Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012

Enhanced the Environmental/Economic Dispatch

problem by Incorporation the wind farms in power
system
S. Mouassa and T. Bouktir
Department of Electric Engineering, University of Stif, (19000)-ALGERIA
souhil.mouassa@yahoo.fr tbouktir@yahoo.fr

AbstractWind farms interconnected to power system bring
new challenges to power system economic operation and
restructuring of network. Then it is imperative to study the
effect of these farms in the optimal power flow analysis
whether in the economic side or the environmental one-side.
In this paper the application of the Artificial Bee Algorithm
(ABC) is applied for solving the Multiobjective (MO)
environmental/economic dispatch including wind source. The
MOABC is used to minimize simultaneously total fuel cost
and emission of existing thermal units with considering
various constraints i.e. limits on generator real and reactive
power outputs, bus voltages, transformer tap-setting, and
power flow of transmission lines. The proposed algorithm is
tested using the standard IEEE 30-bus system.The results
show the effectiveness and computation performance of the
proposed method.

Key words : Artificial Bee Algorithms (ABC), multi-objective
optimization (MO), Environmental/Economic Dispatch (EED),
wind farms.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE increasing public awareness of the
environmental protection and the passage of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have forced
the utilities to modify their design or operational strategies
to reduce pollution and environmental emissions of the
thermal power plants, which are pollutant gases (Nox,
SO2, CO2, CO).Several options are proposed to reduce
unit emissions like installing cleaning equipments,
changing to fuel with less pollutants or dispatching with
emission consideration [2]. However, the quest to develop
renewable and clean energy sources, such as solar, wind
and solar-hydrogen energy, is the key to remedy this
problem. Among these many renewable resources, wind
power is the only one that offers a mature technique, as
well as promising commercial prospects, and is now
generally applied in large-scale electricity generation [3].
The wind power penetration would result in variations of
load flows in the interconnected systems, as well as re-
dispatch of conventional power plants, which may causes
the reduced reserve power capacity.
Conventional economic load dispatch cannot meet the
environmental protection requirements, since it only
considers minimising the total fuel cost. Traditional
optimization techniques, such as gradient-based method
are difficult to extend to the true multiobjective case,
because they were not designed to deal with multiple
optimal solutions. In most case, multiobjective problems
have to be scaled to a single objective problem before the
optimization [4].
Several stochastic search techniques such as genetic
algorithms (GA) [5], particle swarm optimization (PSO)
[6], differential evolution (DE) [1], bacteria foraging (BF)
algorithm [7] have been proposed to solve the EED
problem without any restriction on the shape of the cost
curves [8]. The results reported were promising and
encouraging for further research in this direction.
Moreover, some researchers have recently combined
different stochastic search techniques with each other or
with analytical solution methods and renewable source
simultaneously to enhance their performance for the
solution of EED [8]. A hybrid technique of Genetic
Algorithm (GA), Pattern Search (PS) and Sequential
Quadratic Programming (SQP) [9], hybrid Differential
evolution, hybridrid of Differential Evolution, Wind-Shunt
FACTS [11].
In this paper, Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC)
method is proposed to solve environmental/economic
dispatch (EED) problem with integration the medium scale
wind power into modern network as a new type of power
stations.
Section 2 of the paper provides a brief mathematical
formulation of different types of EED problems. A short
description of model the wind farms is discussed in
Section 3. The concept of ABC is described in Section 4.
The parameter settings for the test system to evaluate the
performance of ABC and the simulation studies are
discussed in Section 5. The conclusion is drawn in Section
6.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

The Multiobjective Emission/economic dispatch
problem is converted into single optimization problem by
introducing price penalty factor [12]:
Minimize
= , + 1 , (1)
where the scaling factor was selected as 550.66 in this
study and is a weighting factor varied in the range 0
1 .The boundary values =1 and =0 give the
T
Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012
conditions for the pure minimization of the fuel cost
function and the pure minimization of the emission cost
[13]:

Subject to :
g, = 0 (2)
avec , 0 (3)
Where
g, : is the equality constraints ;
, : is the system inequality constraints;
: is the vector of dependent variables (state variables)
including load bus voltage magnitudes .
: is the vector of control variables including real power
generation outputs except at the slack bus
1
, voltage
magnitudes

of all PV buses including the slack bus and

transformer tap settings.
expressed as

=
1
,

. .

,
1
. .

,
1
. .

(4)
where , and are the number of load buses, the
number of generators, and the number of transmission
lines, respectively.
Hence, u can be expressed as:

2
. .

