Master Review Presidential Files

A.P. U.S. History

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Shaping a New Nation 17891824

Presidents:
1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

Washington Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe

George Washington
1.
1. 2.

Trivia

Myths wooden teeth anyone, Cherry tree lie (Parson Weems) Talents breeding mules (male donkey, female horse) Royal Gift

2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2. 3.

First Lady? French and Indian War (1754-1763) Commander of Continental Army Revolutionary War Articles of Confederation

Weak central government, strong state government Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

6. 7.
1. 2. 3.

Shays Rebellion, 1786 Constitutional Convention, 1787

Separation of powers Executive, Legislative, Judicial Checks and balances Electoral College, Congressional Caucus (picked candidates) Federalists vs. Anti-federalists The Federalist Papers

8.
1. 2.

Ratification of Constitution

9. 10. 11.
1.

Bill of Rights 1791 Cabinet Hamiltons 5 Point Economic Plan Implied powers, strict vs. loose Hamilton vs. Jefferson
1. 2. 3.

Bargain National Bank for Washington D.C.

12. 13.

Strong central gov. vs. states rights Life terms for senators vs. limited terms pro-British v. pro-French

14. 15.
1. 2.

Whiskey Rebellion, 1791 French Revolution

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Britain vs. France TESTS to Neutrality Proclamation
Citizen Genet Impressment British encouraged Native American attacks in NW frontier
1. 2. 3.

16.
1.

Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

1. 2. 3.

17. 18. 19.

1.

Jays Treaty, 1794 Pinckneys Treaty, 1795 Washingtons Farewell Address, 1796
Warned against:
1. 2. 3.

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 General Mad Anthony Wayne Treaty of Greenville, 1795

Permanent alliances Political parties Avoid sectionalism

20. 21.
1. 2.

Cotton Gin 1793, Eli Whitney, slavery died in north grew in south American painters who went to Europe to paint historical scenes
Benjamin West John Singleton Copley

22.
1. 2.

Portrait painting popular in late 1700s: OTHER ITEMS:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Gilbert Stuart hook me up with a George Washington Charles Wilson Peale Newburg Conspiracy, 1783 Annapolis Convention, 1786 Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise 3/5ths Compromise Judiciary Act of 1789

23.

Trivia

Myths thanks Parson Weems

wooden teeth anyone? cherry tree lie (Parson Weems)

Talents

breeding mules (male donkey, female horse) Royal Gift

Martha?

Prior to becoming presidentthe war hero?

French and Indian War

Fort Necessity

Commander of the Continental Army (Revolutionary War)

Articles of Confederation

Features:

weak central government strong state government Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Successes:

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S. 9

Northwest Ordinance 1787

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Creates 3-5 new territories in Northwest Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly Population of 60,000 may petition for statehood Bill of Rights provided Slavery outlawed
10

Shays Rebellion, 1786

Who: Led by Captain Daniel Shays What: Uprising against

high state taxes imprisonment for debt

Where:

Shays led 2000 rebels to Springfield, MA to storm the arsenal

Result:

showed weaknesses of Articles strengthens support for strong central government

11

Constitutional Convention, 1787

Separation of powers:

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

Checks and balances Electoral College (chooses president) Congressional Caucus

(picked candidates for president until nominating conventions)

12

Electoral College

The President is elected indirectly, not directly

States chose their electors who then voted for president. Each Elector was given two votes

The

person with the second highest total served as Vice President

Electoral votes come from the total number of representatives a state in the congress
13

Ratification of Constitution

Federalists vs. Anti-federalists The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights 1791

14

Judiciary Act, 1789

Created the federal court system:

Set up Supreme Court Federal District Court

Supreme Court rules on constitutionality of decisions:

Chief Justice and 5 associate judges John Jay 1st Chief Justice

15

Cabinet

Washington established a cabinet (heads of the executive branch departments) Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury Alex Hamilton Secretary of War Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund Randolph

These departments make up cabinet, which advises President

16

Hamiltons 5 Point Economic Plan

WHAT:

1.

