thin!-:, r_na I ajres, that the "1 lying; discs" will turn out to "br? .'mother " a on. serpent". Eowsver, ?lnce there in sven a remote posGihilihr that tl'.ov rc.y b?. interplanetary or foroi-rr. aircraft, it I;', cocessary to invosti/rate each sighting.

0
22 August 19p2

3-^007

HSXaLOOEi KO?.: Deputy Director (Intelligence) SUBJECT: USSR and-Satellite Mention of Flying Saucers

1. A search of Foreign Documents Division files has so fzr produced no factual evidence that subject has been mentioned in the Soviet Satellite press v.lthin the p-st tv.r. years. It is believed that a derisive coT>-.e:it v?as nr.de in a Russian ne-ropaper in 19uO OP. this subject but so far the article has rot been found. 2. frCID has.one broadcast on this subject, dated 10 June >l, TThich is quoted belo-.r: 3usnar;r - In r.viat appaars to be '.'.oscov,'' s firct mention of Hyin^ S".uccr3 "Listener's "vai.lbr^" annvrers questions OP. the subject to the effect that "The C'.'ief of . Isiclesr' Physics in the US ITaval Resesrch Eureau" e:plsincd tneri recently as used for stratospheric studies. US Government circles VTICV; all along of the harrless nature of there objects, b'lt if they refrained from denying "fnlse reports, the purpose belli r/1 such tactics was te fan v.-ar hysteria in the country."

3. A St,-te nepcrtnent cnblc recently received fror. Budapest q>aotes the August llith copy of 3zr.bad Nep as follows: Flying fJcuccr stories ^re ar.other /jnerican attcnrit to fan t.-ar hysteria." lladar dcdcction of saucers is Cfjotrxl in the article nnc! it coiancnts on the ridiculous aspects of the source of the mystery. The article concludes thet it is part of American rulers orop-v-ancia to ;vrov3 the V:'ccter:i countries are U. FDID has bc'.-.t rcqucstcil to alert t'r.o field stations to any mention of Flyinf fj-vaccrs by Iron CurtcvLn countries.

f
Declassed by dalo _ .

JUL 29

Ecputy
Hoccnb s cf l^:?:<plainod Objects

lii tho pact several v^olo G. nr^l'-er or radr>r ru:d -visual 5.;7roin.-}3 of v^idc::t:J.'icd ncrial ojjcct^ hz'.'e teen reported* J.t::o:r^. this oLYico li;ia r:o.i:itrJ.ncfl a ccn!iir.'viii2.^ rcvlcr.T of i^'putc'd ni;7,;-:tln"3 u-iriir:; -oho port u'::rc'i years, a cpccial

o
' Fu'-iPif L. CUEK '

Actirr; Assistant Director

Scientific Ir.tclligcnco

031:FCD: RLC/ntvr (2S^ilyb'2 )

'"'.' '

Opns/S! - 3K AD/SI - 2

Chrono; Doily Renoir,? Filcj"Fl;v-ir^:SCTccrd1 Filo / . ' ; ; /'

Deputy A=25.cta.
.

"Flylrg Swincra"

.{>

1. Pursuant to your ron-est for overall evaluation of "flying saucora" ard ccsocic.tc.1 reports, tlv? loj.lowliig ia pcrtinont: a. Of 1CCO to 2000 t:v.ch reports received by /TIC, a larc p-TTOonto.fO arrr clearly "pliDnoy". An equally laT(^e p^rcnnlsfc con ro r-tin.'^^.c+.orlly o:r?loinci 3 la:o'..Ti flights of currently opov^.tp.o:]?! u.3. e-;iLipi.snt (aircrs.i'c, i;catlicr tallo^nc, etc.) ar:J r :viy oth-;rn arc v-'^ov.btcdly of ncturoJL phenomena (nctcori'-.en, cloids. nbcrrstic-i of lislvb caused by thcmai inversion or rcfiacbior.n, c'oc.) b. Less than. ICO r-rT-.oonably credible reports rcsaln "t:r.G:rilair^blon at this t'L-:o; ro^ardir.rj thcso rei^crt.o, thcro j.3 no pattern of !=;;?<=: cli'ic s.rsrs, ccr_Tlirjii-ation3, . chc-ractcrictic.^, p^ri'orr'-.n.c?, or lcc^.ticn. Tho soiirccs of thcr.f. rcpcrtr. c.rc rc-.norrJ.ly no r^>ro or less croiiblo tlian tho sovjrccs of the otr.c.? cato^::rioc. It ic probablo that if complete inforsition v;?r-3 available for presently n uiV3OTlsAna.blc" reportL*, they, too, could 03 evaliiatcd into catororioa O.D irxlicatc.1 in "a" a

x~;. \...

2. rotwithstaJvUr.cj tha forc:;op.n;T tcntatlvo far/tc, so long as A eerier, of reports rcr.iina "u-v-^lairi^blo1! (ir^tsrplrjjitary aspects nnd alien origin not heir,'; thnroupiily c;:cl'^d3a fro^i conyidcraticn) caution rociuirco tl^t intolligcnce continue ccrrerc^c of tha &dbjoct. 3. It is reccmjndod th:xt CL\ curva'Lllsnco of subject nstter, in coordination Adth in-opv-r s.'jt:?critic3 of pri;nry operational concom at ATIC, 'uo co.Toinucd. It is r:trov.f;ly uv;;cd, ho'..fcver, that no indication of CIA interest or concern ro-.-.c-h tlrj 'press or public, in vio;/ of their probable alamiot ter^l.snc-irn to accept ~;cli interest U3 "confirnatnvy" of tha soundn983 of "unpublished facts" in the hands of the U S, Covonicont .s 4.. The nndorsirjicd han rjrar.-ed v.lth the Co3r.anding Officer of the Air TechrJ.cal Intelligence* Center at ! 'ri^ht-Pattcrson Air Force Dane, Cliio, for a t!-,^roi\-;h ar-1 c o:.ipr -hen -ivc brief J^n related to tills pub.jcct on C August 19?2. Ciib^eqvjnt to obtaining full dotsila, a detailed nnrJlysio vill bo pvcp^rc'.l cxrl fcr;.-ardcd.

During tha past v:c?'.:o, v.l th tho phcr.oncr.al increase in the n\r:ibcr of Flying Saucer reports there hnc bct?n a tremendous stirralation of both public <-\nd official interest in the subject. Requests for information

have paiu-cd in on clie Air Force, including an official query froni the 7JhitG Houco. Finally, on July 29, General Saiford held a press conference

in v/hich ho stated, tliafc analysis shov.-ed "no pattern of Anything rcnotsly consistent v.-ith aro' r.cnace to the United States;" that recent Washington sightings v,-ere possibly dua to "temperature inversions," otliers to ionised

cloudr., ice forn?.tionsj etc.; that instrumentation rould bo emphasized henceforth in the Air Force study. He emphatically stated that the .

unexplained si.chtin.~s could not have resulted frora any ercperinentc or tests conducted by the United States. At this point, OSI felt that it vould be timely to nalco an evaluation x of the Air Force study, its methodology and coverage, the relation of its conclusions to various theories which have been propounded, and to try to reach cone concluciori as io the intelligence ir.plicntions of the

tf

problcn if any..

Ir> vicv/ oT !.!-,; Vilt'.s i n t e r a c t vrLthiu the A.;rj>icy, thic It

briefinj h.-'.s be;on ;vr:-ar.,jcd so that v.-c co-tic! 7-^rort on the na'vr,r./

must be nentioneci that outside knov;lcdge of Agcnc/ interest in Flying' Saucers cnrrin^ the risk of nakinj; the problcn even nore serious in the
/

public nind than it already is, v.Mch v;e and .fdr Force a^ree nust bo

avoided.

-\

/ In order to supply both breadth and depth to the survey v/e have ^evie^7ed our o'..n intelligence, f,oin,3 b?.cl: to the Swedish sightings of 19U6; A-e^cAvcd a larce nvt.iber of individual official reports^ recent

press and magazine covcra-e and tlie main popular books. Indexes of the % Soviet press vrere scanned. We intervievred a representative of Air Force Special Study Group. Follo'.vinc this, r;e spent a day at '.'fright

Field in a thorough discussion v.ith the officers conducting the KH.C i study, and finally vre took the problea to a selected crou? C our ovm consultants, all leaders in their scientific fields. From all this, v:e have cone up with fr.cts, theories, explanations and'sone conclusions, v:hich V.TC vail cover in a brief sa-.-nary of Flying

Saucers history, an analysis of the A.TTC v.or!:, and a discirssion of the

/"/*-V('-^

^"\

-, v^***.

^'

novinr; ].j., r ;:ii. oH ntv i s i n ..... -H :,; r;:':;i fro:;1. !2ic /Lr.ld ' nri-J Tor tv;cnty nirutcs put, :-n r. i.vj-;-r.i; ,':;!:. -..ic!i it, 17,000 feet. fin;. illy, b.?inG ou-;ciis t^r.ccd at

The fMrd incident occurred in /oril I91a9 at '.'/"hits Sands

Proving Ground vrhcrv TV V.-^-rj Comandcr, tracldr.n & :nir;sile night by theodolite, vratchcd tr.x) discs nancuvcring at liich speed around tlie test rocket. Three such Ei^htinfs v/crs nadc at V/nito Sands v.dthin 3. nonth.

J.fean-7ldle in 1?.!40, /dr Force initiated Project Saucer to study the phenomena, is.'-ued a prcli:njju?.r;r report in ;Lpril 19l.i9 ?-nd in December 19h9 released sections of itc secret report to the press. The conclusion v:as thr.t the sijjhtincs stcr:nsd fron three Ctiuoes: 1.
t

J'-acs hysteria
Hallucination ar.d hoaj; jasintcirpretatior. of !;nov;n objects . *

2. 3.

This satisfied nuch of the public but not certain sensational v.riters.
V

The resulting highly speculative boo):s and magazine articles combined v.ith continued reports of siciitinjs built up such a resurgence of public interest that Air Force, early in 19^1 reopened its study, instituted a v.^orld-vicle reportir;,-; system, and alerted its bases to intercept the
^v

O
\vrvidcnti f. ; .c'l o b j e c t ? .

x~V

4^-r

f\"'j~*m'

">

O
these people claia to

f*\

Pl"nr:s h~d ordorc not to c!:ooo.

Kov/, l e t ' s c::c-.ir.-j for a non-.-nl '. h ~ t all have seen.

Grouped broadly a- visual, radar, and combined visual and

radar, ATIG hns tv;o major visual clashes first, r^phcriccil or elliptical ' objects, usually of bright metallic lustre, soac email (2 or 3 feet across), nost cctLTated at 100 foot di castor and a lev; 1000 feet v.idc. There

\')

arc variants in this c roi: P^ such ?.s torpedos, triansulars, pencils, even mottrc-S3-cha_-:es. These are all daylight reporti.nr;s.

The second visual gro'-ip, all nip/it reporting, consists of lights and various luminosities, such as crecn, flavins-red or blue-iThite fire balls, moving points of li^ht, and lu?inous streamers.

Both categories are reported _as single objects, in non-symctricol Croups and in formations of v^ryins n-ribcrs. Hearted characteristics include three general levels of speed:
hovering j no derate, as v.lth a conventional aircraft; .ind stupendous,

up to 10,000 miles per hour in the V/hitc Sands incident.

Violent

maneuvering v.-as reported in concvrfiat less than 10;^. Accelerations have been given as high as 20 r;'s. ..'itii fev/ exceptions, there has been a

o !. " rV-.'-ncc '- ::o'!"i f l ov va-r-v 'i,x\vil. cernon,

":*;.",:.; Lori upon abroach ic

Radars have shov/n u-nny unidentified "blips" but there is no reported instance of cornlete trac'.d.n in and out of the nscdjam drim3 and r.o report of a trac': froa ctation to station. The blip, in alnoct every

\ . case, passed through t!ic center of the scope.

In combined visual snd radar sichtin^s, I night mention as illustrations three specific reports. first, a visual si^'atinj from a plane over Sandy Hool: coincident v/ith a blip seen on a ground radar at Fort ii>nnouth, Her Jersey. Second, a recent Far East report from an aircraft carrier operating
%

betiveen southern Korea and Honshu.

Here ships radar reported a high Observers on the bridge picked

speed target approaching fron the north.

it up visually as a plane, '.ihen still far out, it did a supcrspeed 1GO

f

turn and shortly thereafter split in two, disappearing both visually

f

and in the PPI scopes. The third occurred a fev/- days ago at "/right Field and has not yet been fully analyzed. Two F-^h's v.ith caiera guns v/cre vectored in on

'
a blip.

o U
eni.ip~c.Tt.

o ; ; i .;. : .... v .,, b?.Wty',VX:!$X*M

(W)

LloLh ;nLo',;; si./j!i ! >c-J -in object and cnc loc!:cd on v;iL!i his A! ^oac'-u.n- his nazdLn'-ir.i ."'.llov.-ab'J.c altitude, lie tri jeered his

conera and the.- negative shov.-s "an object." Since 19h7, U".crc 'nave been about 1^00 official reports of sightings plus cTn enomous volume of letters, phone calls and press reports. During

this July alone, official reports totalled 2^0. Of the 1^00, ATIC carries
O

?.Q% 3.3 une:rplaincd and of those received since the first of this year,
v
oC rioi'Q

Y.o\i to shift av:ay fron Air Force for a ir.onent and into the public doraain, there are four major theories in explanation of the Flying Saucer First, that it is a U.S. Secret -.-/capon dcvclopnent. Tnis has been

denied officially at the hichest level of cvcrnnent and to nako doubly certain T/B queried Dr. ^litaan, Chairman of the Research and Development Board.
. On a Top Secret basis, he, too, denies it. > Hov:ever, in the

licht of the Manhattan District early super security, tv;o factors ni^ht be mentioned v-tiich tend to confirm the denials - first, the official action of alerting all Air Force con.-innd.'j to intercept, and second, the unbelievable rir.k aspect of such _^li-;htf:-in established airlancs.

Trio rccond thc-ciy j i; tha1'., lir:r:c Are a !?.uc:;ir_i dcveloT.icni,.

Though

\:c \:r.o-:r that the Russians luivc done v.or:: on clli;: oical ar.d dclt.ii.lng principles, re have absolute!/ no intelligence of such a technological advance ^G i/oild be indicated lierc in either design or cnerj^y so-orce. Further, there seems to be no logical reason for the security risk "Men ..'*v
i ^

vould be involved and there has baen no indication of a reconnaissance pattern. Kov.rever, it should be mentioned that there is s. totally

unsupported thesis that this nay be a Russian hicli altitude development of the YTorld Y.rar II Jr^j balloon effort usin preset flares and the resulting US press reports to checl: flight tracks. The third theory is the- man Iron liars space ships inter-

'

Even thour^h r:e night ad^dt.that intelligent

planetary travellers.

lifo may exist elsc-.vhcrc and that space travel is possible, there is no shred of evidence to support this theory at present.
N

There have

been no astrononical observations in confimation no slightest indication of the orbittin^ v/hich vould probably he necessary and no trading. Ho'.vcvcr, it ni^ht be noted that Co^.dr. l!c Lau^hlin

(of the '.T:u.tc Gands report), a m-ibcr oT General ''ills balloon people

-cid rarui;,.' o L! ..::- ..vc !_',.>." Lo'.I lo L-': c^;ivi:u:.ccl

T:ic four til r.ajor ti'jo.v/ i= that, no'.r held by tho /dr L ; 'orco, that the sic^Mn^c, given accquata data, c?_n be orplaincd pa tac bocis eitlier
of:

l:3.sinta:*protation of laiovm objects, or of a.o yet little understood

natural phenomena.