,
1
. .

,
1
. .

(5)
III. OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS
A. Fuel Cost Objective
The conventional economic dispatch problem of finding the
optimal combination of power generation, which minimizes the
total fuel cost while satisfying the total required demand can be
mathematically stated as follows [14]:
:
, =
( ) h c P b P a
NG
i
i Gi i Gi i
/ $
1
2

=
+ +

(6)
where
: total fuel cost ($/hr),

($/h MW2),

($/h MW),

($/h),:
are fuel cost coefficients of

unit,

is the real power

generation of

unit

B. Emission Objective:
The most important emissions considered in the power
generation industry due to their effects on the environment
are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These
emissions can be modeled through a combination of
polynomial and exponential terms [6]:

, =
( ) ( ) ( )

+ +
NG
i
Gi i i i Gi i Gi i
P e d c P b P a
1
2 2
2
2
2
exp + 10

.....(7)
where
2
,
2 ,

2
,

and

are coefficients of the

generator emission characteristics.

- Equality Constraints
In the power balance criterion, the equality constraint
related
to the active power balance with consideration of wind
power should be satisfied expressed as follows: [11]

Loss D
Nw
i
wi
NG
i
Gi
P P P P +

= = 1 1
(8)
Where; represents the total number of generators,
the
number of wind source integrated into the system,

represents the active power of wind units, PD is the total
active power demand,

represent the transmission

losses

=
( ) | |
j i j i j i
NL
k
k
V V V V g o o +

=
cos 2
2 2
1
(9)
Where:

are the voltage magnitudes at bus i and j ;

i
,
j
are the voltage angles at bus i and j.

- Inequality Constraints
For stable operation, generator voltage, real power
output and reactive power output are restricted by the
lower and upper limit as follows:

(10)

(11)

(12)

i=1.......NG
where NT is the number tap of regulating transformer

: are minimum and maximum values of

voltage at bus i

: are respectively minimum and maximum

values of real power generation at bus i.

Wind power availability: the total wind power
generated, is limited by the available amount from the
wind

=1

=1
(13)
also Transformer tap settings are restricted by the mini
mum and maximum limits as follows.

(14)
i=1.........NT
where NT is the number tap of regulating transformer
in this paper the tap ratios of transformers are rounded and
implanted before the calcul of load flow.
- Security Constraints
Theses incorporate the constraints of voltage magnitudes
of load buses as well as transmission line loadings as
follows : [15].

(15)

, (16)
- Voltage Deviation
One of the important indices of power system security
is the bus voltage magnitude. The voltage magnitude
deviation from the reference value at each load bus must
Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012
be as small as possible [13] .The deviation of voltage is
given as follows:

V = V
i
V
i
rf

NB
i=1
(17)

where,

is the reference value of the voltage

magnitude at load bus i.
IV. MODELING OF WIND ENERGY
The principle of wind energy transformation based
aerodynamic power can be formulated using the following
equations [11]

0 <

1
2
. .
3
.

0 >

(18)
Where;
: is the air density,
S : the surface swept by the turbine
V : Wind speed

: Critical wind speed

: Wind stopping speed

=

: tip speed ratio

: is the blade length

: is the angular velocity of the turbine

V. OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL COLONY
BEE ALGORITHM (ABC)

Among the algorithms based on the foraging behavior
of honey bees, the ABC was designed to deal with
numerical optimization problems. ABC is based in two
natural processes: The recruitment of bees into a food
source and the abandonment of a source.
Three types of bees are considered in the ABC:
employed, onlooker and scout bees. The number of
employed bees is equal to the number of food sources and
an employed bee is assigned to one of the sources [12].
A bee waiting on the dance area for making decision to
choose a food source is called an onlooker and a bee going
to the food source visited by it previously is named an
employed bee. A bee carrying out random search is called
a scout. In the ABC algorithm, first half of the colony
consists of employed artificial bees and the second half
constitutes the onlooker. For every food source, there is
only one employed bee [15] .The employed bee whose
food source is exhausted by the employed and onlooker
bees becomes a scout [15] .In the ABC algorithm, each
cycle of the search consists of three steps: sending the
employed bees onto the food sources and then measuring
their nectar amounts; selecting of the food sources by the
onlookers after sharing the information of employed bees
and determining the nectar amount of the foods;
determining the scout bees and then sending them onto
possible food sources. At the initialization stage, a set of
food source positions are randomly selected by the bees
and their nectar amounts are determined. Then, these bees
come into the hive and share the nectar information of the
sources with the bees waiting on the dance area within the
hive. At the second stage, after sharing the information,
every employed bee goes to the food source area visited by
her at the previous cycle since that food source exists in
her memory, and then chooses a new food source by
means of visual information in the neighborhood of the
present one. At the third stage, an onlooker prefers a food
source area depending on the nectar information
distributed by the employed bees on the dance area. [16]
As the nectar amount of a food source increases, the
probability with which that food source is chosen by an
onlooker increases, too. Hence, the dance of employed
bees carrying higher nectar recruits the onlookers for the
food source areas with higher nectar amount. After
arriving at the selected area, she chooses a new food
source in the neighborhood of the one in the memory
depending on visual information. Visual information is
based on the comparison of food source positions. When
the nectar of a food source is abandoned by the bees, a
new food source is randomly determined by a scout bee
and replaced with the abandoned one. In our model, at
each cycle at most one scout goes outside for searching a
new food source and the number of employed and
onlooker bees were equal. [14] The probability Pi of
selecting a food source i is determined using the following
expression:

=
0.9

+ 0.1 (19)
Where

the fitness of the solution is represented by

the food sources i .
The food source in the neighborhood of a particular food
source is determined by altering the value of one randomly
chosen solution parameter and keeping other parameters
unchanged. This is done by adding to the current value of
the chosen parameter the product of a uniform value
between -1 and 1 and the difference in values of this
parameter for this food source and some other randomly
chosen food source [2]. Formally, suppose each solution

= 1,2, ,

consists of d parameters and let the
solution be:

=
1
,
2
, ,

(20)
With parameter values
1
,
2
, .

In order to determine a solution i,

in the neighborhood of

, a solution parameter j and another solution

=
1
,
2
, ,

are selected randomly.

Except for the value of the selected parameter j, all other
parameter values of

are same as

, i.e.
Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012

=
1
,
2
, .
1

.
+1

of the selected parameter j in

is determined using the

following formula

(21)

Where 1,2, . . , and 1,2, . . , are
randomly chosen indexes. (D is the number of parameters
to be optimized and each parameter is real coded),
although k is determined randomly, it has to be different
from i

is a random number between [-1, 1].If the

resulting value falls outside the acceptable range for
parameter j, it is set to the corresponding extreme value in
that range.
VI. APPLICATION OF ABC ALGORITHM ON
(EED) PROBLEM:
In ABC algorithm, the position of a food source
represents a possible solution to the optimization problem
and the nectar amount of a food source corresponds to the
quality (fitness) of the associated solution. The number of
the employed bees is equal to the number of food sources,
each of which also represents a site, being exploited at the
moment or to the number of solutions in the population. In
ABC Optimization, the steps given below are repeated
until a stopping criterion is satisfied. [17]
Pseudo-code of the ABC algorithm proposed for solving
constrained problems is given below:
1: Initialize the population of solutions

, i = 1. . .SN,
j = 1. .D(vector of control variables ).
2: Evaluate the population in the objective function ;
3: cycle=1 ;
4: repeat
5: Produce new solutions

for the employed bees by

using
(21) and evaluate them;
6: Apply the greedy selection process [15];
7: Calculate the probability

values for the solutions

by (19);
8: Produce the new solutions

for the onlookers from

the
solutions

selected depending on Pi, and evaluate

them;
9: Apply selection process based on Debs method [15];
10: Determine the abandoned solution for the scout, if
exists, and replace it with a new randomly produced
solution by

+ 0,1

11: Memorize the best solution achieved so far;
12: cycle=cycle+1;
13: until cycle=MCN

The ABC-EED has been developed by the software
MATLAB version 7.9. It is tested using the IEEE 30-bus
system The first test system has 41 lines, 6 machines, 4
Tap-changing transformers, and shunt capacitor banks
located at 2 buses (Figure1) and detailed data could be
obtained from [18].The parameter settings to execute
ABC.OPF are number of the bees in the colony=20,
limit=60, max-cycle=100, the power mismatch tolerance is
0.001 p.u, S
b
=100,and the total system demand amounts to
283.4MW. The system parameters including fuel cost
and emission coefficients are listed in Table III. The one
line diagram of IEEE 30-bus test system is shown in Fig.
1. Also one of the important aims of OPF is to keep all
voltages at values between 0.9 p.u and 1.1 p.u around the
nominal point of operation [14]. Therefore, Voltage
magnitude limits of all buses are set to 0.9 < < 1.1 in
this paper except voltages PV bus at between 0.95 p.u and
1.1 p.u , thus ensuring that the system is sufficiently far
away from the point of the collapse.