All debts paid at face value (funding at par).

To help establish credit and get support from the rich!

2.

Federal government would assume all of the debts owed by the states.
Would tie the states more to the federal government!

3. 4.

Excise tax on liquor used to pay interest on the debt.

Tariffs taxes on foreign goods
For revenue (money) For protection of new American industry

5.

Create a strong National Bank. KEY:

Bargain National Bank for Washington D.C. 17

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Differences:

Strong central government. vs. states rights Life terms for senators vs. limited terms pro-British v. pro-French

Check out the football cartoon!

18

Implied powers, elastic clause

Article I, Section 8

contains a long list of powers specifically granted to Congress ends with the statement that Congress shall also have the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forfegoing powers.

Sometimes called "implied" powers A.k.a. "elastic" clause because it can be "stretched How much power does this clause grant to Congress?

19

Whiskey Rebellion, 1791

WHEN: 1794 WHAT:

farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey

RESULT:

several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army (13,000), led by Washington, put down the rebellion.

SIGNIFICANE:

swiftly and effectively SHOWED POWER of NEW FEDERAL GOVERNMENT!

20

French Revolution

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Britain vs. France

21

French Political Cartoons

22

French Revolution

WHAT:

Inspired by American Revolution The French people overthrew the King Louis XVI

guillotine a series of unsuccessful democratic governments followed Britain fought against France Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799.

U.S. RESPONSE:

The U.S. did nothing to aid either side.

23

George Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

WHY:

Britain and France went to war. The American public was torn over which nation to support.

WHAT:

George Washingtons response to the division:

the U.S. would stay out of the war

IMPACT:

Starts a long tradition of isolationism

24

TESTS to Neutrality Proclamation

1.

FRENCH:

Citizen Genet (wanted U.S. to help the French)

Impressment (British taking looking for deserters, taking anyone w/o identification) British encouraged Native American attacks in NW frontier

BRITISH:
1. 2.

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 General Mad Anthony Wayne Treaty of Greenville, 1795
25

Jays Treaty, 1794

26

Pinckneys Treaty, 1795

27

Washingtons Farewell Address, 1797

He warned:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Against making permanent alliances in foreign affairs Not to form political parties To avoid sectionalism About not brushing and flossing

28

Cotton Gin 1793

Eli Whitney, slavery died in north grew in south

29

Painting

WHAT:

Portrait painting popular in America during late 1700s and early 1800s:

Gilbert Stuart hook me up with a George Washington Charles Wilson Peale

Famous American painters who went to Europe to paint historical scenes

Benjamin West John Singleton Copley

30

Miscellaneous Washington

OTHER ITEMS:

Newburg Conspiracy, 1783 Annapolis Convention, 1786 Constitutional Convention

Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise 3/5ths Compromise

Judiciary Act of 1789

31

John Adams
1.
a. b. c. d. e.

Trivia

Forget Xbox 360, weve go - kites, marbles, and toy boats Lawyer - defended 9 British soldiers in Boston Massacre Nominated Washington to be Commander in Chief during Revolution Helped with Declaration of Independence Last words Jefferson still survives 50th anniversary of Declaration 7/4/1826 (no texting here, Jefferson was already dead!) American King vs. Demagogue Jefferson lost, but became Vice-President Business woman - Bond speculator remember the ladies French raids on shipping Encouraged piratesWheres Captain Jack when you need him?

2.
a. b.

Campaign of 1796 Adams vs. Jefferson (Federalist vs. Democratic-Republican) First Lady Abigail Adams
a. b.

3.

4.
a. b.

Challenges to Neutrality: Neutrality=big business (sell to both sides)! (Following Washingtons advice) X,Y,Z Affair
a. b. c. d.

5.

Led to war fever! Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute. Stopped trading with the French and used British Navy for protection Navy was built up and further developed. Went against those who opposed the Federalists (i.e. French and Democratic-Republicans) 10 Democratic-Republican Newspaper editors jailed Compact Theory Nullification

6.
a. b.