' U*

So much for the history of the problem. /Ilr. Eno/vrill novr pick up
vdth en analysis of the Air Force study.

uij r.r.in uicoiv.c;? in cxrplrn^-uion <:f 'C.-^w p/.onoivjna, n US d^vclo^ioii a r.ur.:ii.nn dcv:?lo.::'.crrc, end s;>:icc chips i^ cviclcr.co ci'bl'.ci' of feet or ol" lo^Lc is co s:r-jp..;;l7 a:;aiiwb thon tlicifc tiicy v.-nrrant r.t present no noro than spocrilatlvx) concicbraiton. i'o-.rfr/cr, it ir; lTpoivtant tlr.t
.

tJicro aro rzarr/ rho bclicr/o in JJicrj md v.ill continue to <?o co in cpi'^c of cn7 orficiG]. prcnouncort:mt v.hic!i n-v bo na;b. This ;hc^j dc^orjturatoci tlir.'o thoro io a. frdr proportion or our pooulciiaon v.hicil io nc^tnily corr.lltionc'J to acccTtcjico cf t!:c i::cr^ -!iblc. j Tlrja -.-rs cz-rivo at t;--o 0;nccr poLn'lo v.iiidi, i:i a situation of inicniati-orrJ. torsion,, cocn to h.-n,'o Tratio.nol f^curity lrplica:ions,
% <

rni'licr, ^ro nontLonctL our co.irch or Go\iot press. A.7T.C ^ado a oinilci- r;carc'u V.'ith TOrl'-l-'./iJo ci.'^-Ln^a rrporbccl, ire hrvo ToMnd not
%

ono rcpoi'b or co:ncnt, even cau-icrJ., in llio RurLclan press, Tido corJ.d
s

result only Iron an orfici;tl policy cloci^ion an 1 of course raioca tho qucDtion of v^ir and of ^:oti:or or not thcco cichtijya co'ald Lo unod fron ft poycholo;icil -.;arf.'u*c prrint of '/ior cit):cr offcnslvnly or .Ccfcrvcdvcly, /ir 1'orco io ai;oro 01 tiiy .TJK! had irr.voLi;;atrd a rn-bcr of tto

civilian i~^ -P^ '^"-^ ^'-' ^r.-.n" v.p to- I'oZ'JLu" ~io .'.-abject a 0-ic Civllirr. Sc-tccr Ca:t:'l-o tec :;.n Cali.-.'oiv.La IIP,-] 'jubstantial f^r.-Jj, ciroiic tiio ciJU.lcc'ial policy of a nuabor of ncr.rr^npcra end t/iio^o coPT.ccLlorin aa/ bo r-jcutlor.ablo. /ir Force io '.^

this or^artLcction boca-so of its pj.:cr to tov.cli off USCD l^'otcria crd
,

r^i inlx:lli^;cr,co painb of vlcv/^ dio\.ild iratch for .

ny Indication of Ilucrdza of for to to capitalico ^^oon r.Mn present,

J n-.? A

(-""-i Cj, v.w.. 7j^:iCvJl -^'i

OC ovuii j^roatcr no^.'nt is uio ncaid dirxjor* Cur air v/^rrtlx*^ TrrSxn v.-UJ. vL-iia-Jbl-odly* rl:7.r/3 depend upon a coL-liination of rcdnr Gcrrf.nc J-^t! vi.-rucl observation* V."c ,-;ivc Russia U:o
Ox

ar aiUic'j a;.;^L'iju uo,, yet -':t

r:orr, tlicixi ?^ny bo cirront a cloccn .orrioial '.inidoatifiod cii^tintn plua rricii!.. At fcia ncacni; of attack, hov: v/111 v.t), on an iustnnt

is tJint until far

;.7i3.:lC'.l;;'.' i:i a^'Lry.vl o" '.'.. :;:.::::." i.o.c!; or ur; r.Li.i'.itirv.:" 'i~-~ livclo understood plicnracna/ hns c^.'r-cribod v:o v/ill i-un Uio in-

cror-cirvj rid: oC" false ulci-Lr: rj:'l tlic even c7-"tcr drr^cr of tnblMJi* t!ic red c.a frico. lido ia pilnnilly m operational rcsccrcli problcn but

ns Ion,'; G3 it ojdlsta it vri.ll l:x/u inio.llijjcr.ee? ir.olicalionc bcci-.co oC

T) x x -

its bearin'' on air \-ilnerr.-rj.'v.ity. One purpocc in uiio swr'/cy lino been to K^riLio v.-hat i bcirv; dons and na'ro co:no c.-3rcDc:rjnt or its vcJJ.(ILt^,r. 'KJ /dr "o:x:o ct'.n.i/ in valicI0

On a caoc by c.'iso ba^is, tho fr=-t bull: of thr: Gir;h\i'.i::a !is\po bean *:nd \7ill cop.'Li.nuc to. bo cc^jlainotl b^.it t!io liiitc^l cr^oc a ^jroaca v.lll ncr/c'r
* %

solve t!'J-3 cncond real problem po^i .uva idontr'.ficaMo'.i, As txD t.J.iat oliould bo fbnc, v.'.?-pr^-.o:je to Ulrcuon tlio research probloa v/ilii the r.cacorch and Dcvclopnciit Doai^d ^jd to posa on to /ir "orco an
.' s

offer fixri *-!.!.7. to caclat in a rjtu'->/ or ecxno of tin fundrraentalcu To curj-joafc tint "in psychological ponidbiliticn botli for nnd against uo c'.iO'Jld be irrx'G3c,if;atcd, I-V^m ;;n inl>c-llif;rncc p^ini of vlc:r, 03~ l:ca been .ind vri.ll coniinuo vcatc'iir.r; r.uastan roscrirch rjid dcvclopr.i'rnt in Iho ncicnti:1c fields ir^olvcd.

I.v. th-5 next rCcrj r:/.-.:u:;23. I ?ocn<I *o lov.ch briefly \TJ02. tr/j official c\-p?.-"nr.^iaso of th-3 fix-cat nnJcTitr Ci r.ishUnsr. of \aldon4if2cil flylss olijoota (or UTO's) fvr.iJ. r.oatlon ^07.01^13 phor.or.-.caa t/Mch cay roco'-iat for co-'a cf <:-ho o^cn- c.isor..
*

leforo ya cla'boTsto r^cn tho current o?^la2iaticn& I vould liko yon t J-03p in >v.iui cojrtrdn fncts uilch r.rn fp^-"^-^ cormou to nil r^rpo:'.*to. nvfi'o, is tho o^mo3tn333 o? thoco naidsg roports. ^hsne psoplo are

Secondly, objocto ni^uted alaoct rJ.'jr^3 ara roported to '03 ng^iuct ?rovlclir, iia rioiuft of rofnranea* vithout r\ roforonca poivitj a vnlld ontlnfttion o* size, speed, oo of relative J.-.o'uioa is virtually inrpocsitla. ?ir.illy, ao debris or natcrir.l orldenea 1^3 over been recovered
%

following nn ur.orplainoi ol.-htl^*.

In onch c.i39 of rop-irtod r.l^htin,^o o;dKtQ tha psr.ionol olocicnt, TUlo lo chs confined offocit o? psjcholcrrie.'J. ^-nd phyololojlcftl zactora v

"-'*>

. .

r^I'-M^ull;' oi' Vyy-;-.hc-v r.:V b-"~tf ou^t.-.-Uiv; r^j^^co in tho r.rourccy ti ;:oi-:".onju iv.'ppvj. T'i'.:?.3 i>.ctOi3 f:o.'i--):."''I'ir c.'unnoi: ';o dot?.r2lcc>i con_

jic.'u i'^o-cri; :iro: Hontni contlitionin:; T>7 ne-./'jpr.psr ntorieo of n-irllor reported ois Individual c-otioaal reox;onv:o vlth. roopoct to tho vaiaova,
' ' .''.

Dosira for pTibllclty ro;?altir^ Sn "enbroiderics of facu9 or corploto

"

fabrication. Eaotioa oi1 chano of iatarccptcr pilots. Th/3 nsjcT phyololo^cal fcctorn p.ro: ! .

General pLyclcrJL oonditica o? tbo porsoa at tins of elghftlngj of f?.tlcuo anoxia. tuid orient of nye ctrnlri icacdl.-itoly preceding

J'ov let us t?-ko \tp tbo esploiiAtlona which hn79 b^on nsod to ccconnt for over n thousand cas38. Under tha catcgor7 of: "Klolatarprotatlon of objooto," A2IC foolo thafc tho nost proralent ulolnterpretfttlona r-ircraffc, nst?

r;-Jvry nro tvo -cyr; vn <v.' hl.;^i' r.lMtu.-lo h?.llooa:i i^dloDon-io faiil tlio Harr cl:. hoy r.r-.y yoncli nlM.tyJ.o3 G3 hifjh r.s 20 niloa, ./Jtl^c-^U Tioth tiro tri'.-'-cod and p
for

dlstruico thoro ffj^tnlly lo r.o ncour.i*o

coafiirntlca of doatr^cblor.. Consn.-xaont.ly, becftusa of tha J-.ir^ daily by fcho voathar vose^rch
in t!:a U.5.

io poeolblc th^*; they ni^ht .trpg-sr ovor nlnost coy

loaatloa.

ty cf tha c-3 t.io la not loiorra U\b io balievci to t>Q poaoibly isht-lnwchod T;^Llonn3. carry n lu".^ht ll:~ht to facilitate trr^L-i;-i5. lii othoro hnvo ya/Liivraflocoirs ^nr.ola. Kartell cnae, roforr^l "bo l>y Mr. Strong, kao tann o.rplalned na n txiolntarrrctr.tlon of a n?.7y GlryJ'.oo!: o?lloon CThla vna in Jaaoary 19^-7 ro word thras intorcsptor nlrcrr-ft4 Onet piloted "by Copt. Tboaaa ilantell

radioed in that ho vas eoin^ to cli^T) to 20, COO feat in aa afctospt to in, Hio rathor w.Ud rorxrt th^.t tho object vao Dtreaeniloti9H and Mg

craab aro Iai4 to tha cffoota of caoxlo oinc hio pltme carried no

A rr/jo rrv-c;- J.-vy.m. c^'^ic'rn ocrv.rr-r'l f-':~.': r.ontho r/;-; r^. 'J.rl^ac -JV^M tho ^:;ct .t.?.:.?.4 ot..lv':c;.'.c nt hir;h alwitu'loo tv.\y "bo in si oven ono or tv-.> box;.-: Vjforo dj;n or c.ftor. points -up luterastlrs poycholo^cnl f--\ctora Ilils caoo

!Tho tirjj v./ea tje;ir di^k. C;iptain Kuppolt a^a called out to uttuasa a eifthtir^ o? t:i?oa rod llglita in tha sl-gr. Evon thrmr;a tlnos^jlaro ho could rot tlotertino thsir nat-aro. An T-9^ intorcsptor clin'bsd to ^3,COO fo-9t. At thia altitudo L3 pilo* coaild floa clcarl7 tfc^t tha oljjoeta woro n clvjjtor of thr99 nvy^wolc h.illoona nt^ll vail atovo Mn, sailing an ovon tha e>7. ^7 thia tiao, Colophons jr<?porto had. stsr^od to cons In. 1 object? wtiro described aa violently unncvtvoriiv; "caturoro" of vnrioua end colors Even Oloor>lnsn inanauvoro were roported, !Tho usAical ataff at

Vrtght Field, including tha conlor pcjcholo^lst, \dtao3sed tho oightin^. Tlio next dcsy tl-lo staff turnod in a report stating that, doopita tho official otatcraaat that thoas ofcjocto woro bfxlloona, tlviy fblt that tbio vas ia error and that ths ol^htln; cviot hava "boon of coae othor taJowra Prol)ft^7 ^9 eecond nost ccsnon Diolctarpretat.ioa io that of cocvcntioaal aircraft.

f;?.vo e.tir-j-.-;jly br.llll.XTw reflect! en: a of vrjjJ.ijht.

An iii'ioi'^O'tlLn.s cuae

I-r:c:/n cor.di'oicsu ic o::o vhic'i occv-i-roA Ir.ai yoav ia Ilarylaad. A ero-.ri c circrr.f-i dooi^n oi^ira-373 vsni i^to tho country to vitsess tosta of tholr oyn Jet nirplfina, ^h9 thraa teot aircmfta with nnpolntod

Ling3 end rod ftioelrvjco, o-'vaaed diraotlj ororhond. 11 Gn^inaerfl agreed that it t!ie7 h'id not ^112111 w!^tt tho objects vo^^t c^d sinca thsy could no* o1)9erro th3 oilvo^ trir.^3 p^-iiiis* tl'^) &y, they uvotild IOTO roportad oho rod fuaalcgca t'-.-s-iln i-^.d ^1^7 v/'O'ild "I^TO ^j^^^c^d o"bj3ccs eviiutlrss thca, ihttir.a tha poiisi'cilit:/ for niciniorprotatloa of nircmft itxcrciaaoa* nre *hg <ltick find davn illtnination3 nlready contlonsd. Similarly, Dlaiut9rpretnt;ion3 hava "been rcado of iimnlns li^hto or reflections of aircr^ffc In clouds. Haore ftro ct.trxlbor of roiiorta of cylindrical ofc.locto with oquaro tallo or hr.Tli^ lighted "portholoa" which hr.va boen orplainad aa diotor-ed . of conventional niraraft profllo3 on cloudo of ico cryctali. Sotas tine ngo a puleatins tricht yollow light vaa reported n'ry no.nr Pittntrix^h, Ponncylvrain. Tor months thio report va to tho "tmorplalnod" filo. A fov xveako c^o in Vnghic^ton a can

or. a Coital Airliuoj p.li-plf.no.

CTiua roir r,.".To-y uovico, rv ?.! >. r -

on tba no so or tho si 17:! in o o.-.cillr,'-o3 1- ?..:!: .^v ta t?iO-5 lnat.?J.lci en rc^o nr.uul^ncaa nr.d police c'C-^. A cln.^.c rlth Capita Alrlinaa rovo-'ilod tliat na alrplaso f i w t s d i/i^li suc'a ci light bn-.X "chsclrod in t/hllo flylm? ncrr Flttoliurch r.t tl3 cznr;'c tisa ani plftce o? tha rcport.lc^

113 tiisn n&'i/ to notroror^lcil y-h?r.^-.-.rrjv*

IP. 'ohg dnytlr.a coco pl

srljr Vcatia, c-^n *oo Gcon cloarly ?.o a brifjit .:*iiuQ cb^c.Tfc* even p.* Mgb noon "undo? cortnin conditions. Ai nlsht, natoora of mi-ictn varletisa lova l>feen nlatnlccn for cnnGuvorl 125 lis'-t.o. Tim Ir^-lr.ouo notcor triilX of
"

lonlzod 2^3 hno "bserv plckod xtp ty :*adar rj\d aft ilrn^ Hlovsido?3*ood * ionlnod trail mrvy ro^^in vioitlo to tho oyg for r.o Ice..5: oa or,3 hour.

This

Katurrl pboncaona in tho E^.rtVn r.tc3C?:ho?o h.-^va cr.usod cn?^r nlcintonpretationa. Hi^h altitvula Jofc ctre/ina" tr=.volic^ at hishvvoloc
i

temporntnro Invorolons nnd condltlcno o' turbulent rulidns o* r.ir of dlffornt te-^pemtura.i rvnd tlensitiog c.-dr.fc ->nd roro not chartod. TI\

for optical aa voll na rrular aTjrratlop.3 In n ^.\r.'.La? of cnoen. In oao cn

I'- \ 1
-. f. U_ \r* .-A r>^^ '

of

,"-^"-'-~- J < --^~'V "l.;;h';i-.v.; iu I'.riv.-yTniv.*. th-i 7>ilot> of an-, livoorcspt

vlth Wo AI ccvii- "lucked cu" a ''hl'r/ 1 ', fo;;r.d liin-;-uf on a cioaply clo^in.^ dovromria ccurco r.b lov alfcitvula. TJdn occuri->A thro?) tizoo indicitis^T thit th-3 tar^nv v.io ca th-? f;rovsd end tliii tV.o cTorfta cf tho r.rxlar La2n hscl Tjosa dictorcc-vi. It should I? a noted tliat raiir tnaaalioa both iiitorcal

or.tomal in rviure 8tll criot in <lir,turMe3 rtCT'ooro. The ^Sility of a ol)sor/or to accurn.!ialy Aotornino .t*ig vAlJ.dity of "Wipa" en Ma ooope o diroctly propg-rtlonal to tho lonrrth .'.i trsndbh cf Me eariai-ionca* Cloud offocta hnvg nffockud tho f-ccxTrncy of ti KU.-^'bor of Gi^htia^a*
*

P.ftpidly ncuddiiv? cloiido lor.a nn r.trn?.rf>ifc notion to a flroi tody. Tli.3 n or a bright planofc chlc^ through Q cloud holo ab ticca do33 irpponr r.a "fXnaing object. 0 Other or?loinr>alon nlainterpvotattona which aro to Jwve ftccount^i for roportfj of oishtir^a includa A viio vnrl^ty of objcota. V2r.dblowr ob.jocto io onfl. Such ca Incident vr^ roportcd ^7 the
/ ^

U.S. Consul ftt Muridn, Yticntan, Korico* Hero io hio actual report I "At nt>out 2iOO p.n. laot fjijsndnjr, X ol)3arvod n oiiveiT-, ohlnir^.

dioc-llk o"bjoot floating in tho cloor. tluo city olaioot

tr.?.v-/Lli_-.;; in .u noril.r.'.-iur.oi-ly dircsViou.

X ycliovc-.l tlu'A tli-3

van i\ xl;'ir~ disn p-id v;x:; .Vj.T-it to rv_n to t.lvo hcv.JO .r.nd fcvii ny cftc a vhon I noticed t!iat tho object vag fcolov t!:3 lovol Oi ncso jmouvrrir/; c.b G gro:it hai^ht. Hdn proved to no that th uo-lilco o"b,)3ct uau oonoldornl)ly ciz^llor thin a vultxiro. I^irlnj tha ?30 of tvfl hourn I JX'-v a, total of tbroa cf thcoo o'bjecto, ;>11 Gc11^?

O
la ths cnno dlrcctioa Int nt tiaou nT^e-xrlc-; to ta otntio'aaxy. in th-2 sficrsoon X found ona of thaoa 'dices 1 on zy front Icua, -./as a cccxl enclosed in a fluffV f--23 of silicon xitjc? . . . Ki ?iefc Icon fo? ths sc-arics "birds cad ny curlooity I vnuld vrndotibtedly reported that X irii osea discs1* . I an It

eaclocins tbo 'flyicg dine 1 uhlch I c=pturcd.,.ln 157 "front yard.1* Another clointorprotation la tint of co?.rchllht3 on clouds whlcb. ha "bean the c^uso of eovsrri reports of clhtltt33 ao in tho rocsct
doscrlbod Tsy tha Secretary cf Defocao. occurrod nt Trenchnen'c Flat, Hevnda.
B

yj tliora Ic a cftaa which

31ipn In formation uero picked up on tho rnd/ir ocope.

Tfcsy wora

{ I f , - T V , ...

rtci to ^ trr-,^.:-_^ rt terrific ^v^-l r.'; ^,ri-'J cr:t.