Figure 1. Single line diagram for the modified IEEE 30-Bus test system
TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF THE STANDARD IEEE 30-BUS
SIX- GENERATOR TEST SYSTEM
coefficients G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
C
o
s
t


a 0.0037 0.0175 0.0625 0.0083 0.025 0.025
b 2 1.7 1 3.25 3 3
c 0 0 0 0 0 0
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a2 4.09 2.54 4.26 5.33 4.26 6.131
b2 -5.554 -6.047 -5.094 -3.550 -5.094 -5.555
c2 6.49 5.64 4.59 3.38 4.59 5.15
e 2.0E-4 5.0E-4 1.0E-6 2.0E-3 1.0E-6 1.0E5
d 2.86 3.33 8.00 2.00 8.00 6.67

VII. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
To demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed
approach,
three different cases have been considered as follows:
Case 1 : Best minimum Fuel Cost;
Case 2 : Best minimum Emission Cost;
Case 3 : Best Compromise (Fuel +Emission).
The main objective for this first stage is organized as
follows:
Firstly, fuel cost and emission objectives are optimized
individually without presence the wind farms using single
objective ABC in order to explore the extreme generator
fuel cost and emission coefficients The best results of cost
Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012
and emission functions when optimized individually using
single objective ABC are given in Table II case 1&2.[6]
The proposed approach has been implemented to optimize
cost and emission objectives simultaneously, the best
compromise to the both objective function is given in case
3 on Table II. By comparing the results the following
observations can be inferred: in case 1, when the cost is
minimized individually, its value is the best one over case
2. Also, it can be seen that when the cost reaches its
minimum value, the emission will increase because these
two objective functions are in conflict with each other. The
cost objective function, in case 2 is more than that of case
1, reflecting the additional cost of considering emission as
the objective function. In other words, the additional cost
of cases 2 with respect to case one can be considered as
the cost of reducing the emission. Also in case 3 the value
of objective function is shown for weight (=0.5) , in other
words the importance of objective functions is considered
by weigh factors. Over all it is clear that by increasing the
weigh factor the importance of the objective function is
increased and its value is decreased.
TABLE II. THE RESULTS OF MINIMUM COST, EMISSION FOR IEEE 30-
BUS SYSTEM IN THREE CASES (W =1, W=0.5 AND W =0) BY ABC
Variables
Mi
n
Max Case 1 Case2 Case 3
PG1 (MW)

50 200 178,10 67,56 131,1
PG2 (MW)

20 80 46,01 72,66 55,701
PG5 (MW)

15 50 20,46 50,00 25,397
PG8 (MW)

10 35 23,42 35,00 35,00
PG11 (MW)

10 30 12,5 30,00 22,733
PG13 ( MW)

12 40 12,00 31,67 19,745
VG1 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,089 1,049 1,093
VG2 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,07 1,0460 1,077
VG5 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,033 1,0267 1,046
VG8 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,04 1,0289 1,041
VG11 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,052 1,0517 1,024
VG13 (Pu) 0,95 1,1 1,06 1,0535 1,063
T6-9 0,9 1,1 1,09 0,98 0,98
T6-10 0,9 1,1 0,99 1,07 0,96
T4-12 0,9 1,1 0,96 0,99 0,90
T27-28 0,9 1,1 0,99 0,98 0,96
Fuel Cost ($/h)


801,009 934,534 818,249
Emission Cost
($/ton)

0,3708 0,2175 0,2717
Transmission
losses (MW)
9,1 3,4961 6,3078
AV=|Vi-Vrf| 0,3416 0,3573 0,3859

The main objective for this second stage is the
integration of wind source in the bus 14, 20 and 24
(figure 1) to minimize the single and Multiobjective
function in order to achieve a minimum of emission and
generation cost .The objective function here is to minimize
the active power loss ( (

) in the transmission system.