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

7.
a. b.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Quasi-War 1798-1800

a. b.
1. 2.

8.

Unofficial war - U.S. Navy vs. French Ended with treaty in 1800
French recognized U.S. neutrality U.S. increased trade with France

9.
a. b. c.

Popularitydecline

Popular until Quasi-War and Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists upset that he didnt declare war on France (they were pro-British after all) People felt their rights were infringed upon. Jefferson tied with Aaron Burr Election decided in House of Representatives (tied after 35 separate votes) Alexander Hamiltons influence helped Jefferson win and started animosity between him and Burr (duel time!) Wanted to keep federalist policies in place All created near the end of his term. Led to Marbury v. Madison Wealthy good schools Farmers (most people) Free people of color and slaves even less!
School between planting seasons Daughters less

10.
a. b. c.

Election of 1800 Jefferson v. Adams again

11.
a. b. c.

Midnight Appointments or judges

12.
a. b.

Education late 1700s

1. 2.

c.
1. 2.

In North, churches became centers of education for free people of color In South, slaves barred from church

13.
a. b.

Johnny Appleseed

John Chapman sold apple seedlings to people settling the frontier Myths wandering vagabond who loved nature and was peaceful to Native Americans

32

John Adams 2nd President (1 Term) PARTY - Federalist

33

John Adams Trivia

Did you know?:

Forget Xbox 360, weve go - kites, marbles, and toy boats
Lawyer - defended 9 British soldiers in Boston Massacre Nominated Washington to be Commander in Chief during Revolution Helped with Declaration of Independence Last words Jefferson still survives 50th anniversary of Declaration 7/4/1826 (no texting here, Jefferson was already dead!)

34

Campaign of 1796 Adams vs. Jefferson

First true election

Adams was a Federalist (victorious by 3 electoral votes) 71-68 Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican (became vice president).
35

First Lady Abigail Adams

Business woman - Bond speculator

Got rich from Hamiltons Economic Program (funding at par pay debts at full face value)

remember the ladies

36

Challenges to Neutrality:

Neutrality=big business (sell to both sides)!

French raids on shipping Encouraged piratesWheres Captain Jack when you need him?

37

X,Y,Z Affair

WHAT:

Adams (Following Washingtons advice) sent negotiators to sign treaty w/ France

French diplomat Led to war fever! Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute. Stopped trading with the French and used British Navy for protection Navy was built up and further developed.
38

Problem:

RESULT:

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

WHAT:

Went against those who opposed the Federalists (i.e. French and DemocraticRepublicans)

10 Democratic-Republican Newspaper editors jailed

RESULT:

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Compact Theory Nullification

39

Quasi-War 1798-1800

WHAT:
Unofficial war - U.S. Navy vs. French Ended with treaty in 1800

RESULT:

French recognized U.S. neutrality U.S. increased trade with France

40

John Adams Popularitydecline

TROUBLES:

Popular until Quasi-War and Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists upset that he didnt declare war on France (they were pro-British after all) People felt their rights were infringed upon.

41

Election of 1800 Jefferson v. Adams again

PROBLEM:

Jefferson tied with Aaron Burr

Election decided in House of Representatives (tied after 35 separate votes) Alexander Hamiltons influence helped Jefferson win and started animosity with Burr (duel time!) 12th Amendment added to Constitution (separate balloting for president and vice-president) 1st change in political parties in power (from Federalist to Democratic-Republicans) 42

SOLUTION:

SIGNIFICANCE:

Midnight Appointments or judges

WHAT:

John Adams wanted to keep federalist policies in place All created near the end of his term.

SIGNIFICANCE:

Led to Marbury v. Madison (judicial review)

43

Education late 1700s

Wealthy good schools Farmers (most people)

School between planting seasons Daughters less In North, churches became centers of education for free people of color In South, slaves barred from church
44

Free people of color and slaves even less!