It l.^'-wid

V.^t: tho r::no-:;ino cation lir^L A ce^v^li^hl ."-T-'X it vna ov^rncd C:t la t!:3 cilon of th9 r-idr-r slshtli^. I* \ir.a Imcclirtoly dissaTorsl t!:?iu tbo ta woro Orin=di^r. ,~oono fU'li'c: r.t 300 f !Tho aTjovo'orplnnatioag ara bollo^nd occc-i:nt; for uw^o &0^ of

/-\ th'7 ol^.tlr^-a ropo?tcd. Thoy foal that tin r^!ranlni=5 20 nl-h's oo rc^-^iblD
to 10/2 waro it noi -or theso ror.scn

Inoon-cct inforsr-tion vivlttlr^ly or T-rrpoodc' rrpor-co<?.. ciifi'iolent or totcl lack of ru.'bseqaia-; Invjatl^f.ion of A9::riil

!Thl3 otill lec.von ATIO \dth a pos^iljlo lC/v of nishtinso for vhlcb. tharo lc no AvftllaLlo oxplinntlon . .
fcj littla

Conal<lorlrc tlir.t tha jvrir-clu* cases ni^ht h^ro uccn

undnrotood natural :;bo'.'.ono2a, tho C.^I Panol conferred ;\t Icnjt-li blth throe of .our cor.c;\ltnnts in Boston. Thana ecu nrc outntanxiir/j is tho flsldo of electronic:! and chonictry, Thoy cia to uo$ th=t thar

- 9-

uro i-.xuy '.-.oicr/oi^ic i'.v-p.tir.i-'i i/Mca !::-V3 ro ^b T joon. liUlo colored 01* cL>rt:i. In tliu-o avi!.~." occva- r>.o:ic^i::ru-i ;/klca r.-^r c.ccofjvfc i'c? optic til OT Tl^y lloted

o7.octron!c n!)orrn;.;lom ro -i^ill ii^ for tMr;;a ic'unlly sormt

throb c-i?;corln!3j r-t'-.-ioTphorlco, lo^i^noicn, r^id ozftrri-torrf!t3t;rii3. phon They auci^ca-bod nlco tbna product a of n::clcr\r f icoion nicht hsva OOTO ofi'ect
tlioao.

la t!:o field of o.*coap!v.irlco vould. tie ths

O'irnscj,1*'! \>mf COT; or?.! S?nford, T!ii^ ph3r.oir.OTi on orl'Jta Vut tho

'

of 5.Ss C5UC3, its no.tv.ro ar\d ursrinar of ditjiiipation c,r-y nofc w. ITalthor io its offset vrpon Gloctranngsatio nnd ll^ht <br>r,33 cr.ualivj tlioir rofracilon or raflcotion* Ll*tlo io kaovn of clouds of See cryr.talg r/hich crdati at nltltxulo3 to 6o000 feet,
t

Studloa of the winds and thd phycical

and chcuicnl pro^ertlos of air r.t very hi^ii .altitndao hi^va only recently conasncod with tho nv^ilp.Lllitv of cueli c^anto at Mgh nltitnda ballooaa
N

nad reaearch rockota.

The cocond c^te^ory vns lonls/itlon. lonlsation, thg DS"? Inynr a"bovo it,
.

'

Yha Haavlclda (or "S") lEj'er of

nr.d tlioir relation to radio trrmsnloeloc.

* 10 -

v/jrti thrrv^^ * oa y0:vra ,v~0 to to f M i-ly veil uadoraiooil. Within tho past your, hoWrivor, tlu t/holo concept of tl;3 T" l.iyar hr.a "b:ian chaicjci. hs-3 "bsen discoTared thr.t it opli'ca coaobi^sa Into tro Iccror? of ioa laiovn no F-l nud T-2. P.ocont tontn-ntillnlns tho3 Is^oro havo shova It to tranonlt nn far art 1,000 nilea uning: certain VS? freqnancloo It

o ^v

7v* Q j0 totally opposed to ths previous well accspted-r \nlon that tranaraioaion dlatanca van Halted t "line of oigM B

Clouds of ico cry^t-aln bcco^o linlr.o-:.'. ^^ador cortsln conditions of locization. Tlio faotor^ ^ffoctiix; tha way In which tho elestrootfttlo

on tho earth lo contimiouoly rojuvcnatod "by tbundorctorn llshtnlng are

%

obstrora. Ball lightning a Itmlnona phsnoasnon which haa bsaa reported for contxirloa, nppnftrn in various colorn "butJ Ito nnt-oro io not teotm. Gt, IHjao'3 firo, corona dlochar.^o i4 Aurora Borall3 are catalogued la o
.'

variety of foma "bttt thair exact nature la unknown. ?ha qovenen'* of vorticen of onoke particloa, oloudn of roioturo ftnd ice cryst^lo vill oauao ohAngOB in olactror.tntlc potential nnd rwy \>Q nffootod by tho o^rth'e rnojnotlo fiold.
* 11 -

Tor inoti^i^c:. tho cor-nic :-><id fjr.i^ catur.il rr.dic.tlon whic'i ponra in daily fi*03i outer epnco io 7:^17 tliciis^ndo of tip.aa cvontcr thna 'oho '/adlat prod'.vcsd ';y r.to^.lc "oc'.ih 1)1-- at a. This lie* could TJO o.xtsrdoi ivt lor<:t!T. Ev^'fico to cry, our isnor

of tho natixro nr.d conivollln* ^r.ctoyo of nil of tho nboro Is Sffoctn of ir.torr-ctioa tvstvoma tfcono natural pbenoncaa Gnrl r Rp.t'jricl In tl:3 nlr cr.n cnly lxc conjoc'cnrod, Tl^a np^jenrwico of

cptlcnl or ??.&r o'cbtinr^a cauaod V th03G rliDnoaans IB pccal^lo. occurrence c^ncot ba prc'JLlc'ocd. TJioro In ocas Gt.rtn.rth to tho hypo'ohacio tlmt raany of tho vne:c

Q .

r-ightln^o of Uro'o nny bo cloctron-r-^natio or oloctrootntlc la clviracte?. Factors oupportlcs t!\io hypotheola or-3J ATjaonoo of oovad, nlthois^h apparently coving rnpldly rx tli3

'

' "

atsosphbrot Plwnceea.^ ivre Apparently affected by ohock wavos or oloctroangnotla radiation of Dlrcr^xt. Eoporiw of orrntlc operation of vnrtotia Idadu of luntrunento In

if;htir^^> ciT T^TO':) ..?.: ort oil r.t Loli Alr^c:) n^d 0:xk I'itL^ot fit a \vhon tV.o ^ac'-c round vr.di^Mo.-:i ccr.^'; Ir.d risoTi l^os Flora U9 run c\it oi' oven "bluo yo'.vlar" l^.t nl^-ht; "bo tcs

, wo still aro loft with nxcbcro o? incrDrlihlo rtiporta froh crodlt)l>

O cl?ycn/era.

r S .' :i r > 1 1_- \ . " ), L L .1

I';'.:; pui7o^a of t/.ir :::'::rrnUi':-:.o:i in to report tlio rin-.!Ln';c of io OGI rtudy Croup en to the r.nlicaLLorj oC the Flyinc Co.iccr jjroblcn. , rcsu-.io of v.-ii^t ATO hc\-o cbr.c ,-^^ a sliorjo liictory

tho cubjcct pr. Zii rrLU. out}J_'io tlio Air Forco crrort (^

f '"""

rrill L'O inj^o tlic o;^l;ir.atiori3 of Gitfy'cirrja I vdll ci'.^o you ovrr

Our f^'o-.v md nziryiiiLnc

^cl r.vnliable ir.tcllir.onco, oiTicIal rerrjrtc, press tlic ::-ain nexes o t!>

rons vroro ccoj-inod. V.'c cpcnt ;i c'aj ao ".ri^ht I'icld -.ti cor.clucti.Tj -U:o /di' Torco study, rjiti finally v;c tool; tii; pi'oblcn to. a i'ov 1 ) of ov.r O.TU conj-j ccr fi^'orc in Uiia co-.:i-iy ntortcd in June 1?';7 ;riui a report or nir.Q ciLcco ilyinc in fora^tion pact 1'ount Hairier at an tlrnt^d cpccd of 1000 -illco por li-j-.a*. Uiio ivas follov.od iarj by a contlmiin.- an-J incrcas-lnj flood of rcporto over tho nonthg. ihcrcforo, in I"!:'.'., Ai.r Force iv.itiatod Projoct 3auccr to

\
. ;,-:;> p!:f.-:i;mv- "rr- i_" >.;c ::.'.; .'.:: I;':.) v^.-v'n:.-.! cco'J.ona of ito r.C'avt :v,).">ru to Uio P:Y!:J-~. T.n c^ncl-i;!:^. vcu-: thaii u^ :;ic'.vjir,;;s clsemcd cji tiirco ca'^cy:

3 TjLsir/ccrprctation cf 'niov.n objccta Tliia sallcricd :-uc'.i of the ^L-lic bub no't certain . 2:o ro3;il.vin.r; iuovly rpccv-J-cvaivo boo'rs tir.d i.:^--'-'

ccxnbir.c- v/iwi incifj^rijic I'o.-oros ol' c.lriiLln^G b-.v.lx, Mp rr.icli a rca'jrjcnc of public intercut that ;-lr i-'orc-j, cc'c-ly in IS'1'1, reopened i'in nt,uc>/, :wtioU'tod n v.T)rld-vdtlo r^portin" cyr.-irjr:, r.nd rJLortcd ito b^cca to in-!x:rco?t the- a-ric'.cnbii'iccl objects. Cmcrcl H.-iifoivl j;avc ti:r:i Tacoc rcro -cliat

cor.cluaiono in 1J.3 r-coni prcco confc-jxrico.

jialj-cis of lh;; cr^oo cliov:od I:no p^t--0j:*n oi' cn/tiiizj;; co.nciatcnb v.itii c ncnaco to tlio Vtiitcd Cictca"; 'Jiat 'ilio recent "iT^xLcjton roporto rrri " md V:'.ab tiao rlchtln^a co-.ild not havo rcL-i by Uio United Xlz too, ;T^' o;^oilacnto or toota conducted

Declassed L-y -<

ISISRAIIDUU FCi: THROUGH :

Director cf Central I Deputy Director (Intelligence)

SUBJ2CT

: Flying Gauccrr,

1. Recently an inquiry vas conducted by the Office of Scientific Intelligence to dcternine whether there are rational security implications in the problem of "unidentified flying objects, " i.e., flying sancers; whether adequate study and research is currently bain 3 directed to this problem in its relation to such national security implications; and vhat further investigation and research should be instituted, by vhan, and under what aejjis. 2. It was found that the only unit of Govemnsnt currently studying the problem is the Directorate of Intelligence. U3.VF, which has charged the /Mr technical Intelligence Center (ATIC; vrith responsibility for investigating the reports of sightings. At ATIC there is a group of three officers and tvo secretaries to which core, through official channels, all reports of sightings. This group conducts investigation of the reports, consulting as required t/ith other Air Force and civilian technical porsonnol. A world-wide reporting systen has been instituted and major Air Force Bases have been ordered to nn'co interceptions of unidentified flying objects. The research is being conducted on a case basis and is designed to provide a satisfactory explanation of each individual sighting. AT*IC has concluded an arran^enent with Battellc I-fenorial Institute for the latter to establish a mchire indexing system for official reports of sightings. 3. Since 194.7, ATIC has received approximately 1500 official reports of sightings plus an er.onr.crjs velum of letters, phoiv* calls, and press reports. During July 1952 alone, official reports totaled 250. Of the 15CO reports, Air Force carries 20 percent as unoxnlained and of those received fron January through July 1952 it carries 23 percent U. In its inquiry into this problem, n teaa from CIA's Offico of Scientific Intelligence consulted \rith a representative of Air Force Special Studies Group; discussed the problem with those in charge of the Air Force Project at Wvi-ht-Patterson Air Force Base; rovievied a considerable volume of intelligence reports; checked the Soviet press and broadcast indices; and conferred with three CIA consxxltants , vho have broad knowledge of th<? technical areas concerned.

5. It v.an fourd tint tho ATIC study is probably valid if the purpose is liritod to a cacc-by-c'.inc; explanation. Hov/cvci*, that study docs rot solve the raoro funcb. rental aspects of tlio prcblec. These aspects am to determine definitely tho nature of tho various phonccena which arc cr.usinr; these cirhtings, and to discover r.eans by vhich theso causes, and their visual or electronic effects, may be identified immediately. The CIA consultants stated tint these solutions viould probably bo found on tho rargins or just beyond the frontiers of our present knowledge in the fields of atmospheric, ionospheric, and extraterrestrial phenomena, vtith tho added possibility that the present dispersal of nuclear v.aste products night also be a factor. Thoy recommended that a. study group be fonr.ed to perform three functions: a. analyze and systeratize the factors vrhich constitute the fundaicental problem; b. deternine tho fields of fundanontal science vhich Bust be investigated in order to reach an understanding of the phenomena involved; and . . c.' make recommendations for the initiation of appropriate

research.
Dr. Julius A. Stratton, Vice President of the litssachusetts Instituto of Tcchnolocy, has indicated to CIA that such a group could be constituted at that Institute. Sinilnrly, Project Lincoln, tb.3 Air Force's air defense project at 1IT, could be charged vdth sono of these responsibilities. 6. The flying saucer situation contains tuo elements 01 danger vhich, in a situation of international tension, have national security implications. These are:

a. Psycholorrlcal - Uith vorld-v.ade sightings reported, it 'was fourd that, up to the time of the investigation,there had been in the Soviet press no report or conmont, even satirical, on flying saucers, though Gronyko had made one humorous mention of tho subject. Uith a State-controlled prnns, this could result only fro:n an official policy decision. The question, therefore, arises as to v/hether or not these sightings: (l) could be controlled,
could be predicted, and

(3) could be used from a psychological warfare point of view, either offensively or defensively.

Tho ptiblic concern \dt!\ tho phcnor-.ona , vhlch la reflected both in the United Stater; pror.s and in the pressure of inquiry upon the Air Force, indicates that a fair proportion of our population, is mentally conditioned to the acceptance of the incredible. In this fncb lies the potential for the touchir.g-off of mass hysteria and panic. r . . . . b. Air Vulnerability - The United States Air Warning System vill undoubtedly always depend upon a combination of radar screening and visual observation. The U.S.S.R. is credited \rith the present capability of delivering an air attack against the United States, yet at any given nonent now, there nay be current a dozen official unidentified sightings plus nsny unofficial ones. At any nocent of attack, vre arc new in a position where \ra cannot, on an instant basis, distinguish hardvaro from phanton, and as tension mounts ve vill run the increasing risk of false alerts nnd the even greater danger of falsely identifying the real as phantom. 7. Both of these problems are primarily operational in nature but each contains readily apparent intelligence factors. 8. Fron an operational point of view, three actions are required: a. Irradiate steps should be taken to iicprove identification of bpth visual and electronic phantom so tint, in the event of an attack, instant and positive identification of enecy plnnes or missiles can be mde. b. A study should be instituted to determine vhat, if any, utilization could be rndc of these phenorr.ena by United States psychological vnrfare planners and vhat, if any, defenses should be planned in anticipation of Soviet attempts to utilize then. c. In order to 'nininizo risk of panic, a national .policy should be established as to vhat should be told the public regarding the phenonsna.
"X*.

:'

'

9. 'Bother intelligence problems t.'hich require deteirdnaticn are: ^^.J H a. The present level of Soviet knov/ledge regarding these phenomena. b. Possible Soviet intentions and capubilities to utilize these phenomena to the detriment of Unitod States security interests.

c. The rc-r.sons for silence in tho 3oviet press regarding flying saucers. 10. Additional rosenrch, differing in elm-actor r.r.d emphasis frcn that presently beir.^ pcri'ornccl by Air Force, \.dll be required to reset tho specific needs of both operations o.nd intelligence. Intelligence responsibilities in tluc field as regards both collection and analysis can be discharged va.th ru:dnun effectiveness only after much more is known regarding the e>:act nature of those phencnsna. / 11, I consider this problem to be of such importance that it should be brought to tho attention of the National Security Council in order that a cccxiunity-\ade coordinated effort toxcrds its solution nay be initiated.

CIIAD'.ELL Assistant Director Scientific Intelligence

5*
A -

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;.._. .*>*;

:?. - 3 - :(&._. -.,

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'*'

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ifled T
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*.;>.^ v 1. Tbft.-Csfitra.! Ia:telli-sncc'-.Ag--acy has reviavert the currut -i~?.. ! :. \aituatioa ccncenilr;; uuidsja^ii'i'M fiyma cbjj-.-Jta vtJcii hiv* cxread 'r.: : : '** estenctve 8p2cu.U-.vion ia the jixcs euu. iw,ve bt%;-a tea cub^'ust c/r"'.';.-:[ -.-/^censers, to .Covoi'nuiat .crs^aiza-icrs. .'TiJs.Air Force,' vitblj tts^y .':::'V. 5^-> V'liaitr.ticni cr mt^cvcr ybich could ba^ayritcd "to "the acb.4.cctr_bs.^'. "?.^' k
- - /viJ'.., i.^ nv..t'!_T3.tir~ t3d'"v;r"'"vi'<

^V>^^V^^^j^irore're^ccond ti:iL^thi3 "Ascncy. nnd tha- ^hclfcs-^. l"^or:^Steiictosnt of-rfc==c be dirtctci^o .rottralR-e-'Ma ^^^ . ^oct a prc.jrQ o ^elii^^c * .h.fcivitic..:auir=4 ^--/^ a ^rci-r-n or 2 . e . 3 'o . .... u t . . _ .. . _ _ iki..^.. ,'..< t4 -- yL'/^ri . rjr ::nluontl- _ -".->tVcolv-2 'the problem of_ Inotirt pcsltiva i'^ati^ii^bica of :;nlucnti- -v ;;

"

" ta..: A. drri" cf ^n ar-pr

dlroctlv ij :.-..-..;'iV

Valter B. C=iltii Ci.rsctcr nclo-ure

:

Dct:Ic-.:;f;5.J by _IiS5
li,.. '.i-; .;-.:' ; J

j-

\ .

* 1. -Myinr; uMid^rLifv.d ob.icct^ ( j j y i r : ; L>.u:er5) have uier. thv v-'njcct f.-r /Mr i'-oi-oc i".ir,erv::ti<v. r-.rv.". cnt-Iyr.i^ JCCCA;;,; c;? t'.u: pcosibility t,h3'i c'.wh cbJKC-tc i.djiv- oor.^j-vivc': ly \:c a.n c-r-';-c'.: on the U.o. If they arc not, it is ccr.ccivj.l-jic -.VTI\; t/.e er.eny :;.i^ht tc.':e advcntr.:;c cf the cojifusioii crcf.tc-u V;.v tiie c.r.^:::.r: 7JLy:;r.g Sacccrs to use nt his convenience ccae nlr ./tr.iron ar;a:.rir;t 'UiO United dtatcs.