It is given as: [10]

Minimize (

)
Where

=
( ) | |
j i j i j i
NL
k
k
V V V V g o o +

=
cos 2
2 2
1

1) The Equality Constraints

1
+
2

Losse
Nw
i
w
NG
i
Gi
P P P =

= = 1 1

Where
1
: the new active power associated to the
conventional units;

2
=

=
Nw
i
w
P
1

2
:the new active power associated to the wind source;
the corresponding EED results are given in Table III.
TABLE III. THE RESULTS OF MINIMUM COST, EMISSION FOR IEEE
30-BUS SYSTEM IN THREE CASES (W =1, W=0.5 AND W =0) WITH WIND
FARMS
Variables Min Max Case 1 Case2 Case 3
PG1 (MW)

50 200 160.5053 57,1758 122
PG2 (MW)

20 80 45.8566 56,0475 51,7929
PG5 (MW)

15 50 18.2249 50,00 23,5851
PG8 (MW)

10 35 15.0745 35,00 27,5808
PG11 (MW)

10 30 10,00 30,00 19,2973
PG13 ( MW)

12 40 12,00 28,1807 14,9747
VG1 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1.084 1,0046 1,0781
VG2 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,062 0,9975 1,0608
VG5 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 0.9997 0,9841 1,0310
VG8 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,0362 0,9790 1,0541
VG11 (Pu)

0,95 1,1 1,0826 1,0093 1,0285
VG13 (Pu) 0,95 1,1 1,0584 1,0477 1,0591
T6-9 0,9 1,1 0,97 1,08 0,96
T6-10 0,9 1,1 1,07 1,05 1,03
T4-12 0,9 1,1 0,94 1,02 0,97
T27-28 0,9 1,1 0,94 0,90 0,99
Fuel Cost ($/h)


696.629 826,73 663,895
Emission Cost
($/ton)

0,3322 0,2092 0,2553
Transmission
losses (MW)
8.2613 3,004 5,5938
TABLE IV. THE RESULTS OF MINIMUM COST

=
Nw
i
w
P
1
(10,59%),

= 283,4
Bus 14 20 29
Q (MVAR) 4.6292 -6.7070 3.505

(MW) 6 9 15
V(p,u) 1,0247 1,0113

1,0215

=
NG
i
G
P
1
(89,41%),

= 253,4
Fuel Cost
($/h)

696.629

Table IV, shows the results based on the integration of
the wind source, the goal is to have a stable voltage at the
candidate buses by exchanging the reactive power with the
network, the active power losses reduced to 8.2613MW
compared to the base case: 9.1MW, without integration of
wind source, the total cost also reduced to 696.629 $/h
compared to the base case (801.009 $/h),the emission cost
also reduced to 0.3322$/ton compared to the base case1:
0.3708$/ton
Figure. 4, 5 shows the convergence characteristic of
emission cost for the IEEE 30-Bus with and without
consideration of renewable source, Fig 35 shows the
distribution of power transit in the different branches.
Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012

Figure 2. Real power output for six generation units
It can be seen from table 3 that compared with the
results of table 2 the total system cost and emission and
both decreased after incorporating wind sources and all
control variables are remained within their permissible
limits.
Also, based on the (Figure 3) can be seen that the active
power transit reduced clearly compared to the case without
integration of wind source which enhance the system
security

Figure 3. Active power transit (Pij) with and without wind source IEEE
30-Bus

Figure 4. Convergence characteristic of the 6 generating units with
consideration of wind source


Figure 5. Convergence characteristic of the 6 generating units
withoutwind source
VIII. CONCLUSION

In this paper, Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm has
been applied to environmental/economic power dispatch
optimization problem with incorporating wind farms,this
approach treats economic and emission impact as
competing objectives, which requires some reasonable
trade-off among objectives to reach an optimal solution.
The IEEE 30 system is used to analyze the effect of
connected wind farm on the power system operation. The
numerical results can provide valuable information in the
impact of wind farms to enhance the performance of
power system in term of reduction the environmental
pollution and also bring the considerable economic
benefits.

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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
without wind farms
with wind farms
P
G1
P
G2
P
G3
P
G4 P
G5
P
G6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Pij (max)
without wind
with wind
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.205
0.2075
0.21
0.2125
0.215
0.2175
0.22
0.2225
0.225
0.2275
0.23
0.2325
0.235
Iterations
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n


C
o
s
t



(
$
/
t
o
n
)


with wind farms
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.215
0.2175
0.22
0.2225
0.225
0.2275
0.23
0.2325
0.235
0.2375
0.24
Iterations
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

c
o
s
t

(
$
/
t
o
n
)


without wind farms
Second International Conference on Renewable Energy (ICRE12 ) ,Bejaia, Algeria, 15-16 Avril 2012

[8] biswajit purkayastha & nidul , "Optimal Combined Economic and
Emission Load Dispatch using Modified NSGA-II with Adaptive
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