Johnny Appleseed

WHO:

John Chapman sold apple seedlings to people settling the frontier

Myths

wandering vagabond who loved nature and was peaceful to Native Americans

45

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson 3rd President (2 Terms) PARTY Democratic-Republican Trivia: - nickname: Red Fox
Youngest delegate to first Continental Congress, wrote the Declaration of Independence (slave trade talk deleted) Jefferson an architect? Think Monticello, his home in Virginia! Oui, Oui, Jefferson was an ambassador to France during the Articles of Confederation!

Election Revolution of 1800

First change in party power! - Inaugural address We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists (unity theme)

Jeffersonian Democracy
Make government smaller, less involved Reduced size of military Recalled diplomatic (w/foreign countries) missions Review of government spending (cut debt by !) Albert Gallatin Secretary of Treasury (free trade, repealed excise tax)

Barbary Wars aka Tripolitan Wars

U.S. paid tribute to pirates off coast of N. Africa for safe passage of ships in Mediterranean Jefferson sent Navy to deal with pirates Stephen Decatur became a hero by destroying a captured American ship (Philadelphia) to keep it out of pirate hands!

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight Appointments of John Adams to keep Federalists in power! Jefferson refused William Marbury his commission and he sued for it! Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist) declared pt. of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional established Judicial Review (Supreme Court can void an act of congress if it violates the Constitution!)

Louisiana Purchase, 1804

Napoleon needed money doubled size of U.S. (gained 828,000 square miles); 4 cents an acre brought up strict v. loose construction argument

Other Explorers
Zebulon Pike (think Pikes Peak, CO - 1805-1807)

He also spied on Spanish while exploring!

Major Stephen Long

explored middle of Louisiana Purchase region, called it a Great American Desert

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804 - Meriwether Lewis (Jeffersons personal secretary) and William Clark
30 soldiers, 10 civilians (experts in botany, zoology, sign language, and navigation) Explored and documented St. Louis to Pacific Ocean Sacajawea 16 year old, Shoshone helped communicate with tribes suspicious of Lewis and Clark

Election of 1804 Jefferson big win, he was popular and Federalists werent a factor!
12th Amendment (separate voting for pres. and vice pres.) added in 1804 to prevent trouble (think Election 1800) Aaron Burr dropped and replaced w/George Clinton Jefferson planned to expand infrastructure to West (roads and canals), but then came the challenges!

Burr Conspiracy - Burr joined the Essex Junto powerful group of New England Federalists
Burr wanted to become gov. of NY and secede NY from the union and join Massachusetts as a new country! Duel Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr (1804) after Hamilton made comments insulting Burrs character Burr planned to join mercenaries and take over the southern Louisiana Territory to eventually secede from the union, but Gov. James Wilkinson informed Jefferson and Burr was arrested! Burr acquitted of treason by John Marshall (precedent made it hard for President to use treason as a political tool)

Challenges to NEUTRALITY under Jefferson

Barbary Wars Chesapeake-Leopard Incident, 1807

British Ship (Leopard) fired on American ship the Chesapeake (21 casualties) Public wanted war, but Jefferson remembered Washingtons warning, wanted to stay neutral!

Embargo Act, 1807

Jefferson issued embargo NO TRADE WITH EUROPEperiod! He wanted to force the British and French to respect American neutrality. Result=DISASTER farmers suffered, jobs in the shipping industry lost, businesses took huge hits! Unintended consequence American industry grew (no goods from Europe so we had to make them!) Repealed just before Jefferson left office, in 1809

Revolution in transportation Steamboat Robert Fulton , Clermont 1807 Benjamin Banneker

Super scholar, self taught, published an almanac from 1791-1802 (asked Jefferson to use influence to help blacks!

Triangular Trade
Slave trade banned in 1808, (remember 3/5ths Compromise?) but smuggling continued. Triangle=RUM from New England distilleries, to West Africa for SLAVES, to West Indies for MOLASSES, then molasses traded for RUMover and over and over again Slaves from West Indies sold to both North and South America Middle Passage deadly journey of slaves from West Africa to the West Indies

Noah Webster published dictionary that reflected the new American English! (12,000 more words than other)! Justice Samuel Chase
A Federalist Supreme Court judge (Revolutionary War hero, signer of the Declaration of Independence) Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached for publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration Chase was acquitted by the Senate, and the impeachment failed. (This is the only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.)