2. '.ln-'s fr.r'Di'c:ce !J.r;ra*t:.iont coricuctccL research iu this c.rea lias been> n r ; cn cciifincJ. 3 to the effort by A-2 th>-c-..r-'.-. ATIC .'It'.-', the rc?3u?.t thr.t an e>n'l - - - -- 1-& beer. pi-ov-UloO on all out 20 v-or cetit of the total 1500 roperboi 3J:;htii!.-;s of ?i:/.ir.v; S-.-.v.cers. 3. Dcterminaticr: of t'.:c- scientific capabilities cf the U53?. to create ar.'. control Flying L'aucors as n veaoc^ ^;.air.r,t the Uuitoo. ot^tea ic a pri:v:ry concern oT tbc CI:-./OiI. Its revic-v cf c::J.sti::j j.iTorritiC'.i does not i_-r.d to thu ccnclur.icn tho.t the saucers are U3SV. created cr controlJ.;;u. It is t,h^ v:'.e'./ of C.^I tii?.t collet tiO;i of Ipt.oilr.^eucR iiiTor:V.tion on the capaciiitic-o or the UJ57> to produce, launch, ar.d control I7lyin Saucerc end the.- ar.dlycis of cuch co,ta :.s r;i ;ht be ccllecc^ cannot 'o-- very effective until there is ac.fecuv.te fuivJ^r.er.':sl scientific research I'.uiichcd to. clarify the nature and cauits of IMyiiv; Saucers end to devise r^-jns wljei-e'uy they nirht. be inst-r.tly identified. The riajor scinntific intellisence .prcolcas in rc-cpect tc Sauce-re

are:
. a. VThat is ths present level of Soviet l

T. / W h a t arc possible Sovr.et capabilities to utilize these phenci.-.sna to the oetrii/.cat of U:3 r.cciu-ity irit c. cystea. What effect cio flyinj cauccr.i'hav7 on our vaminc

I .

D.

'
Flying Uuvlcnci. :c?' 0--.;.x-L . ;V. ,-l:- Z::.^:^")

r - " 4 -V ' <^^-'.'vVA*,?^;! ^y . I -vS- i^T

1. Attached is a pro-ooccrL letter -tc- 3-ocrctai-y LsveiiwVi'c:^ tlie DCI recorseadinc the init.lotion of i'vjivr.v.irnLc.1. ^-:::.c:itific.vcccarl vith respect to the nature and oauccr. or wv'.acivtlfied i^.yinc cojc:t.(Flylng Saucers). 2. Wliile it is rccoenizsO. thrc tea iir;?.icr.icr.3 of 7?.yina S-racoro are of prii^ry concern to c'.ic DojTor.zc Dopr.rt-i:3nt in carry i^S o"-1^ '-i-'^5 re3ponsib:.?.-ity to defend t'.'.c Urdced otr-.-:.r:^; It i-j a?.co believed t'.iat inteMigence mist rerucct of cjvpi-opi'^ctc authority r.uch acyi'.ctancc ao it needs to carry o\;t its i'ccjon3iTj.'..M'i;y. It ic "jolicvcd th^t taj scientific .

-\

'\

research required and the irvoel' .licence r2?earcL contiucsivt t:v?veon cc.n be r.ost fi-ui-o-Jiil if they jo hcuid in h^icl.
3. r>

e.

That the L\C ccncvu: ir. t!:3 proisosc?. j.eiter to the Secretory

of Dofer.oe. b. That the I/iC rocv.jct t'v.e '."a't-?I Co .-.ilttos to *giv3 clo^c

attention to indicaticr.s ..i:'.cl-. :.ay vc^r.cct .-.uccian actic;ic are "being tal:en irith rc^rc-jt to or' c:i oho br.^ic of coGnizan^c cf Flyi-.i^ Saucers or vith respect to tLe stats of United States :,u:."..i-: opinion in respect of Flying CJav.coro.

y'

c.

It is i'.ir \:co e;:vly irv vi'.-1.; cf tlv; present r.:;ate of our

planners to ctr.ru pl'jir-.iu^ hou t**.e U.iiccd utcites niij-vi use U.S. Flying Siiv-'jers a^inct tii-j cno::y. d. V.Tion intclll^ovice hr.r, submitted tho II;itio:ir.l Lstiuiitft oa Flying Saucsrc there v.-ill V>o the tine &\-l fci.s:l5 for c. public policy to reduce cr rcstrc-ia nusa hysteria. :

Directcr Ititei'/i r.cr.ce Cocrilna tiou

'i-'w \. i

'*
PKA7T

: FOH: Secretary of De fence

?O

Unidentified Plylsg Objects (l-'J.ying Saucer.-) 1. The IAC has revievad the current situation concerning unidentified flying objects which have caused errtcnsive speculation in the press and have "been the subject of concern to Govcrnr^at orcanizations . The Air Force, within the linitatior-3 of m;ipo:.-sr which could be devoted to the subject,, has thus far carrioc". the i'u?.l
\

responsibility for i-nveoticstins and analysing individual :;c>/2rtc of sifihtings. Since ?.^'i7 appro::ir^tcly I^CO offic'lal reporc-j o:? si^atin^s

have been received and, of these^ about 20;i arc as yst ur.e::n].ainod. 2. It is ny vie:r and that of the IAC i.lx.t t!\;.s si'tiiatlcr. has

possible implications for our national securi'cy -?r'.th respect to the vulnerability of the U.S. to air attach.
%

Intellrlccnce, ho-;ovcr, cannot

discharge its responsibilities \rith roc"2"d to estiniatint the capaoilitr'.ec

of an enccy to create and use such pheiio:.-.ena- against the U.S. \uilcrss vs first detcmine through scientific research vhethcr or noi such phenomena can in fact be generated cnci controlled by hurans. 3 It is therefore re contended, that th2 DepartrEnt or Defense

. reveal the nature of the various phcnor^ena which arc causing those sis'ntin^-

^ d^-ee b;d-tcT{ undertake aa eirpanded s-jienoif:".c research r/rocrau to e

and neans by which these phenomena iiay be identified iimcdiater.y. It j.r, clso recortacnded that in such a project there be close coopcratio-i bct'.xjcn those conducting the research and scientific and technical intelligence research. The IAC agencies are prepared to do their part in such a project.

DuclasjiKwi by -

.1.
X-'HJ ", a-. ,-;..,

::z lol.l-.'-.-iiv.. iu a c;r:.T^7y or t.:c ouiT-2'at.t-j.tuc.tios vita

"b. A vn sy crillior.t -.n c J^ino ^cr -^c-j-i i'~v:: h^vrci .-^Uvc1.-::. f,o he tv:

tidied li^t ov-?r t:u> coast t1:^ ni; vit -j'L1 10-L1 Ccvaror t'jrc-3 L?.:;:'::-j ticic 'Jri.i.c

cd ccnti:;:'; vltl: a dcvicr: en t'ac fourid iu Fieri dr. lato tiiis r.i^j.rrc* vbioh .lift 00^:2 nrcrctitXi' U'/.:;cp

d. Ki'-.crcuo other c i^s or ll-hts or c'Djccto vhtch cithox* ir\ ccr. l'.lr;-^r.tic!'. or ^r v-rr^rv'iso- <.!? iic-t rcr/r^iblc nny 2.. i^n i'urtacrcr.cc of *V.c I/".C ncticu c^ 'v Ucccri.?r, 0/MI hc;5 fceo-i :;j;%i. ;.;:;, vi;.' L:.-:. ?:. p. "^L-.:vLc;c-:> C'.:::^uo.tcr:t (i'o:-i:cr Dlracucr of I^ucor::^ Vr.'.'J/.. t^;-i:l GJt^'olic'.-.'.v:::; .!.'..-;r.'jl c;.' ;.:.;; t;::lct:t:.:;to ii^d c-^j^iosra in the :?!<. !'!:. cr .--..-.t'.-ci'i-.y-ioc, v.;i.?\..ar enov;_-v > olcctrcnlca, etc., to rcvi-iV vt-lD c-.l IA /icJ i V, ' /C/i.'-J.. Lr. I'..'..c.vi.^y:i, cu.:i ,'L:'. :/:i'i'_it ci' ul to Aiii^ ic T;:.V:J\:--'-\ i'or 5 '*- d.--v. Ih i:; '....;..;. I to ovi?.:-".* ~u ""3 ]:ar.cl aud und^ricJ'3 .M:!.-L;-L'.- ;*;lv o c^jinili'lo :\;^i-.u CA this ;ul;.;0cc vitLin -1:0 uc::t \,wo to

|.,.,.r,,

v.lj l"'l,j-

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;'2A3 A
Declasiifiod by _* date '-,' ' ' ' '

^::,r:-.'.'..-^y^
ccoc InvclvTju *>c Gi^nti::.^ cud yiiolc^cyhlas (rlc^iadircsa fULa) '' >^.;ri c? tsn bri/i'it U-^to ccvir.?, .--JI-C:JT th; sky en 2 July. 19i2 in rou^h forao*1-'S-::'-"-.'*' ticn. ^curco is a Ciilcj* i-'iiatoiiranr.cr'o Kc.-tc, IH3, vitix 17 y^sxa photo- -:''aui3=i olcir, no clouds. Cb.jcctc epcearid to bo "aLULLir; about" vtiiJc trtircllag..""':".?>"-'.-.?

obost ccar^tcd

course iveroca tha o l .

. >';..-

' ?. t.i.*Gsa ein^Lc cb,!vst t^ica iCrr: in fcrisjii.-.'jss. "It. rdiov.^i a near!S

t vculd prcbiji/ tc ^.nrsra ,r:r:.?r.My v.-.''..:r ..-ix^x-i-'n l:

.

t to ijitat

clat- : 15 Ji^uiu:

2 rl ::* Til?;tu

. q-uc Is.l_3_G.T Lisas ter.g Mr Fcrc-;

Till:; of.jT'ntLnr. wv.iii^Ziti-.ir iii-ht cf 10-11 0-totcr Iv5^ frcu 2300 to ^.^i OjOC Is--:?-! t^-xa, V-y cl^i-'rr-rjra L\t tl-.o vcat:-.or j;t-.itic30 at tbcs^ Air fcrcs .".;:-" -H-i;,. I-a^ca. '!:: ce.^cri^'-io^ or tlio lirht wc 2<p oUJact vJLth fcur /rrcfir lic-.h'tG nc.'ir'bj.'1 dccdolltc cf elavatica r-^ : Str.ty.3: A ccsrprjriar^ ex? observed asl-r-utio and elcrvstlcr.5 of'tho sup- - ':/* poyui object vtti-. tt-2 cJLLculatcA pccitica c^i rclativo ectloa'o? tba . ' .""-' '-^l' plc3?t tTii^itor-.-Ice.T* littis douVb thct tiis ob&srved o'oject *wss cc-tially .;-. ;:' 'Vi.
_ ^ : - . - . ' ' . : -
; :

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. fcr ifalp,"rsturr.liv;-vltl: a-d'ap^' cberirf. Ihi scoutrxistcr c.rrpctr^^7 ;'/./ir''-.'"?-.." j:-;c.ii-^.T;Gdl7^frli;it^^d,, Glii^itly..l:ur2d c^.t^.forearnLSi-''- His ctcry vru3-ths.tvJ ^/vj ::r!^ ^ .'"':' hi>j:=a"ccc='a lr'rirc'.ri:ulir.vc>,.l5ct r^crif eicht feat1 o-^cr hi- Jicai'jSsich'-:'.::-".:":^' .at2-1- iiiafr h? tcui ;. _:. '.-"^v t "''.'HiSr'C vr3 vs.ri.ou3'."'.- '---' -"=-V

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r.t.jro.'ic in this cui-^v xvitil r.'co'.

v.. j

Kcro iui'or.v.aUio:! on ttis c'^

-S.

, /, IV r f . i ' " (!"J...',7A

P.I. Jan^iy 1953

tin;; of Or.I Advisory Group on UFO J;ir.i".v.V H Uu-u 17, 1953

Declassified by _^LC"OZ^~* data ? Q APR i a / / "'_"_'

At 09 A 5 on Jiinvary 1^, 1953, an ad hoc panel of scientific consultants w.-:.c. conv<?:uxl to r-nvio'.; th'-? "Unidentified n.yir.ft Objects" problem. A datailed sti'-teir.ent of the problem presented to th2 proup by CIA is attached as Appendix. A. Tjii?. panel con.slGtcd of the following: Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. 'Dr. Pcbet-t7.o:\, .CI? lAii3-iV!v,v. ::S. Go!ids.7it , Broolihavon Thornton P^gc, OPJ Johns Hopkins J.A. Kyr.ek, conou.ll.ant to ATIC.

The follov.'in.'j r.:mbor3 of the staff of OSI were present for various parts of the discussions. Dr. H.H. Cha'1^-11 R.L. CLi;-!: P.O. S-lTjZ_
Lt. ri>>:rant. Ill Col. 0.107(?::'. .

D.B. Stevenson (V.'eapons) To assist tho scientific panal in its review and analysis of evidence", C?.pt. E. J. Ihppelt of ATIG, Lt. I'eashan and Mr. H. Woo of the llavy photo interpretation lab at -Anacostia^ and Major Fournet and Capt. Sriith of Air Force Directorate of Intelligence \/ere present. . . f A final report on the results of the meeting is being prepared for the AD/SI bytf-.C. Di:rarifbut j t is believed tliat. tho following is a fair statement of the conclusions reached: 1. No cvllcnce in available to indicate any physical threat to the security of the United States. 2. No evidence is available to indicate the existence or use of any ns yet unknown (to us) fundamental scientific principles.
V '

3. Tho subject "UFO" is not of direct intelligence interest. It is of ip-iiroct intelligence interest only insofar as any knowledge about the
J

'

' "*

unsolved mysteries of the universe arc of intelligence interest.

The subject "UFO" is of operational interest for three reasons: (a) Interference with air defense by intentional eneTy jacking or by lack of ability on tho p a r t of operating personnel to discriminate bot'./eon radar ar.oralier. and actual c.irborr.e weapons (b) Related to ( a ) , interforcnco v / i t h n i r defense ty -overloading co:rziiu:;icati.o:i lines from the air defense observation- stations. (c) feasibility of a psychological offensive by the enemy tirced with respect to an nctoal atiac', could conceivably seriously

41

O
rccluc-" 1 U;',- (iet'Vrci;;:: e f f o r t of tho f;cv'inrn..'L public. I!> i:; n.otc-.l tV.a f". !-h.?:;:: i;i::-.<. j-ri.1 1:0110lur.: 1.011:5 a:: :vLitp;l !ir>rc do not cnccifical.l.y answer tha no'rlr; pvc:-o:vtc:\ In Apn.-;n--.lix A. }h\.-.-.-vor, it ?'." anticipated t,lat. norjr.Giib on r,hr::;-j point:; vail oo p.m:;i-:nl;nd in o. written stateaant i'rorv the; scientific nanol to AD/SI.

u;>3:,fL

(typed '12 Fobrimy 1953)

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27

&.*'
le At

;.:=~* I r:y-:.-.::.v:^t-.'d i'-.-j; Division G.t t'.io ovb.lr-c

i'or
report to
r

C)

2.

J.1v

i-n.-. o:."'I Cons:

Auviso:y Group:

T.lr.^ :;^i:;lor en l^iJO :lv on 5'Ui::vso:i or.lo- o. . . y: i,;; v." cocs.icns s_Tt':r ireport, to !*Z/':"L
^ ;.:.:'.- M-.-: r."'C. iu al .>% 'jy.it; did rr.i, sir?! 1-1 L'J. rrcup jyjtior)

'/i 17 til

Dr. II. ?I. i::--au.-jU (-.-:or.t of t! 1-Ir, ?. C;. 5 trail- (i'ii-st. day c '"..' c.-i 031- ccr4r^licnt ho
*

^ t"(N r* '*'*'.-'' f;^*-i'^^i^- .*%

J-\.rl V . I U > Vls..^.> --- .'ll^O

^"^ ^tLcriivd aU. r.i-rriorvr. i '-'icl1;!!^ t_l;o c^rculivo eccaions)

follo~-iu;- p^rror_-, '.:-. -r- ir.v.ll.d to p;-c.':-;in r.iaLdori to Did A.ivir:c.'i~.r Crour.-:

ain L/:cI>.

on the vod: o.f i':v.j liiu^o-:.'. (end Itv. p L^cuapod in cciail

ci'