OTHER ITEMS: Religious freedom (Jefferson was a Deist (believed in a single creator that set universe in motion) for Virginia in 1786; Jefferson Dynasty (family of rulers think Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe all from Virginia!); Sally Hemmings controversy (fathered at least 1 or 2 children w/slave)

46

Trivia

nickname: Red Fox Youngest delegate to first Continental Congress, wrote the Declaration of Independence (slave trade talk deleted) Jefferson an architect? Think Monticello, his home in Virginia!

Oui, Oui, Jefferson was an ambassador to France during the Articles of Confederation!
47

Election Revolution of 1800

First change in party power!

Inaugural address We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists (unity theme)

48

Jeffersonian Democracy

WHAT:

Make government smaller, less involved Reduced size of military Recalled diplomatic (w/foreign countries) missions Review of government spending (cut debt by !) Albert Gallatin Secretary of Treasury (free trade, repealed excise tax)
49

HOW:

Barbary Wars aka. Tripolitan Wars

SITUATION:

U.S. paid tribute to pirates off coast of N. Africa for safe passage of ships in Mediterranean

RESPONSE

Jefferson sent Navy to deal with pirates Stephen Decatur became a hero by destroying a captured American ship (Philadelphia) to keep it out of pirate hands!
50

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Judiciary Act of 1801

Midnight Appointments of John Adams to keep Federalists in power!

PROBLEM:
Jefferson refused William Marbury his commission and he sued for it!

RESULT:
Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist) declared pt. of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

established Judicial Review

(Supreme Court can void an act of congress if it violates the Constitution!)

51

Louisiana Purchase, 1804

WHY:

Napoleon needed money doubled size of U.S. (gained 828,000 square miles); 4 cents an acre brought up strict v. loose construction argument

WHAT:

PROBLEM:

52

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804

WHO:

Meriwether Lewis (Jeffersons personal secretary) and William Clark

30 soldiers, 10 civilians (experts in botany, zoology, sign language, and navigation) 16 year old, Shoshone helped communicate with tribes suspicious of Lewis and Clark

Sacajawea

WHAT:

Explored and documented St. Louis to Pacific Ocean 53

Other Explorers

WHO:

Zebulon Pike (think Pikes Peak, CO - 18051807)

He also spied on Spanish while exploring!

WHO:

Major Stephen Long

explored middle of Louisiana Purchase region, called it a Great American Desert

54

Election of 1804

WHAT:

Jefferson big win, he was popular and Federalists werent a factor!

12th Amendment (separate voting for pres. and vice pres.) added in 1804 to prevent trouble (think Election 1800) Aaron Burr dropped and replaced w/George Clinton Jefferson planned to expand infrastructure to West (roads and canals), but then came the challenges!
55

Burr Conspiracy

RADICAL:

Burr joined the Essex Junto powerful group of New England Federalists Burr wanted to become gov. of NY and secede NY from the union and join Massachusetts as a new country!

Duel Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr (1804) after Hamilton made comments insulting Burrs character!

CONSPIRACY:

Burr planned to join mercenaries and take over the southern Louisiana Territory to eventually secede from the union, but Gov. James Wilkinson informed Jefferson and Burr was arrested!

RESULT:

Burr acquitted of treason by John Marshall (precedent made it hard for President to use treason as a political tool)
56

Challenges to NEUTRALITY under Jefferson

WHAT:
1.

Barbary Wars Chesapeake-Leopard Incident, 1807

1.

British Ship (Leopard) fired on American ship the Chesapeake (21 casualties) Public wanted war, but Jefferson remembered Washingtons warning, wanted to stay neutral! RESULT:

Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807

57

Embargo Act, 1807

WHAT:

WHY:

Jefferson issued embargo NO TRADE WITH EUROPEperiod!

He wanted to force the British and French to respect American neutrality. DISASTER farmers suffered, jobs in the shipping industry lost, businesses took huge hits! Unintended consequence

Result

Repealed just before Jefferson left office, in 1809

58

American industry grew (no goods from Europe so we had to make them!)

Triangular Trade

BACKGROUND:
Slave trade banned in 1808, (remember 3/5ths Compromise?) but smuggling continued.

WHAT:
Triangle=RUM from New England distilleries, to West Africa for SLAVES, to West Indies for MOLASSES, then molasses traded for RUMover and over and over again Slaves from West Indies sold to both North and South America Middle Passage deadly journey of slaves from West Africa to the West Indies
59

Revolution in transportation
1.

2.

Steamboat Robert Fulton Clermont ,1807

60

Benjamin Banneker

WHAT:

Super scholar, self taught published an almanac from 1791-1802 asked Jefferson to use influence to help blacks!

called on the colonists' personal experience as "slaves" of Great Britain

Helped survey the new capital (Washington, D.C.)

61

Noah Webster

published dictionary that reflected the new American English!

12,000 more words than other!

62

Justice Samuel Chase

WHO:

A Federalist Supreme Court judge (Revolutionary War hero, signer of the Declaration of Independence)

PROBLEM:

Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached for publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration

RESULT:

Chase was acquitted by the Senate, and the impeachment failed.

Vicious dogs were named after him!

SIGNIFICANCE:

Only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Set precedent(it just doesnt happen)
63

OTHER ITEMS - Jefferson

1.

Religious freedom for Virginia in 1786

A.

Jefferson was a Deist

1.

believed in a single creator that set universe in motion

2.

Jefferson Dynasty
A.

family of rulers think Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe all from Virginia!

3.

Sally Hemmings controversy

A.

fathered at least 1 or 2 children w/slave

64

Beau Brummel

Dandyism Considered to be the most fashionable man in the world at the time! Introduced the modern suit!...is that Armani? Took him 5 hours to dress! Supposedly polished his boots w/ champagne!

65

Enter Madison

66

James Madison

Thomas Jefferson 3rd President (2 Terms) PARTY Democratic-Republican

James Madison 4th President (2 Terms) PARTY Democratic-Republican Trivia First president to wear trousers instead of knee breeches! Father of the Constitution (Hey, he took good notes!) He authored the Kentucky Resolutions in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts Secretary of State under Jefferson, dealt with Marbury v. Madison (judicial Review) slow in taking ground, but firm when the storm rises Keeping America NEUTRAL Embargo Act of 1807 (JEFFERSON - failed, repealed) Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 U.S. traded w/everybody EXCEPT Britain and France until neutrality respected Macons Bill #2, 1810 U.S. will trade with the first country that respects its neutrality!

Native Americans - (pushed all over the place after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794) JEFFERSON lets assimilate them! Treaties w/Native Americans were not honored 100,000,000 acres acquired by 1810! Tecumseh Shawnee Chief wanted to form confederacy along frontier from Canada to Florida! His Brother Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) Realized that alcohol was a major problem for Native Americans. Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumsehs confederacy (when he was in the South recruiting) led by the Prophet (even thought he was told not to engage the army)

French under Napoleon agreed first (mainly to hurt the British)

War Hawks young politicians who wanted war w/Britain (b/c Britain wasnt respecting our neutrality)! Henry Clay (Kentucky) John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) raised on frontier/backwoods Wanted to expand country by taking over Canada, conquering Florida, and taking land from Native Pressured Madison to go to war against the British! Mr. Madisons War The War of 1812 Reasons for War of 1812

William Henry Harrison became war hero! (Old Tippecanoe)

OPPOSITION Came from Federalists in New England (pro-British and big business) EVENTS War of 1812

Impressment of sailors by the British The British did not respect our neutrality (seizure of our ships) Britain kept inciting Native American attacks on the northwestern frontier agenda of War Hawks (get Canada and Florida)