!IaJor :o;'.:

i:: (by :ir>..' en iiiactivo cUx

.-vid with nco^'c of

procc;:it.:vi t;:/:lr ^iU/::i:; of .;il;.:3

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Jo. '>" i'lmi, \j\\r..-:.r^-o r.:i th- j,-.-;::.l:i :;:,.. vslcor.to L/ cj;d a c's-'ii'l"'' (/.ti ,.-i) -.0 i'..-.': '.i-'Oii.'.! by '.'. :C-V.;-U L^ V,:i:; i;v..: .rollc'.-JCl by ;: c'.n.--::::~:ri 01 rJ.v O'-'- I1-):.-::1-'!1.'., by J.s'o ~c:x TC. OL'. :u:d boon i-w'r.i^ct.-.-.i by .T,v; to Iv.:'.; .L-r.-j I-:-.-; '^'Ivi-T; ?i-.:.:' prc!:l-.-_i:! becauzo oC T.V-^.: .'.xiu-:;;i :i.';;;.:.:.-! r:,c.;_v.i .- .;"'-V.^.3: (c1.) p'^ri'-Io o??'lcii" ^ic;\ to :.v'b^'.:~- :'^-.:"; i:::;'.-.'.-'iu., (b) l.h-- co:-l''.:oi-.'.-<.."7 iL':jil d.in/x-i'S lnl:cr.rr:o in cbc-'r/.M..;.'..1:'.1.; cd' :'Ji;.^-:i'; r'-.'i^a'-.^1'- b;.r t!:3 ii';. r-iJ-U* c:;;i olr.^:vo-r r;-(r.:.cr^j, (c) ^v: clrci-oir-:' '^M'.lj:-: :;.r-.:cc?r r-cpoi-xn" ovcirloair:Di\^:::c7 ca.i\v.-.lc;*-i-an ;.'c.clll'Li^3 oi' 11:2 T>:pcr';nint o^T & li.jo^u-c: of ihs q-rrLLity ci thu cori\it2;itc end I!to <7~ccllcT.cc of their introci-.icticn to 11 w 3ub.:.'.:ct b/ i-:-, C!::^-.:-2ii rr.-.i :':r citron."* tho Arivi-rcr-/ C-rrnn iv.r*\vr lost, r:!"!1:!; 01 its <;.o:-_L3 iii^piU) oi' the f^ct tiiwu thJ cliccLcnica tool: i^iny e::ovu'sion;Je 7* 'i'ho /ulvio-ory Grcv.p r.i'brjLttc;! it a r.r~orr, to AU/OI on. 17 Jr.'.rjcirr j.9;;'3a 'J-r;;;ir p:-.lrc.i;;.;il .iiviLrv; ^-ic V.uib at t.'v. prv.rc.Tt t.L"3 -J'.a: unii^:iLLj.ieu Ilri::;; c vSMi-j' po^u "J V:):>:ut t^ u!rj cc;i.ity oT the i. :il.-i:o:i :;to.r;^:;a ^i'y rr.t:.-;.-k .c:v!j'd v.r.-3 ^^tZblic:^:nt. o.C ^i-orrra Ox cduco.\J.cn rc;:cL:-Li:ji-: t::o ci.-'1.hti:vo parr,icul-?^'Ir ^^ ccr.co.-.Tia tlio USo raua;: cr_d c'ccorvXir :?ynt-an^ .-ji^i i'or tha r;.vrx.'riL pv.blic C3 -Jell* 0 3Io:it o'' thn (>j'I fil3 o:: LVds nuh.ioct. :irr bai? n; coined in tho oiT.LcQ of t:i'.j A',:/-1-* 'Vi^.jons r^Ivi-J/jn h:::: a cop^ic.^r^lo file which ac'JCiriLrv^ to i'U-.v.-jnaon, t!'.r. '.;o-.JJ lij'.r to dispo.-:o ;?!' bscauso of th'j I'inJi.i1::; or U;o AfiTi:;oi-/ Civrcp t',:r.t 'j.'V-rin:.; na'.'csrr." ;>oc9 no pi-o-^at tlii^r.t to the U.-iifsd ^tat-j c-ic-.^-it.-',, [T^' i>,n-c:;t7roclr5 tl'ab tha :.;c.iortal in t:;2 './ca::ons 'Jivinicr. '11= r::io'-.l-J. to r-uiin7i:Lr.cd in ona or t'no aubnt^ntivo Divisions oi" -:i3I aiidj^r:3 ^.^--j^b^l tliit ?^2 Division '^X!:Q v.-.c:a cvor ancl r^ln'u.'iln t^.sni* Qlr, ^-..-vo.-.'.'cii^jr uc^ons T)ivi2icn cnrruntly V-.-.D t';o r.:it.jrial -rvai cctir:atcr. t>.r.t ccTcral hours jwr v^.-;'; :nll Ij3 required to kj..:p it c-.irmrit. ;ia icrllcctorj that he IB bvv-.-cstirr: to^Tr, 7a\;:.^}'^Lx^i'1' na Vca^c:^ -Xlvisicn, iiiii ?.rji Div.lr:U:a --at t^ rii"3, A :ro'0.cl Ilk-' to su--'isfc t'uiL t'vj Acting ^?i:i H-ivir.icn tii^c^s ihia wit:: i:r, Ts.ur.5. I ;>.Tseii.!ly clor^t 502 -, K/^ IHvlsica hzx cny jjrcat-Jr iatc:~nt, in cliir '.iiloricLl than l.'c^zona icn* ^ P. If C? 3rsnci:, ?.'i2 3L\df7icn i? pivoa ths-responsibility for tho filss t^jntiojiccl in p-u-cjj-aph 0, cwova, cna (l) ^clditionil r vill bo

Colon.-!!, U3.-~

cc: Ori-. ^ ./ - Div. Off. 1 - D.'a-'

|[<:Tr:i_;..! : ' : ' ' AGEN -.MIM. . in-:. I ' ''.I'K'J

'
Mr. 1 ,.-. r r y i ' . r y a n L ?.?,?.04 ' .

I D 3EP 1973
. . . . ..
.."

Arlington, V i r g i n i a

Dear M r . Bryan).:

--\ '

'I'l-.i.'; ir, in v;.)y t o your ielt.e. i "f ?.C August 19V3, requesting a ; 'copy eif { M e C c : i l r : > l I n t e l l i g e n c e Ap/-n< /':. inte.rvf.ev/ r e p o r t of our contact ,| " w i t h I v i v . R i c h a r d H. Mr. 11 of the Mat'- i i n n l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Committee on "; . -"Aerial Phenomena. (NICAP). . "- .'" ,-,'> ' '; Mr. Mall was met by A g e n c y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s on 19 January 1965, . : -but a s e p a r a t e interview report was not prepared on this meeting. Hovr- ..' .ever, since Mr. M a l l has no o b j e c t i o n to our advising you of the substance of our m e e t i n g with him, I am h a p p y lo provide the following information which has been g a t h e r e d f r o m a r e v i e w of Agency records: , .'

'*:,.

/; :\ ... ' -.'';> ;..v'

In January 19^)5, the Agency made an inquiry into the r e s e a r c h bt:inp c o n d u c t e d on HFC) .sightings and contacted Mr. H a l l , t h e n A c t i n g D i r e c t o r of the National Investigations Committee on A e r i a l P h e n o m e n a . Mr. Hall explained how his o r g a n i z a t i o n o p e r a t e d and loaned the Agency several of its publica! i u n s which were reviewed and r e t u r n e d . No e x c e r p t s v.-'-rc made f r o m the publicat : ons, nrr did ' h e Agency co;v.: to any conclusions on the s u b s t a n c e t h e i - e i n . There W.T; no f u r t f i c r contact with Mr. M a l l or any o t h e r r e p r e ^ ' - n f c a l i v c of his organization, and the A g e n c y had no f\u:tr.er i n t e r e s t i.n the subject of
UFOa. '

-; .:' ';.

.-^v

'

: '

.."''_ I t r u s t t h i s r e p l y s a t i s f i e s y r m r request. talk f u r t h e r with Mr. H a l l d i r e c t l y . Sincerely,

You may also wish to

. ' o h n M. Maury ' - . ; i r : l a i i v c Counsel

cc:
S e n a t o r H : - - r y F. P.yrrl, Jr.

CLASSIFICATION ^;r w;.^.~~:.^~:^-;a CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

. .

REPORT NO.
CD NO.

INFORMATION FROM FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OH KADIO BROADCASTS

'v,'l ::Y

Finland, Norway, Austria

DATE OF INFORMATION

:.:!7Qj

Military - Unidentified flying object

DATE DfST. .2 a Sep Daily newspapers

! !OV/

:". BUSHED "'As indicated

DATF.

NO. OF PAGES

PUBLISHED

10 Jun-15 Jul
' Finnish, Norwegian, German
SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT NO.

THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION

]{

SOURCE

As indicated

SIGHTINGS OF UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS 10 JUT,'2-15 JULY

TUDENTJTIED OBJECTS PHOTOGnAPHZD TX FINLAND DURDIG AJfD AFTER ECLIPSE Helsinki, Helsingin. Snnomnt, 11 Jul 5^ Several photogrupht; of an unidentified object in the sky were taken In Helsinki during the eclipse on 30 June 195^- According to informed circles, n round object vhich appears on the photographs is not the moon or a cloud. One photograph differs from the others in that the \ipper edge of the object is illuminated as if the sun were chining on a hard surface. The center of the object appears as a dark blotch. (The photograph described ic shown in source.]

Helsinki, Heloingin Cnnomat, 12 Jul 5^ ~.A strange object was photographed in the sky in Maarianhamina immediately after the nun wns in full view", following the eclipse on 30 June 195^- The cigarshaped object appeared on cev-ral pictures taken consecutively. lA photograph of the object is ^liown'in courte.]

' ' - REPORT LJVmi iJICirrHJG IN FINLAND Helsinki, Helsingin Sanomat, 15 Jul 51*
On lU .Tu.ly 1951*, an unidentified, oblong object was sighted at Pulkkila, flying [southwest] in the direction of Eaapavesi-Nivala. The object, which vas

oo-w-30956
.;-L.- - 1"9 Vr.YlI.'f; 0:'i.Ji'.CT3 FIT. '-ED Itl NORVA'i HIRING ECLIPSE -- Oslo, Aftcnposten, , ;.:- (I'M edition) '.:.:.!?: '-olion pictures of iinj.dvntlf.icd flying objects vere obtained by photo,-.-".v):'-T Johnny Bjoernuif during th-j' recent total eclipse of ths cua. The pictures, ' '.;i.-:. -..crc o:.'-!.;!!.r:-a fj'u.r. .".:j t: Lrpl;iuc: riyin^ nt an .".Ititudc of 'l_,500 ^"tcrs, chov :-..-,. :;hLnir.# disks with condensation tri-.ils moving ut great speed in the direction <;;-.oi'itc to th?.t of the plane. (I'hotographs ore shovn in source.] ; ;:;.-.;;T:D1Ii'D lvLj:i;:G ClIU^CT XT-.^rZV in AUSTRIA -- Gal-burg, Gal-burger Nachrlchtc.n, .10 Ji:n 5^ A contractor in Kallein, Austria, reported to the gendarmerie that he and t.vo other men sighted a strange object in ths sky over the Tecnen Mountains shortly .Tior ^idr.ight or: 7 J"^= 195!i-. The ob.^ct vn.s gleaning red and appeared to have a .Jtagonal streak across it. It ceemed'to be ftbout three times as large as Venus ,?.r.;! ntr.ped Rpsmouically iu n vertical and then a horizontal direction. The object v..!.- iu view for 2 ho\irs. .

- E H D -

L I B R A R Y SUBJECT AND A R E A CODES

603

603 603

AUI DOCUMhrtT

by

0 DEC 1957

'.iW- t'CJl:* Aosictnnt Calci' of Staff, flo-^u-tixuit oi' Ilia Air 1'oi-co ;::j:01i : : Ha.Jcr Jo-'j-a F. I^ymc Pcclasoiflcr.ticn ol1 tho "Ropcrt of the Scientific I'asial.oa UnicicnUficd riyJU^;. Obocctu :i

.1. \'fj h^va just; rccolvcd t7.io rinol lotocr i'ron V.vj r-icrobcra of '..?.o tib-o-A: I^dd ccncoiirtiii(3 your rocucct. 1'or clcclocoii'icaticn ci* tiia r.'i-jvo j-c;;ox-t. iiO'LU CJlr\ r^id all rvx'-bcva oi" fc!'.a Par.cl havo r-~rc3;l t.iv.a the conclusionii en' parayrr.;V;i 2. c.'.-jn by cl'ocli^sifltiil r-nd tiiat 1 :corrs:ncLiiuion U-a. cm ta cloc-Liissificd. !!avc\T'.v, It is ti-io clocinlon oi' ell concerned that r.o ccrinoctioa vit!i C--L\ no-y bo tUu^sloocxi, tht-.t v:;c: cor.cli::~-f.on ol' TJi'jr!:^.^:^. ';',. r.\a.7 J\?.^ "2 f.'cc.la.-n.Li'icd end tiuxt tiie r.:co,:-.-^ndrit;ion of ^.b. Kiy vr.it l:o UcciiisriliMcd. Or*. tli3 l:ojin oi? the c.Unv (IcclanuirLcatlon, n.^ ^u:ii;c;r oi' ti;a i'vji'Ld ob..octo to t!io use of htn TIC.MO in connection ^riltii tiia aoclccuii'icd concl'.ioion UK! : x: c cnij jsrincLnt 1 on 2. In order to oin:nlify yoxxr ufcllisaticn. of the clccl?4JBified i ..:. tcu'lcil, I UL>. tittiicii.Lr<j iiorcto rcriucd vc-oion ot1 t^)G report, of t.'io ?ojt:2l vliich con3ir.-i.-3 or a p-.vaparaso oi' Yjarcv.^?.?^ i, tlis e:<rjct v^rdlns oi' p:ir.v.7S."vj)li .?, a ju;-.r pni-ii.'^^iii 'j vliicli ir.cluclco the t!cclcLasific-d P.ccoa^ndc.tion J;.c. and tin cp"LiropriatQ 'parnnhrasii^ of tha "calcceo oi' pcrcgrn;-.ii ^ Icaa l^c

3 I tr.ist that tlilo Mill. cen.'e-the purposes of tblo rccrucet.

.

Piiilip G. Gt Deputy Aoolotnnt Diroctor

co: llcuboro of Pnncl

.POST,

FRIDAY.i JANUARY,?.!9;' I*?1?'

.* ,!'

Washington Pout WASHINGTON During two weeks in- 1975, a string of the nation's supersensitive nu-" clear missile launch sites 'and bomber bases were visited by unidentified, low-flying and elusive objects, according to Defense Dept. reports. The sightings, made.visually and on radar "by air. and ground crews arid sabotage-alert forces, occurred at installations in Montana, Michigan and Maine, and led-to extensive but unsuccessful Air Force attempts to track and detain the objects. Air Force and Defense Dept.

records variously describe the objects as. helicopters; aircraft, unknown entities and brightly lighted, fast-moving vehicles that hovered over nuclear wea-. pons storage areas and evaded all pursuit-efforts. . In .several instances, after base security had been penetrated, the Air Force sent fighter' planes and airborne command planes aloft to carry on the unsuccessful pursuit. .: The records do not indicate if

The object was tracked by Iranian ground radar, seen independently by the crew of a comJL ' . - - , : . ' . ". i mercial' airliner and pursued V>y the fighters fired on the intriid-. '.: .ated'yesterday by a departmen- " the'F-4s, which, according to the ers. . ' ' . - ' .tal spokesman, is that formal in-. *.' report,, experienced a break 'The documents also give'no '. vestigation of .unidentified flydown of theft- electronic commu indication that the airspace, in- ' ing objects,ended in 1969 and . nications . devices when they that there were no plans for re- 'i' neared the object. cursions provoked much- more than local command concern. newed Air Force investigation.' ',' ;' . Yet another Air Force intelli- . The report, compiled by . But a Nov. 11, 1975, directive gence report indicated extensive'-' .'. 1 lean officials, said that the . from the office of the secretary interest in a 1976 incident over- C-. tronic weapons system of oiiv "T ~of the Air Force instructed pubIran, when two Iranian-. Air lic information staffers to avoid the-pianes went dead when its linking the scattered sightings -Force F-4 Phantom ; fighter . pilot prepared to'fire an AIM!) unless specifically asked. planes were scrambled to en-";, missile at a smaller object Unit counter a brightly lighted object The Defense - Dept. position,^ appeard to roar out from the . in the skies near Tehran.-" cited in that memo and reiterlarger vehicle.

report^Bared

23

c.ii PAPERS mm* '.

r u
'
.*-.' ' *

THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, JANUARY 14, 1979'