Many boycotted the war by the British (refused state militias to help, sold supplies to both sides and became rich)! Madison called for 50,000 volunteers only 5,000 showed upoops! (free people of color and slaves enlisted to fill void Madisons invasion of Canada (from Detroit) failed. (why? Canada b/c of super British Navy) Burning of Washington (White House) Francis Scott Key (prisoner during the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD wrote the Star Spangled Banner Treaty of Ghent December, 1814 - Peace talks in Ghent, Belgium - British demanded a lot but Henry Clay called their bluff and they eventually they gave in. Battle of New Orleans January, 1815 oops, the war was over! (Andrew Jackson only lost 21 men, the British lost over 2,000) Hartford Convention, 1815 Federalists from Mass. Conn., and R.I. discussed states being able to nullify federal acts; seceding from the union (this extreme measure pushed by the Essex Junto). Led to the death of the Federalist Party (public opinion=unpatriotic, treasonous) War over, but nothing changed (status quo ante bellum)! British U.S. relations closer (has been that way ever since)! U.S. is more respected than before! Oliver Hazard Perry (won control of Lake Erie); William Henry Harrison (defeated Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames River, 1813; Thomas McDonough; and Andrew Jackson (Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Battle of New Orleans)

RESULTS - War of 1812

NEW HEROES - War of 1812

Election of 1812 first during a war! Madison v. Dewitt Clinton (promised everything to everybody, mistake) - Madison won! Francis Cabot Lowell opened first mechanized textile factory in U.S., 1814 (good wages, clean quarters, hired local farm girls) helped change New Englands focus from shipping to manufacturing (industry) Sports Boxing Tom Molineaux (freed slave, first to fight an English Champion, lost in 2 fights) Other sports: horse racing, bowling, rowing, and my favorite gouging (talk about backwoods!) Other notes: Uncle Sam (based off New York businessman Samuel Wilson who stamped beef barrels with U.S.); gerrymandering; Beau Brummel; medicine=leeches and cayenne pepper! First LadyDolley Madison quick thinking when British marched on Washington during the War of 1812 saved the Declaration, national seal, a portrait of Washington and her parrot (arrwk Thank you, arrwk Thank you!)

67

Madison - Trivia

First president to wear trousers instead of knee breeches! Father of the Constitution (Hey, he took good notes!) He authored the Kentucky Resolutions in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts Secretary of State under Jefferson, dealt with Marbury v. Madison (judicial Review) slow in taking ground, but firm when the storm rises
68

Jefferson/Madison - Keeping America NEUTRAL

Embargo Act of 1807

JEFFERSON - failed, repealed

Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

U.S. traded w/everybody EXCEPT Britain and France until neutrality respected

Macons Bill #2, 1810

U.S. will trade with the first country that respects its neutrality!
French under Napoleon agreed first (mainly to hurt the British)
69

Native Americans

TROUBLES:

pushed all over the place after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794) Treaties w/Native Americans were not honored 100,000,000 acres acquired by 1810!

JEFFERSON lets assimilate them!

70

Tecumseh

WHO:

Shawnee Chief wanted to form confederacy along frontier from Canada to Florida! His Brother Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) Realized that alcohol was a major problem for Native Americans.

TROUBLES LED TO:

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumsehs confederacy led by the Prophet RESULT: William Henry Harrison became war hero!
Old Tippecanoe
71

Battle of Tippecanoe

When: 1811 What:

The Prophet and league of tribes was defeated by American army led by William Henry Harrison

RESULT:

Put an end to Tecumsehs venture to unite all tribes east of Mississippi River. Infuriates many Americans because of British aid to Indians Led Tecumseh to join with the British

72

War Hawks

WHO:
young politicians who wanted war w/Britain (b/c Britain wasnt respecting our neutrality)!

Henry Clay (Kentucky) John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) raised on frontier/backwoods

WHAT:
Wanted to expand country by taking over Canada, conquering Florida, and taking land from Native

SIGNIFICANCE:
Pressured Madison to go to war against the British!

73

Mr. Madisons War The War of 1812 Reasons for War of 1812
1. 2.