Concern About Russian Aims A major point of concern, a C.I.A. document of Oct. 2,1952, shows, is that U.F.O.. sightings could mask Russian air attacks or "psychological warfarei" The report to the director of Central Intelligence from'the assistant director for the Office of. Sciehtic Intelligence ' recbmmenfis .that the National Security Council be advised of the "implications of the .'flying.! saucer', problem"; that ,the matter be discussed with the Psychological,Strategy-.Board, and that the C.I.A. help "develop .-.. a policy of public information which will minimize concern and possible panic .resulting from the numerous sightings of unidentified objects." r .A document .dated November. 1975; di. rects against acknowledging any pattern in sightings. "Unless there is evidence which links sightings, or unless media' queries link sightings, queries can best be.. handled individually at the'source and as questions arise,',' it said. '.."Response should be direct, forthright and emphasize that the action taken was in .response .to an isolated or specific incident." :. "-" Mr. Spaulding says the documents ' 'show that there are links and patterns in the "sightings. From that evidence, he says, he'believes U.F.p:'s;.are here on surveillance missions. - . ' , . y . . . - . - . .-^ ''We find a concentration of- sightings around our military installations,' research and development areas, "he said. -"The U.F.O. phenomenon is .following what our own astronauts are doing ;on '. other planets we send a scoutship, we take soil samples and then we land." .,- ' Another Suit Pending ' '.Mr. Spaulding said he has sworn "statements from retired Air Force colonels that at least two U.F.O.'s have.crasn,lahded. and been recovered "by the Air :Force. '.;.''. ' /-- - - "'' ' : . ' "/ One crash, he.said, was.in Mexico'in1948~and the other was near Mngrrfan,' Ariz., in 1953. He said the retired officers . claimed they got a glimpse of dead aliens who were <in both cases about four feet tall with silverish complexions and wearing silver outfits that "seemed fused to ' the body from the heat." Mr. Spaulding said his group is waiting now for a Federal judge to rule on the last phase of its C.I.A. suit, which seeks access to 57 items that would provide "hard'. evidence" of U.F.O.'s or "retrievals of the third kind." That evidence includes motion pictures, gun camera film and . residue from landings, he said. Among the films they want is 40 to 48 frames taken in 1952 by Ralph Mayher, then a cameraman for KYW-TV in Cleve- ~ land and now a member of Ground Saucer Watch. The Air Force, borrowed the film in 1957 and has never returned it. The official finding was that the object had been a meteor, Mr. Spaulding said. "We're past >the storytelling stage," Mr. Spaulding said. "We have to have it in black and white to satisfy the scientific . community. We have to establish the existence of the object to all the people in Missouri .and then figure out who's driving it." '. . .

~~~~, ...... ; ';: .'''':.. " / , - ' - . . : "

:

Agency's Secret' Studies Convince Arizona Research Group That ;, flying Saucers 'Are Real' ..;
' ', '

Special to The New York Times

PHOENIX, Jan. 13 -Documents^obtained in a lawsuit against the Centrallntelligen'ce Agency show fhat.the agency is" secretly involved in the surveillance of unidentified flying objects and has been since 1949," an Arizona-based U:F.O. group said yesterday. '''*'''. The C.I.A.'has repeatedly said that it investigated and closed its books on U.F.O.'s during 1952, according to Ground SaucerWatch, a nation-wide.research organization of about 500 scientists, engineers and'others who'seek'to' scientifically prove'or disprove the existence of U.F.O.'s, but 1,000 pages of documents obtained under a freedom of information suit, show "the Government has been lying to us all these years," if saidv^ "After reviewing the documents. Ground Saucer Watch believes that U.F.O.'s do exist, they are real, the U.S.. Government has been-totally untruthful and the cover-up, is massive," William Spaulding, head of the group, said. ,', ~ , Embassies .Gather Information ;.." Mr. Spaulding, .an aerospace engineer with AiResearch, one .of the largest producers of specialized aerospace components, said the documents show that United States embassies are iised to help gather information on U.F.O. sightings, and that the information "seems to be directed to the C.I'.A., the White House and the National Security Agency." A C.I.A. memo of Aug. 1, 1952, recommends continued agency surveillance of "flying saucers," saying, "It is strongly urged, however, ,that no indication of C.I.A. interest or concern reach the press or-public; in view of their probably alarmist tendencies to accept such interest as 'confirmatory' of the soundness of 'unpublished, facts' in the hands of-the U.S. Government," the document said. Among the documents are several detailed reports of Air Force attempts to eitherintercept or destroy U:F.O. 's. - . In a. 1976 incident "in Iran-, one report says, two F-4 Phantom jet fighter-rbomb-. ers pursued a large U.F.O. that seemed to send out smaller craft. "One of the smaller craft "headed straight .toward the F-4 at a very fast rate of speed,"the report said. "The pilot attempted to fire an AIM-9 missile at the object but at that instant his weapons control panel Wnt off and he lost all communications." The pilot'eluded the craft, then watched as it "returned to the primary object for a perfect rejoin," the report continued.

0 1979. Washington Post Co.

; ; J Y R I D A Y , ' J A N U A R Y 19'/.... 1 9 7 9

vsterious
. ! ". , '.

>In several instances, after .base se. curity had been'penetrated, the Air " During two weeks in. 1975, .a string ; Force sent fighter planes and air- of the nation's supersensitive nuclear;'- -iborne command planes aloft'lo ;carry o n the unsuccessful pursuit. The-rec1 missile launch sites and bomber 'bases.'.;' ords do not indicate if the fighters ; were' visited by unidentified,' lpw fly- ' '.fired on the intruders. \ ;.' :. ; ing and elusive objects, .according--to- The,documents also give no indica- . . Defense Department: reports.,'. ' ' tlon'that the Airspace incursions proThe sightings, made visually-and on voked much more local command con; ' radar by air- and. ground crews and cern. ".'.' : sabotage-alert forces, occurred at inBut a Nov. 11, 1975, directive from stallations in Montana,-Michigan-and the office of the secretary of the Air Maine, and led to extensive but unsuc- Force instructed public information cessful Air Force attempts to .track staffers to avoid linking the scattered " and detain the objects: , , ; ' sightings unless specifically asked. . ! Air Force and Defense Department An Air Force.' press officer who records.variously-describe.the. objects' deals with UFQ inquiries said he could., ,as helicopters, aircrafts, unknown en-; have no comment yesterday on quesi titles and brightly;lighted-j fast-moving; tions'about general Security and mili-'i jvehicles,.that' hovered, over, 'nuclear'^ tary responsesKrelated' ;to ;the. rash of |We'apbns.storage- areas land evaded:all - sightings at-strategic -installations -in pursuit efforts. 1975. ! By Ward Sinclair and Art Harris
;

''Washington Post Staff, Writers . . . . . ;]

-. The Defense Department .position, : cited in that memo and reiterated yes-, Iterday by a departmental'spokesman, 'is that formal investigation of unidentified flying obects (UFOs) 'ended in 1969 and that there were. no. plans for .renewed Air Force investigation. . Yet anpther Air Force intelligence report indicated extensive, interest in a 1976 incident over Iran, when two Iranian Air. Force F4 Phantom tighter planes were scrambled to encounter a brightly lighted object in the skies . near Tehran. That object was tracked.by Iranian ground radar, seen independently by the crew of a commercial airliner and pursued by the F4, which according to :the -report,, experienced a 'breakdown 'of t h e i r electronic communications ,devices when they neared the object See UFO, A6, Col. 4

J<:

'- '-"*^'

in 1975?
Zechel and William - Spa'ulding, a Phoenix engineer and director of The report, compiled by American GSW, said that Defense, the Air Force officials, said; that the electronic and the : National Security -Agency weapons system of one of the planes, (NSA) have refused to turn over cerwent dead when its pilot prepared to. tain other information that would fire an AIM9 missile at a smaller ob- shed more light on military encounject that appeared to rear out from ters with unidentified flying objects. the larger vehicle. Zechel, a former NSA employe who The planes' electronic equipment now lives in Wisconsin, said that the reportedly b e c a m e operative after 1975 incidents around the 'missile and they veered away from the smaller ob- bomber facilities'would not have 'been , ject, which had returned to the larger, revealed had :it;notbeen'f6r:a '"leak" light, the - report. said. Iranians; de- from a Pentagon-source.. scribed the larger object, with colThat tip, he said, led to the informa, ored, fast-flashing lights, as the' size of a Boeing 707 j etliner. . . - > , . . . . , < .tion request that produced the reports ' oh the" "flap,"- as a rash of UFO inciThe information oh the 1975 andV-; ;. dents is called, in the last days of Oc 1976 sightingsrecords .from the. Air" tober and the first two weeks of NoForce and the .North American Air. 1975. > : Defense Command (NORAD) was': vember Air Force -\and' NORAD data The turned oper to Ground Saucer Watch provided detailed accounts of sight(GSW), a Phoenix-based organization - ings of unexplained objects from Lorthat monitors UFO reports. > '- "'; ing Air Force' Base, in Maine, Wurt' GSW obtained the information smith AFB in Michigan and Malm-,' through a freedom-of-Information re-. strom AFB in Montana, all within a quest to the Air Force, one. of a num--, two-week period. her it has made to government agen. At those and .other missile-launch . cies involved in UFO investigations. ]' ;. ing sites in the northern tier of states, A similar request to the CIA, made military personnel reported that the both by GSW^and \TheVWashingtpn:.. objects hovered over nuclear weapons Post, resulted in the.,CIA's..turning,: "storage areas, in some cases as low as . over almost 900 pages of documents';;. .'10,feet from the ground, the "missile related to its monitoring of USQ re- ' silos'before they'departed. "ports since the 1950s. . ''';''.-',. ."^The reports referred to the objects The CIA was directed by a U.S. pis-,. in some'.Ceases *as ."helicopters," al- . trict Court judge here last -year to though no witness made a positive '; -turn over to Ground Saucer .Watch identification-. The-sounds the objects, UFO data unrelated to national secu- emitted were, described as being simi- rity. ':. ' lar to helicopter noise. The agency, according to GSW offi-. In "one such instance, on Nov. 7, cials and attorneys, apparently has 1975, at Malmstrom AFB, Capt. withheld some UFO records, and Thomas W. O'Brien, who had just left GSW says it intends to seek further duty as a missile -launch officer, said court action in the case. an aircraft resembfhig a helicopter ap- The Air Force and other federal preached the silo area. military and intelligence agencies He and his deputy heard what they have maintained .consistently that thought was a helicopter rotor over sightings .of unidentified flying ob- the building where.they were resting. jects have logical explanations;that. unidentified -deputy looked .the UFOs are not visitors from atf- ,,Thewindow and saw '.'the silhouette out of other world. " ' . ... '.:.,:','/' ^.. .the The CIA documents are largely/ a a. large aircraft hovering about 10 to collection of worldwide intelligence ?15.feet above the ground" and about reports,^ newspaper articles-,. ,and- .":. 25,feet from the launch-area fence. agency memoranda relating to UFO ' tr'to add seven ;-; sightings and theories of extraterres- V He reportedly saw two red and . white lights oh the front, a white light , trial life. The CIA's position, reiterated yes- on .the bottom ...and another on. the terday by a spokesman, is that it has rear. Darkness prevented him from had no involvement with UFOs since seeing markings or personnel on the 1953, when a special study panel con- object. The object left after a minute ; cluded that they presented no threat, . or so of hovering, the report said. to national security. . - .-'-'' Military crews at two other nearby . While meemos from as recently as launch facilities, reported moving 1977 are included in the 879 pages, the lights in the air on the same evening, CIA spokesman said the agency con- but said they heard no sounds. tinues to be "a passive recipient" o f ' ' UFO data, even though none of the.ma- '," .'NORAD commanders' .activity logs during that .period of time reported terial is analyzed. ."" ':'-;' . Todd. Zechel, a GSW investigator . another sighting at another unidenti. .and. director of .another prganizaton, . 'fie launch facility in which witnesses : Citizens Against UFO Secrecy, said,',. \said-.they saw the object" "issuing "a~ '^Ve've had to pry loose every itein'ipf; /black '.object"; from, it, .tubular in " information we have. I.am inclined to : l.shape." Standard .-radar surveillance . believe the government doesn't know - ^provided no,clues as to the presence , any more about UFOs than we do, but , ? .of anything other than-known craft in if UFOs are what they sayr^nothmgithearea.-,f:-:'; : : ' . .. . why don't they open s; their;.' files^/,^More, detail appeared in reports of totally?"' ; V 3 V' , y>;.:-.sightingis on Oct. 30^aind 31 over Wurt-

UFO, From Al

s
\J J

O H O

in

smith AFB, 'where an "unidentified helicopter" flew around the base and hovered over weapons-storage bunkers. Investigators subsequently determined that no'military, commercial or private helicopters" known to be based in the area could have been around Wurtsmith at those times. The crew of a KC135 tanker plane, already airborne, spotted the object near the . base and attempted to give chase, but : couldn' keep up.with 'it. Several' sightings occurred at the Maine air base as well, where objects hovered over the weapons area. Radar and visual sightings -were made, and another KC135 was sent aloft to oversee pursuit efforts by a helicopter borrowed from the Maine National GuardLoring ha'd none of its own. The object eventually disappeared toward the Canadian border, where Canadian air force jets were on alert. There was no indication whether the Canadian planes spotted the object.

'O

THE

DOMINION, WED,

FEB

14,

1979

Group gains UFO reports

By PETER KIERNAN NZPA-Reuter Correspondent WASHINGTON, Tuesday. A citizens' flying saucer group has forced the Defence Department to reveal that during two weeks in 1975 several of its key air forc and missile bases were buzzed by unidentified flying objects. The group. Ground Saucer Watch of Arizona, obtained documents under the Freedom of Information Act. Its officers believe that more such data is being withheld and plans to sue for it. ;. The reports show that air bases, many of which held nuclear weapons, were visited by objects- variously described as helicopters, unknown entities, aircraft and brightly lit, fast vehicles. But at no base was a p o s i t i y e identification made, and all attempts at interception were unsuccessful. On October 30-31,1975, of. ficials at Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Michigan spotted an "unidentified helicopter" hovering over a weapons storage area. A KC-135 tanker plane was already in the air and attempted to give chase. But the "helicopter" was too fast for it and disappeared off the plane's radar. At Malmstrom Base in Montana a "large aircraft" hovered about 3-5 metres above the missile silo. It sounded like a helicopter. Two other nearby launch facilities reported seeing lights over their installations on the same night, but heard no sounds. . At Loring Base in Maine objects hovered over the weapons area and were sighted on radar and by ground observers. Another KC-135 -tanker plane gave chase, but could not keep up. The objects disappeared toward1 Canada, where Canadian jets were on alert, but there were no reports of another sighting.

Secret Documents Reveal CIA Has Been Tracking UFOs for 30 Years
Despite its repeated denials, the intelligence agency is still monitoring UFO sightings and collecting information from embassies around the world. And it' still regards some of its UFO files as too By BOB PRATT porting on 60 UFO sightings hot to be made public. throughout the world includThese startling revelations of government interest in UFOs have emerged from 935 pages of secret CIA documents which were recently declassified after a' UFO organization went to court to pry them loose. The CIA is still fighting to hang on to another 57 documents in the interests of national security. "They've been caught lying," declared William Spaulding, an aerospace engineer and director of the Ground Saucer Watch in Phoenix, Ariz. "There is proof beyond a shadow ol a doubt that they've been investigating UFOs and

The CIA has been secretly tracking UFO phenomena for nearly 30 years.

are still active." The documents ing a 1977 report of a sighting in turned over to Ground Saucer the Soviet Union. Watch and obtained by The E N Q U I R E R tell an in- U.S. embassies in 22 countries credible story of CIA stonewall- were brought into the probe in ing and deceit about its interest 1968. They were asked to find out if "serious study has been or in UFOs. The CIA has denied keeping is being given" to UFOs. The track of UFO activity since CIA was informed that four 1953. But an internal Govt. telex countries had some type of offiin 1976 referred to the CIA and cial monitoring system. said: "At the present. time, The files trace secret. CIA inthere are offices and personnel terest in UFOs back nearly 30 within the agency who are year.s a'nd show that a series of monitoring the UFO phenom- sightings in Washington,.D.C.," in 1952 led to the formation of a ena." In fact, the agency's files con- panel of experts to study the tain 200 pages of documents rc- phenomena. "Outside knowledge of agency interest in flying saucers carries the risk of making the problem even more serious in the public mind than it already is, which we and the Air Foi~ce agreed must be avoided," says an Aug. 14,1952, memo cautioning, against public disclosure. After the panel of experts concluded in. 1953 that UFOs posed no threat to national seIRANIAN AIR FORCE F-4 Phantom Jet same type of curity, the CIA launched a naaircraft involved in a 1,400-mile-an-hour chase with r UFO. tional security campaign to

DOCUMENTED PROOF: Aerospace engineer William Spaulding holds some of the declassified documents that reveal the CIA has been investigating UFOs for 30 years. cover up its continuing UFO quired about its UFO activities. "We appreciate that there watch. \ One series of memos written have been many cooks in the in 1957-58 reveals how the CIA kilchen on this dish," one of the went about disguising the truth niemos says, "and that, as a refrom a scientist named Dr. sult, the extraordinarily nonLeon Davidson ..who had in- commiuil and evasive answer

] we were instructed to give DaJ yidsoh was perhaps the only one possible if- we were to avoid crossing up previous mcnts of our own, and other involved agencies, to this man." The ENQUIRER has learned from other documents that one of those ''other involved agencies" "*was the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). A recently declassified DIA evaluation report called a Sept, 18, 1976, } UFO sighting in Iran "a classic" case of major significance. "An "outstanding report! This case is a classic which meets all the criteria necessary for a valid study of a UFO phenomenon," the evaluation declared. Defense officials deny there was any follow-up investigation and the electronic warfare expert who made the report, Air Force Major Roland Evans, never received the additional information he requested. .. Unlike the DIA, The ENQUIRER did investigate the sighting 'over Tehran and in our Jan. 31, 1978, issue we judged it "mpst scientifically valuable" UFO incident reported in 1977. What really impressed Major Evans so strongly about the incident was the UFO led two Iranian Air Force F-4 Phantom jets on a 1,400-miIe-per-hour chase, jammed the communications systems of both jets as well-as a.passing commercial airliner and then knocked out one of the jet's weapons system .when it tried to fire a missile. Said Major Evans: "We don't have this capability to jam all these systems simultaneously."

WORLDWIDE UFO BLITZ More exclusive reports on page 63.

NATIONAL

ENQUIRER

j'>,:-\v^

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-,:.GSW Wins Battle, But War Remains To Be Fought

A Special Report to the GSW Membership by W. Todd Zechel, Director of Research

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By a covering letter sent December 1^, 1978, the CIA released ' " " . ' . ;' some 3^0 of its own UFO-related documents to Ground Snucer Watch ': >> as the result of Civil Action Number 78-859, filed in U.S. District ' Court, Washington, D.C. The Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, the first ever filed pertaining to UFOs, was originally brought in September 1977, with the prestigious New York law firm Rothblatt, Rothblatt, Seljas & Peskin representing~the plaintiff, GSW. After a change of . venue, with the suit being transferred from New York to the District - cf ColumDia (home of record for the CIA), a lengthy discovery motionwas filed in June 1978, consisting of over 600 interrogatory questions and 250 requests for production of records. The pivotal .moment of the suit came on July. 7, 1978, however. At an informal discussion held . in the office of U.S. Attorney William Briggs, representing the CIA, . an agreement was worked out in which GSW was allowed to amend its .''"original complaint to include :reqests for all CIA UFO-related documents. Later, in a formal court session known as a status call, the agreement was made official. This led to GSW being asked to submit a stipulation in September 1978, listing the components .of .the CIA it wanted searched. Thanks to'CAUS member Brad C. Sparks, a number of cooperative CIA "sources, and diligent work by GSW's attorney, Peter Gersten, the stipulation precisely and very accurately listed ^1 components Sparks and company : felt would yield the most UFO-related material. . ^ .^,.v . >.. ;- / ;,.//,- . ; On September 15, 1978, the stipulation was made a court order and the CIA was granted 90 days to search its files in compliance. At the . end of that time, the Agency was required to produce whatever dccu.'-.. ments were releasable, account for its deletions, and also account for whatever documents it decided to withhold. Hence, the release of nearly 900 pages of CIA material in December. .,'"
The CIA's Dec. l^th covering letter, signed by the Agency's Information & Privacy Coordinator, George Owens, stated, "57 documents were withheld in their entirety pursuant to exemptions under the FOIA." Owens also said, "To date, a total of 196 documents were retreived from CIA files which were originated by other U.S..Government agencies. These documents have been referred to the originating agencies for response to you." The documents returned to other agencies were as follows: Air Force-76: National Archives-1: DIA-19J Army 30; Navy11: NSA-18: and State Departmental. .. : : T ; ,: '<; _. : '^- < ;: Following the delivery of the CIA documents to GSW legal counsel Peter Gersten, a phone conversation v/ith the U.S. Attorney revealed the CIA wanted a 60-day extension with which o prepare affidavits de ''.' ". : , .'.' ; V '" '"-

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scribing its search of files, account for deletions made in the documents released by inserting an appropriate FOIA exemption, and detail the documents it intended to withhold; none o.f which was ready on December l4th. Subseauently, the CIA went to Judge John Pratt1 s ''.;; U.S. .District court and obtained the extension without GSWs counsel1' being given an opportunity to oppose the motion. . .. . . ,. ;; ;;'.:'-.-^"_-:;
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Curiously, as the deadline arrived for the 60-day extension period the CIA began claiming events in the Middle East would prevent the Agency from complying with the rescheduled deadline. In fact, it.wasn't until the end of February, well past the 60 days allotted by the court, that the Agency released some 200 pages of supplimentary documents, .attesting to its search of files, listing exemptions for each, deletion and providing brief descriptions of the documents withheld. ' .'* -,'" ' '-' '-.." . . -.... .-" - ;Wl-''-."' -:'!'*' "I "What effect thei-.Middle East crisis had on. the CIA's FOIA staff is something that hasn't been explained. While some government agencies with low volumes of FOIA requests sometimes utilize FOIA workers in other capacities during slack periods, it's extremely doubtful the .CIA, given its ultra-high volume of FOIA requests and litigations, would have its FOIA staff manning watch desks or simiTar posts during emergencies, other than instances of all-out war. It's more likely the FOIA staff was attending to other directly related matters, and, as usual, treating the UFO litigation with the type of benign neglect accorded to blacks during the Nixon administration. : ;" ";, .-> ;'', " _' Some observers, including the author, suspect the CIA's original release of documents in December was a sort of look-see ploy. That is, the documents were rather carefully selected on the basis of presenting, overall, a negative or neutral impression of UFOs. -Even at that, however, the Arrency could not avoid incriminating itself, in light;of;theefact.GSW; representatives had maneuvered the CIA into the , uncomfortable position of having to admit it had utilized domestic agents to collect UFO data. This GSW strategy was carried out by having Ralph Mayher and Richard Hall, two individuals who'd been contacted by domestic CIA.agents as part of two separate UFO studies initiated .' by the Agency, ready to testify in court about their being used as UFO data sources. And, since CIA is strictly forbidden from engaging in domestic Intelligence activities not related to foreign targets both both by charter and by law, it's small wonder the Agency was extremely reluctant to release documents which would- incriminate and embarrass . itself. . . . . : . -'./- -.-. .;.-.?'.--; ; ;"."' -.','.; -H -:^,^: -<-.^.,; ,.'- -<-.' . ,-'' v; -The reluctance to incriminate its domestic intelligence network/' -.--" originally called the Contact Division, then changed to the Domestic " '". . .-^ Contact Service and now known as the Domestic Collection Division, " :. .;.' . . Is probably the main reason the CIA chose to incur an FOIA suit re- . ?'.-/-'" lated to UFOs in the first place. Secondarily, it appears the Agency - i".X,
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"- '''. But the CIA.had, throughout this matter, a distinct advantage in , the fact the U.S. press had settled into regarding UFOs as one of those subjects handled as "human interest"exploited for a few snickers or an occaselonal raised-eyebrow. Thus, when the CIA released the documents In December, and news organizations like the Washington Post, . ..".'./ '">::;.

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Time magazine and others obtained copies of the UFO material, not one of these diligent watchdogs was able to decipher the documents to the point of realizing the CIA had even studied UFOs, much less done it illegally. The author, speaking in behalf of GSW and Citizens Against UFO Secrecy (CAUS), made every attempt to spotlight the CIA's illegal conduct during numerous interviews he was subjected to by the media. But the media, along with other GSW spokesmen, seemed more concerned with hearing about amazing UFO stories than penetrating the heart of the matter. . ..:/ , . -In addition to attempting to draw attention to the CIA's utilization of domestic agents to collect UFO data, the author also tried to alert the press to the major discrepencies evident in the CIA's alleged search of files. For example: CAUS Director of Research, Brad Sparks :has compiled a list of over 200 documents that are directly referrenced in the material released but remain totally, unaccounted for. Additionally, while 41 components were purportedly subjected to a de novo search, only four components yielded UFO-related documents. One of the components failing to yield documents was the CIA Operations Center, sort of the Agency's war-room, yet, the author possesses a number of messages and memos released by other agencies under the FOIA, including the Joint Chiefs, of Staff and the Air Force, irrefutibly establishing the CIA's Operations Center received as well as sent traffic related to UFOs in particular, high-precedence traffic during the 1975 flap over Air Force/SAC bases and missile sites. But the CIA says it didn't find a 'single scrap of paper related to UFOs in the Operations Centerl . .-.,"/ ; Unfortunately, these important issues were obscured during the flurry of publicity that followed the release of documents. In January, the New York Times ran an article based on a speech given by GSW Director William Spaulding at GSW1 s Annual Lecture in Phoenix, AZ.. Subseaue-i.tV a number of newspapers around the country carried front-page;stories^either based on the New York Times, article or interviews with Soaulding. Most of the articles were confined to the "amazing UFO stories" syndrome, even to the point of describing incidents that weren't even mentioned in any of the CIA documents. For example: a front-page story in a -Madison, Wisconsin, newspaper reported the CIA documents described an amazing UFO encounter over Cuba in 196? in which a Cuban MiG-21 was obliterated by a ray from the UFO. In reality, information on the -: incident came from a confidential source who formerly worked for the NSA and documents related to it have yet to be released. ...,'., .-.'','.;-, .''v'-'j t - , T h e New York Times article itself was misleading to the extent it indicated the CIA documents verified the existence of one or more crashed saucers,which was not true. Moreover, Spaulding was quoted as' saying he had affidavits from two USAF Colonels who'd participated in the recoveries of crashed saucers in Mexico in 19^8 and in Kingman, Arizona, in 1953. 'In point of fact, the Mexican crashed saucer incident is one the author has been investigating and he believes the date to be late 1950. The other incident was one investigated by Ray Fowler and his source is a civilian scientist: who worked for the Air Force. .. --.:..

T'-e The end result of all this publicity, coupled with the National Enquirer' s banner headline warning us that we. were in the midst of a worldwide blitz by a UFO fleet, .was titilation rather than knowledge, The press temporarily raised its collective eyebrow, but soon It was . " : back to business as usual. An-the CIA-was off the hook. . /.'. "'.' With no outcry being marshalled by the press, it appears the CIA felt, safe submitting affidavits swearing it had searched all" of the. components stipulated by GSW, and in effect" said, "What you see is " ., . what you get." . . ';, -._,. ;;';;''_' :.. /' ."" .\ " ','./; ,':,., .'_ _,.:'.. .- -V' '^.-f. ,-';-.. . What we got is a lot of heavily deleted documents, both those of. ;' the CIA and those being gradually released by the originating agnecies which had sent UFO messages to the Agency. As one might expect, a .-.;";. number of the deletions appear "to be spurious and arbitrary. This .. . ,.;.-_" ' capriciousness also applies to the actions of some agencies which - - s ..-". are withholding documents. For exampls: the CIA-apparently returned the Moroccan UFO report of September 1976 to - the State Department. , ; Now this document was declassified and released at the behest of CAUS :. in 1978, yet the State Department is now saying the document must be ;..,. withheld--apparently forgetting about its action of last. year. - ": -.." ,'
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/ While the State Department's' laughable conduct can be attributed . to bureaucratic ineptitude,- the refusal of the National Security Agency (MSA) to even list the dates of the 18 UFO-related messages the CIA returned to it cannot be classified as anything other than:obstrep. ." erous, arbitrary capriciousness. However, a humorous note was injected into the situation when the CIA dutifully listed the date of each NSA message in Exhibit C of the documents it presented to court and GSW related to its search of files.- Thus,- whatever the "grave harm" to . ' .'- national security that would have been caused by NSA revealing the . '/- . '.,";. dates of its UFO messages waswell, let's put it this way; I. don't " / . think the fall of Iran can be blamed on the.CIA's failure to reinforce NSA's myth-merchandising. '--:,-?,'.-; '^-/'. '-s -*^:-; .'4--J; \. ^-t.-^s:^."^-^ .
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.^'Ofccourse, it follows that NSA would refuse to reveal a'.single word of any of its UFO-related documents. As NSA "spokesman Charles. Svill tv.en said, "We ve got a lot of sensitive missions to protect." You.'re.darn bright they do! Sensitive missions like the collaboration of Western Union In supplying NSA with copies of millions of telegrams Americans sent overseas ("Operation Shamrock"). Then there's the useless monitoring of practice messages being sent by Chinese and Norther Korean operators to keep NSA busy while the real traffic is being sent land-line and. ..'microwave intercept programs the CIA tried to do away with" but failed. If you had a can of worms on your hands as big as NSA has, you'd do i" o everything in your power to keep the lid. screwed on as tightly as ,. - j. = possible, too. . " ,. ;"-^. . ;;;... .' -;-.' .\ ;-;V' -,>-..--'''"::\ ^- -Y':-'^'-'-:5^^'vV-^ '-: ^ Having caused the Ralph Mayher-related documents to be released, as well .as over 1,500 pages of other material in the CIA's files, it's clear GSW has prevailed in the lawsuit. Yet, it's somewhat.. of a hollow victory, particularly in light of the fact the CIA continues to publicly. . deny its involvement with UFO s and gets away ..with it.. ..Meanwhile, .: .,.,.;

. -5we have yet to challenge any of the CIA's claimed exemptions in" court, .much less get them overturned. Even worse, the CIA and other agencies of;'.the government continue to demand advance .search fees to be paid . before initiating alleged searches of files'for UFO-related documents, with -no guarantee anything will be found or released, thus discouraging most researchers seeking records. . .->.. J.;.^; v/ .; . ,.-. ".: :' In the meantime, UFOlogy seems, content to find all-encompassing theories to explain the entire spectrum of reported UFO encounters, not stopping to realize the basic existence of the phenomenon has .yet to be satisfactorily established. Belief in UFOs increases among the masses, but knowledge of what UFOs are seems to declining, or at least maintaining a status quo. Those who have expressed interest in the GSW.suit against the CIA seem to be mainly interested in rutting out more amazing UFO stories with which to entertain the fans, and the real reasons for the litigation get only passing consideration. ;. To say this-is discouraging would be an understatement-. .-,.%'>';->; . . The battle is over; GSW emerged victorious. But the war has only Just begun. To be perfectly honest, at the moment it appears we are outgunned, outmanned and.underfinanced. We need reinforcements, but they seem preoccupied with UFO fleets blitzing earth. I expect we.'11 Just have to circle the wagons a .little tighter and grit our teeth-and maybe hope the UFOlogical cavalry will come to our rescue. ,.-_..'.

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Former Top Administrator Reveals:,

CIA Secretly Uses Psychics & Mediums

By EDWARD TROPEANO

In a secret program more incredible than the wildest James Bond movie, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has been using mediums to try to contact dead agents from both sides of the Iron Curtain, says a former top CIA administrator,
And in other mind-boggling experiments, he says, the agency has also used psychics to try to probe the minds of Russian leaders. Victor Marchetti, a 14-year former CIA official, told The ENQUIRER that the bizarre story of the CIA's involve-

NATIONAL ENQUIRER

ment with the supernatural began 15 years ago after the agency's best double agent had been caught and killed, by the Russians. "The-CIA had a very successful but short-lived agent named Olag Penkovsky, a Russian KGB colonel," recalled Marchetti, who served as executive assistant to the deputy director of the CIA before retiring in 1969. The Russian agent lasted little more than a year before he was arrested, tried and executed by the Soviets. "After he was killed, somebody said, 'Why don't we try and contact him?' That's how they got involved with mediums," Marchetti revealed. The success or failure of efforts to contact Penkovsky is still a closely guarded secret. But it is believed that the experiment expanded into a full-scale program. "They began to contact our own 'dead agents, as well as dead agents from the other side," said Marchetti. Marchetti said that at one point word flashed through the agency that contact had been made with the famous Major Popov, a Russian agent who disappeared in the 1950s. As far back as the 1950s, the

agency was using psychics to try to find out what Kremlin leaders were thinking and planning, Marchetti said. Once, the CIA "even looked for sets of identical twins in Russia because they supposedly had the power to read each other's minds," claimed Marchetti. "To the best of my knowledge, they did, in fact, stumble across a set of twins where one defected although I don't know what happened." The CIA refuses to comment on the alleged programs, but Marchetti says: "There is no indication that they have stopped, and no reason why they would."

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William Safire Russell Baker Francesco Stanflll

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October 14,1979
16 On Language Hidden Spelling Bee 22 Sunday Observer Two-Income Zones

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28 The Marketing of Gloria Vanderbilt

Robert Sherrill YoussefM. Ibrahim

32 The Case Against the Oil Companies 36 Inside Iran's Cultural Revolution

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Stephen E. Rubin

40 Isaac Stern: The Power and the Glory Stem describes himself as a fiddler. But he also fiddles most effectively with power in the music world, where he is an adroit mover and shaker.

Irving R. Kaufman

42 Juvenile Justice: A Plea lor Reform 86 Fashion Paris on the Diagonal

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Mary Russell

Glynne Hitter Frank J. Prial Patrick Huyghe

93 Food Colette's Passionate Palate 96 Wine Getting a Kick Out of Calvados 106 U.F.O. Files: The Untold Story Though officials have long denied that they take "flying saucers" seriously, declassified documents now reveal extensive Government concern over the phenomenon. 128 Puzzles .Answers, Page 56

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139 Letters Cover: Photograph by Bob Adelman

Copyright 1979. The New York Times

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Though officials have long denied that they take 'flying saucers' seriously, declassified documents now reveal extensive Government concern over the phenomenon.
By Patrick Huyghe
Operations Center]. Reliable military personnel at Loring AFB [Air Force Base], Maine, Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan, Malmstrom AFB, [Montana], Minot AFB. [North Dakota], and Canadian Forces Station, Falconbridge, Ontario, Canadaj-have'visually'sighted suspicious objects. "Objects at Loring and Wurtsmith were characterized to be helicopters. Missile site personnel, security alert teams and Air Defense personnel at Malmstrom Montana reported object which sounded like a jet aircraft. FAA advised "There were no jet aircraft in the vicinity.' Malmstrom search and height finder radars carried the object between 9,000 ft and 15,600 ft at a speed of seven knots. ... F-106s scrambled from Malmstrom could not make contact due to darkness and low altitude. Site personnel reported the objects as low as 200 ft and said that as the interceptors approached the lights went out. After the interceptors had passed the lights came on again. One hour after-the F-106s returned to base; mis-' site site personnel reported the object increased to a high speed, raised in altitude and could not be discerned from the stars "I have expressed my concern to SAFOI [Air Force Information Office] that we come up soonest with a proposed answer to queries from the press to prevent overreaction by the public to reports by the media that may be blown out of proportion. To date efforts by Air Guard helicopters, SAC [Strategic Air Command] helicopters and NORAD F-106s have failed to produce positive ID."

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Numerc kept the informed by U.F.O Represen fense Intt the Natio as well a Governm copies of Comman the incidi that an 'demons in the we Though show tha fled sevi penetrati sile and agencyh one such quentinv Force Int jng Air_ where tfc of events a cause ? Despiti ments U.F.O.'s than mil jects an cause fo classifiei theC.I.A Federal that, ev their a: in the ' has an hind-tt ficial c tellige

Sighting over Oregon: One of the best photographic records'. The Defense Department message bears the classification CONFIDENTIAL. "Subject: Suspicious Unknown Air Activity." Dated Nov. 11,1975, it reads: "Since 28 Oct 75 numerous reports of suspicious objects have been received at the NORAD COC [North American Air Defense Combat Patrick Huyghe is a freelance writer in New York.