Impressment of sailors by the British The British did not respect our neutrality (seizure of our ships) Britain kept inciting Native American attacks on the northwestern frontier

3.

4.

agenda of War Hawks (get Canada and Florida)

74

OPPOSITION to War of 1812

WHO:
1.

Federalists in New England (pro-British and big business)

Many boycotted the war by the British (refused state militias to help, sold supplies to both sides and became rich)!

2. 3.

New England merchants Quids or Old Republicans the war violated commitment to limited federal government and peace

PROBLEM:

Madison called for 50,000 volunteers only 5,000 showed upoops! (free people of color and slaves enlisted to fill void

75

Election of 1812

First election during a war! RESULT:

Madison v. Dewitt Clinton (promised everything to everybody, mistake) Madison won!

76

Strange War of 1812

1814-three-pronged English attack

campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain campaign in the Chesapeake results in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815

Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814

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EVENTS War of 1812

Madisons invasion of Canada (from Detroit) failed. (why? Canada b/c of super British Navy) Burning of Washington (White House) Francis Scott Key

prisoner during the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Treaty of Ghent December, 1814

Peace talks in Ghent, Belgium - British demanded a lot but Henry Clay called their bluff and they eventually they gave in.

Battle of New Orleans

January, 1815 oops, the war was over! (Andrew Jackson only lost 21 men, the British lost over 2,000)

Hartford Convention, 1815

Federalists from Mass. Conn., and R.I. discussed states being able to nullify federal acts; seceding from the union (this extreme measure pushed by the Essex Junto). Led to the 78 death of the Federalist Party (public opinion=unpatriotic, treasonous)

Frances Scott Key

WHAT:

wrote the poem "Star Spangled Banner" about British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore (our flag was still there) poem was later set to the tune of an old English bar song

79

USS Constitution

Old Ironsides Raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia

80

RESULTS - War of 1812

RESULTS:
1.

War over, but nothing changed (status quo ante bellum)!

2.

British U.S. relations closer (has been that way ever since)! U.S. is more respected than before!
81

3.

NEW HEROES - War of 1812

Oliver Hazard Perry

won control of Lake Erie

William Henry Harrison

defeated Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames River, 1813

Thomas McDonough

Stopped British invasion from Canada with victory on Lake Champlain!

Andrew Jackson

Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Battle of New Orleans

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Oliver Hazard Perry

Led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie We have met the enemy and they are ours. Paved way for victory at Battle of Thames River where Tecumseh was killed

83

Thomas Macdonough

1814 Defeated British fleet on Lake Champlain British abandoned plan to attack New England area

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Andrew Jackson

Old Hickory Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March, 1814) defeated the Creek nation (British ally) Battle of New Orleans (January, 1815) British effort to control Mississippi River ended
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Battle of New Orleans

When: January, 1815 WHAT:

HOW:

British invasion force was defeated by Andrew Jacksons troops at New Orleans Jackson had been given the details of the British armys battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. 2200 British soldiers were killed or captured only 21 men U.S. soldiers were killed Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism. Andrew Jackson became a war hero!
86

RESULTS:

PROBLEM:

SIGNIFICANCE:

Treaty of Ghent

When: December 24, 1814 What:

Ended War of 1812

Status Quo Ante Bellum:

the state in which things were before the war Returned all conquered territory to they way it was before war started Recognized the prewar boundary of Canada and U.S.

Most problems left unaddressed

87 U.S. claimed success in a "second war of independence

Results of War of 1812

Gave Americans a feeling of national pride (inspired nationalism) and new respect The War of 1812 had cut off Americas access to British manufactured goods

forced the U.S. to develop the means to produce goods on its own (economic independence)

OTHERS:

closer ties to British; Federalist Party died; nullification issue (brought up again); Native Americans lose more land, new war heroes,
88

Essex Junto

Who:

a group of extreme Federalists

What:
advocated New Englands secession from the U.S. the major force behind the calling of the antiwar Hartford Convention

89

Hartford Convention

When: December, 1814 Who: New England Federalists What:

opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812
proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored

90 It turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

END

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