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tracted obsession with the subject of U.F.O.'s have emerged over the past few years with the release of long-withheld Government records obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. Though these papers fail to resolve the U.F.O. enigma, they do manage to dispel many popular notions about the U.F.O. controversy, as well as give substance to a number of others. Official records now available appear to put to rest doubts that the Government knew more about U.F.O.'s than it has claimed over the past 32 years. From the start, it has been convinced that most U. F.O. sightings could be explained in terms of misidentified balloons, cloud formations, airplanes, ball lightning, meteors and other natural phenomena. But the papers also show that the Government remains perplexed about the nagging residue of unexplained U.F.O. sightings, which amount to approximately 10 percent of all U.F.O. sightings reported. Do they pose a threat to national security? Are they just a funny-looking cover for an airborne Soviet presence? Even the possibility that these unknowns could be evidence of extraterrestrial visitations has been given serious attention in Government circles. While official interest in U.F.O.'s has long been thought to be strictly the concern of the Air Force, the bulk of whose records has been open to public view for nearly a decade, the recently released papers on U.F.O.'s indicate otherwise. The Departments of the Army, Navy, State and Defense, and the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the F.B.I., the C.I.A. and even the Atomic Energy Commission produced U.F.O. records over the years. Many of these agencies still do, and many of their documents remain classified. But it is the C.I.A. that appears to have played the key role in the controversy, and may even^be responsibIe-for~the~Gbvernment's conduct in U.F.O. investigations throughout the years. U.F.O.'s have been the province of the nation's intelligence community ever since the beginning of the cold war. when the notion took hold that some flying saucers might actually represent a secret, technologically advanced, foreign weapons system. "Every time we were concerned," recalls Herbert Scoville Jr., a former chief of the C.I.A.'s Office of Scientific Intelligence, "it was because we wanted to know: Did the Russians do It? " As the cold war gave rise to the fears of the McCarthy era. official concern over U.F.O.'s even led to the surveillance of several private U.F.O. organizations (as many of their members have long insisted) and to the scrutiny of dozens of individuals suspected of subversive U.F.O. activities. Perhaps most telling of all, the Government documents on U.F.O.'s reveal that despite official denials to the contrary, Federal agencies continue to monitor the phenomenon to this day. The monumental task of unearthing the newest batch of records on U.F.O.'s from a bureaucracy that has for years denied their existence can be traced to the efforts of a handful of inquisitive individuals who, armed with the Freedom of Information Act, set off in the mid-70's on a paper chase of U.S. Government documents on U.F.O.'s. They include Bruce S. Maccabee, a Silver Spring, Md.. physicist working for the Navy, who has managed to obtain the release of more than 1,200 pages of documents on U.F.O.'s from the F.B.I.; W. Todd Zechel of Prairie du Sac, Wis.; Robert Todd of Ardmore, Pa.; Larry W. Bryant of Arlington, Va.; and Brad C. Sparks, a student in astrophysics at Berkeley whose five-year pursuit of the C.I.A.'s U.F.O. file eventually provided the foundation for a ground-breaking Freedom of Information lawsuit filed by Ground Saucer Watch (G.S.W.), an Arizona-based U.F.O. organization. At the request of G.S.W. director William H. Spaulding, Peter Gersten, an attorney in the New York firm of Rothblatt, Rothblatt & Seijas, filed a civil action against the C.I.A. in December 1977 demanding all U.F.O. records in the agency's possession. The suit seemed to have achieved its-goal when late last year-the agency released about 400 documents nearly 900 pages of memos, reports and correspondence that attest to the agency's long involvement in U.F.O. matters. But the civil action_has_npt_seen-its_finaldayTrTcburt. By Gersten's account, the agency has arbitrarily withheld documents, made deletions without merit, and failed to conduct a proper search for U.F.O. materials. The agency's current actions, he says, perpetuate its 30-year policy of deliberate deception and dishonesty about U.F.O.'s. "What has been released to us seems to have been rather carefully selected," says Gersten. "We suspect that the agency is withholding at least 200 more documents than the 57 they have admitted they are keeping from us to protect intelligence sources." Victor Marchetti, a former executive

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many Government inquiries. Numerous dally updates kept the Joint Chiefs of Staff informed of these incursions by U.F.O.'s in the fall of 1975. Representatives of the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency as well as a handful of other Government desks received copies of the National Military Command Center's reports on the incidents. One report said that an unidentified object "demonstrated a clear intent in the weapons storage area." Though Air Force records show that the C.I.A. was notified several times . of these penetrations over nuclear missile and bomber bases, the agency has acknowledged only one such notification. Subsequent investigations by the Air Force into the sightings at Loring Air Force Base. Maine, where the remarkable series of events began, did not reveal a cause for the sightings.

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Despite official pronouncements for decades that U.F.O.'s were nothing more than misidentified aerial objects and as such were no cause for alarm, recently declassified U.F.O. records from the C.I.A.. the F.B.I, and other Federal agencies indicate that, ever since U.F.O.'s made their appearance in our skies in the 1940's, the phenomenon has aroused much serious behind-the-scenes concern in official circles. Details of the intelligence community's pro-

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ally be investigating our own secret weapons. High-level reassurances were obtained that this was not so. By the end of the summer, the F.B.I, had "failed to reveal any indication of subversive individuals being involved in any of the reported sightings." A RESTRICTED Army letter that found its way to Hoover's desk said that the bureau's services actually had The first sighting to be la- been enlisted to relieve the Air beled a "flying saucer" by the Forces "of the task of tracking press occurred on June 24, down all the many instances 1947, when an Idaho business- which turned out to be ashcan man flying his plane near covers, toilet seats and whatMount Rainier observed nine not." Incensed, Hoover moved disc-shaped objects making quickly to discontinue the buundulating motions "like a reau's U.F.O. investigations. saucer skipping over water." In September of that year, As early as World War II, Commanding Allied bomber pilots had told the Army Air ForceGeneral of the received a of "balls of light" that fol- letter from the Army Chief of lowed their flights over Japan Staff Lieut: Gen. Nathan F. and Germany. A U.S. Eighth Twining, saying that "the pheArmy investigation concluded nomenon reported is of somethat they were the product ol thing real and not visionary or "mass hallucination." fictitious," that the objects apThese and other incidents peared to be disc-shaped, "as were reported in a 1973 book by large as man-made aircraft," David Michael Jacobs, "The and "controlled either manuUFO Controversy in Amer- ally, automatically or remoteica," which until the recent re- ly." At Twining's request, lease of Government docu- project "Sign" was estabments was the most compre- lished. ' hensive reconstruction of the "Sign" failed to find any eviGovernment's U.F.O. involvedence that the objects were ment. When Scandinavians re- Soviet secret weapons and beported cigar-shaped objects in fore long submitted an unoffi1946, U.S. Army intelligence cial "Estimate of the Situasuspected that the Russians tion," classified TOP SEhad developed a secret weapon CRET, which indicated that with the help of German scien- U.F.O.'s were of interplanetists from Peenemiinde. The tary origin. The estimate C.I.A., then known as the Cen- eventually reached Air Force tral Intelligence Group, se- Chief of Staff Gen. Hoyt S. cretly began keeping tabs on Vandenberg, who rejected it for lack of proof. "Sign's" inthe subject. When the unknown objects conclusive final report rereturned to the skies, this time mained classified for the next over the United States in the 12 years. After "Sign," the Air Force summer of 1947, the Army Air Force set out to determine continued to collect U.F.O. what the objects were. Within data under the code name weeks, Brig. Gen. George F. "Grudge." This six-month Schulgen of Army Air Corps project found no evidence of Intelligence requested the foreign scientific development F.B.I.'s assistance "in locat- and therefore no direct threat ing and questioning the indi- to national security. It did, viduals who first sighted the however, stress that the reso-called flying discs " Un- ported sightings could be dandoubtedly swayed by flaring gerous. "There are indications cold-war tensions, Schulgen that the planned release of refeared that "the first reported lated psychological propasightings might have been by_ _ganda_would_cause_a form-of"individuals of Communist mass hysteria," the report sympathies with the view to stated. "Employment of these causing hysteria and fear of a , methods by or against an secret Russian weapon." J. enemy would yield similar reEdgar Hoover agreed to coop- sults ... governmental agenerate but, insisted that the bu- cies interested in psychologireau have "full access to discs cal warfare should be inrecovered." formed of the results of this The Air Force's behind-the- study." scenes interest contrasted A press release following the sharply with its public stance termination of "Grudge" althat the objects were products lowed the public to believe that of misidentifications and an the Air Force was no longer inimaginative populace. A se- terested in U.F.O.'s. But the curity lid was imposed on the Air Force continued to collect subject in July 1947, hiding a reports through normal intellipotentially "embarrassing gence channels until a drasituation" the following matic sighting of a U.F.O. at month, when both the Air the Army Signal Corps radar Force and the F.B.I, began center in Fort Monmouth, suspecting they might actu- N.J., in 1951 led to the reacti-

assistant to the agency's deputy director, agrees with Gersten. The entire exercise, Marchetti wrote recently in a magazine article, "has the same aroma of the agency's previous messy efforts to hide its involvement in drugs and mind-control operations, both prime examples of a successful intelligence cover-up."

vation of "Grudge." The Air Force project was renamed "Blue Book" in 1952, a year that saw a record number of U.F.O. reports. The situation got out of hand during the summer of 1952. On the morning of July 28, the Washington Post revealed that U.F.O.'s had been tracked on radar at Washington National Airport, the second such incident in a week. Reporters stormed Air Force headquarters in the Pentagon, where switchboards were jammed for days with U.F.O. inquiries. Military installations across the country handled such a volume of reports that "regular intelligence work had been affected," reported The New York Times. These events prompted action at C.I.A. headquarters, apparently at a request "from the Hill." From the start, the agency's involvement was to be kept secret. An August 1 C.I.A. memo recommended that "no indication of C.I.A. interest or concern reach the press or public, in view of their probable alarmist tendencies to accept such interest as 'confirmatory' of the soundness of 'unpublished facts' in the hands of the U.S. Government." The C.LA.'s Office of Scientific Intelligence (O.S.I.) found that the Air Force's investigation of the U.F.O. phenomenon was not sufficiently rigorous to determine the exact nature of the objects in the sky. Neither did the Air - Force deal adequately with the potential danger of U.F.O.-induced mass hysteria, or the fact that our air vulnerability was being seriously affected by the U.F.O. problem. O.S.I. chief H. Marshall Chadwell thought that our nation's defenses were running the increasing risk of false alert and, worse yet, "of falsely identifying the real as phantom." He suggested that a national policy be established "as to what should be told the public" and, furthermore, that immediate steps be taken to improve our current visual and electronic identification techniques so that '-instant positive identification of enemy planes or missiles can be made." Ever vigilant, the C.I.A. was keeping an eye on the possibility that U.F.O.'s could be of Soviet origin. By the winter of 1952, Chadwell had drafted a National Security Council proposal calling on a program to solve the problem of instant positive identification of U.F.O.'s. In a memo that accompanied the proposal, Chadwell urged that the reports be given "immediate attention." He thought that "sightings of unexplained objects at great altitudes and traveling at high speeds in the vicinity of major U.S. defense installations are of such nature that they are not attributable to natural phenomena or known types of aerial vehicles." He said that O.S.I, was proceeding with the establishment of a consulting group "of sufficient competence and stature to ... convince the responsible authorities in the community that immediate research and development onjhis subject_ "must be undertaken." But C.I.A. Director Gen. Walter B. Smith's interest apparently lay elsewhere. In a letter to the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board, he expressed a desire to discuss "the possible offensive and defensive utilization of these phenomena for psychological warfare purposes." Only later did Director Smith authorize recruiting an advisory committee of outside consultants. The scientific panel met for four days beginning Jan. 14, 1953. Chaired by Dr. H.P. Robertson, an expert in physics and weapons systems, the panel essentially bestowed the scientific seal of approval on previously established official policy regarding U.F.O.'s. The distinguished panelists felt that all the sightings could be identified once all the data were available for a proper evaluation in other words,

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the phenomena, according to the panel's report, were not "beyond the domain of present knowledge of physical sciences." Neither did the panelists find U.F.O.'s to be a direct threat to national security, though they believed that the volume of U.F.O. reports could clog military intelligence channels, precipitate panic, and lead defense personnel to ignore real indications of hostile action. The panel worried about Soviet manipulation of the phenomenon; that the reports could make the public vulnerable to "possible enemy psychological warfare." The real danger, they concluded, was the reports themselves. Fearing that the myth of U.F.O.'s might lead to inappropriate actions by the American public, the panelists decided that a "broad educational program integrating efforts of. all concerned agencies" must be undertaken. They sought to strip U.F.O.'s of their "aura of mystery" through this program of "training and 'debunking.'" The program would result in the "proper recognition of unusually illuminated objects" and in a "reduction in public interest in 'flying saucers.' " The panelists recommended that their mass-media program have as its advisers psychologists familiar with mass psychology and advertis-ing experts, while Walt Disney Inc. animated cartoons and such personalities as Arthur Godfrey would help in the educational drive. To insure complete control over the situation, the panel members suggested that flying-saucer groups be "watched because of their potentially great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should occur. The apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind." The panel's recommendations called for nothing less than the domestic manipulation of public attitudes. Whether these proposals were acted upon, the C.I.A. will not say. But the report was circulated among the top brass at the Air Technical Intelligence Center, the C.I.A.'s Board of National Estimates (of which Hoover was a member), the C.I.A.'s bureau chiefs, the Secretary of Defense, the chairman of the National Security _Respurces_Board,^and_the- director of the Federal Civil Defense Administration, who eventually sent a representative to meet with C.I.A. officials in order to "implement the appropriate aspects of the Panel's Report as applicable to Civil Defense." The Government's efforts in the 50's and 60's to squelch

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public apprehension over U.F.O.'s went beyond debunking and even touched the fiber of constitutionally protected free speech. According to author David Michael Jacobs, in 1953 the Air Force pressured Look magazine into publishing disclaimers throughout an article by retired Maj. Donald E. Keyhoe entitled "Flying Saucers From Outer Space." Then again, in 1965, the Army in a prepublication review denied clearance for a U.F.O.related article by one of its employees, Larry W. Bryant, a technical editor, until he took the issue to court. Meanwhile, the C.I.A. and the F.B.I, proceeded routinely in the surveillance of U.F.O. organizations and U.F.O. enthusiasts. People with U.F.O. interests were checked out by the F.B.I, at the request of the C.I.A., the Air Force, or private citizens inquiring about possible subversive activities. None caused as much consternation as the case of Major Keyhoe and the organization he directed, the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP). The C.I.A. appears to have had a protracted interest in NICAP, which was founded in 1956 and utilized by Keyhoe as an organizational tool for challenging the alleged Air Force cover-up on U.F.O.'s. Both the C.I.A. and the Air Force were upset by NICAP's wide-ranging influence. Its prestigious board of directors included, among others, Vice Adm. Roscoe Hillenkoetter, the first C.I.A. Director (1947-1950). "The Air Force representatives believe that much of the trouble... with Major Keyhoe could be alleviated," states a C.I.A. memo dated May 16,1958, "if the Major did not have such important personages as Vice Admiral R. H. Hillenkoetter. U.S.N. (Ret.) ... on the board " The Air Force suggested that if the Admiral were shown the SECRET panel report he might understand and take "appropriate actions." Whether or not the Air Force got through to the admiral. Hillenkoetter resigned from NICAP in 1961. The 60's saw further C.I.A. interest in NICAP. After a flurry of Washington-area sightings in 1965, the agency contacted NICAP about seeing some of its case files on the matter. Richard H. Hall, then NICAP_ assistant director, chatted with a C.I.A. agent in the NICAP office about the sightings, NICAP's methodology, and Hall's background. The agent's memo on the visit suggests that the C.I.A. had some role in mind for Hall, predicated upon his being granted a security clearance. Nothing apparently came of the suggestion. A later set of

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In 1966, mounting discontent from members of the press, Congress and the scientific community compelled the Air Force to commission an 18month scientific study of U.F.O.'s under the direction of Edward U. Condon, professor of physics at the University of Colorado. The politically expedient study, in which onethird of the 91 cases examined remained unidentified, reiterated official policy with one novel twist: U.F.O.'s "educationally harmed" schoolchildren who were allowed to use science study time to read books and magazine articles about U.F.O.'s. Condon wanted teachers to withhold credit from any student U.F.O. project. The Air Force took the cue and disbanded project "Blue Book" in 1969. Less than a decade later, the White House, perhaps in an attempt to make good Jimmy Carter's campaign promise to tell all about U.F.O.'s, suggested via science advisor Frank Press that possibly NASA could undertake a review of any significant new findings since Condon's study. NASA examined the offer, but saw no way to attack the problem on a scientific basis without physical evidence. They envisioned a public-relations nightmare if they were to accept such a project, and so re"jected-it. ~A"~frarik;~uvhouse" evaluation of NASA's options, however, noted that a handsoff attitude only begged the question. So in good spirit, the space agency offered to examine any piece of physical evidence brought to its attention. That position led one Federal aviation official to comment: "If you get a piece of the thing, fine. But don't bother me with anything else."

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tary directives still exist for reporting U.F.O.'s. The C.I.A. is still wary of the possibility that U.F.O.'s. may be of Soviet origin. "The agency's interest," says Katherine Pherson, a public-affairs officer for the C.I.A., "lies in its responsibility to forewarn principally of the possibility that a foreign power might develop a new weapons system that might exhibit phenomena that some might categorize as a U.F.O. But there is no program to actively collect information on U.F.O.'s." The agency's interest cannot be denied, however, as two 1976 memos reveal. The first, dated April 26, states: "It does not seem that the Government has any formal program in progress for the identification/solution of the U.F.O. phenomena. Dr. [name deleted] feels that the efforts of independent researchers, [phrase deleted], are vital for further progress in this area. At the present time, there are offices and personnel within the agency who are monitoring the U.F.O. phenomena, but again, this is not currently on an official basis." . Another memo, dated July 14, and routed to the deputy chief in the Office of Development and Engineering, reads: "As you may recall, I mentioned my own interest in the subject as well as the fact that DCD [Domestic Collection Division] has been receiving U.F.O. related material from many of our S & T [Science and Technology] sources who are presently conducting related research. These scientists include some who have been associated with the Agency for years and whose credentials remove them from the'nut'variety."
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If nothing else, the success of the U.F.O. paper chase may have lent U.F.O.'s a measure of respectability that has eluded the subject for the past third of a century. Though it appears that no U.F.O. sighting has ever represented an airborne. Soviet- - or ^foreigntlireaC the possibility that such an event could occur remains foremost in the coldwar-conscious Government mind. Should that threat come to pass, military officials believe, our nation's sophisticated defense system would know about it before someone getting a glass of milk in the middle of the night sees the threat hovering outside the kitchen window. Or so we are made to understand the Air Force's seemingly nonchalant advice to the public: "If you see a U.F.O. and you feel the situation warrants it, call your local police." D

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related both phases of OP-KIWI connromised by leak. "Terminate phase I and re-rdirect energy to dis-info. F8E-? can't be located at this time. RM has niaced him in safehouse somewhere near Cdwards. I don't even know the exact location. No transfer uill be approved until Phase I in *P??. CAP-? not ready to receive E8E-5. ?Von't even koow if th'ey have facilities available for holding. CLASS VV-II only available at Kirtland or Los Alamos, fust make decision before Jan IS. No other options open. , NOPAD not cooperatin-g with rjM on .ft-SITr studies- Ue may have to contact KRU~3n2 personnel and have them conduct study. NORAS still operating on old system. The fair* ord is only a few of NORAD's personnel are claar for '"SjONfinfo. open c l a s s II. REPEAT* BLOCK MOT I'Srn* *ON'T CHANGES TO BOTH SLOCKS. ' COKS E X P I P F 61"-' >!