Formulas of power engineering

Cross section * for direct current and single phase alternative current of known current for three-phase current * for direct current and single phase alternative current of known power for three-phase current

2Il (mm2) u 1;732 I cos l (mm2) q= u 2IP (mm2) q= uU IP (mm2) q= uU

q=

Phase angle is a phase angle between voltage and current

cos 1;0 0;9 0;8 0;7 0;6 0;5 sin 0 0;44 0;6 0;71 0;8 0;87
Insulation resistance Siso Da Riso = ? In d l

? 108 (M ? km)

Voltage drop For low voltage cable network of normal operation, it is advisable of a voltage drop of 3 5%. On exceptional case, higher values (up to 7%) can be permitted in case of network-extension or in short-circuit. * for direct current 2Il (V) of known current u= q for single phase alternative current for direct current of known power

Specific Insulation resistance R 2 l 108 Rs = In Da di Da d di l Siso = = = = = outer diameter over insulation (mm) conductor diameter (mm) inner diameter of insulation (mm) length of the line (m) Spec. resistance of insulation materials ( ? cm)

for three-phase current

*

2 I cos l (V) q 1;732 I cos l (V) u= q

u= u=

2IP (V) qU for single phase 2IP (V) u= qU alternative current IP for three-phase current u= (V) qU 2 u = voltage drop (V) q = cross-section (mm ) U = operating voltage (V) I = working current (A) P = power (W) l = length of the line (m) Rw = effective resistance (/km) L = Inductance (mH/km) (Kappa) = electrical conductivity L = inductive resistance of conductors ()/km) ( = 2 ? ? f at 50 Hz = 314) -copper : 58 -Alu : 33
Nominal voltage The nominal voltage is to be expressed with two values of alternative current U0/U in V (Volt). U0/U = phase-to-earth voltage : Voltage between conductor and earth or metallic U0 covering (shields, armouring, concentric conductor) U : Voltage between two outer conductors p : U/ 3 for three-phase current systems U0 : U/2 for single-phase and direct current systems U0 U0/U0 : an outer conductor is earth-connected for A. C.- and D. C.-systems Nominal current I in (A) Active current Iw = I ? cos Reactive current I0 = I ? sin Apparent power (VA) S=U?I S = 1,732 ? U ? I Active power (W) P = U ? I ? cos P = 1,732 ? U ? I ? cos P=U?I Reactive power (var) Q = U ? I ? sin Q = 1,732 ? U ? I ? sin (Voltampere reactiv) for single phase current (A. C.) for three-phase current for single phase current (A. C.) for three-phase current for direct current for single phase current (A. C.) for three-phase current Q = P ? tan

Mutual capacity (CB) for single-core, three-core and H-cable) r 103 (nF/km) CB = 18 In Da d

Da r + 0,25) mH/km Da three-phase 0,2 ? (In r + 0,25) mH/km Da = distance mid to mid of both conductors = radius of conductor (mm) r = dielectric constant r 0,25 = factor for low frequency
0,4 ? (In Earth capacitance EC = 0,6 ? CB Charging current (only for three-phase current) = U ? 2 f ? CB ? 106 A/km per core at 50 Hz ILad Charging power PLad = ILad ? U Leakage and loss factor = tan ? C (S) G tan = = = = =

Inductance Single-phase

G C

C tan S

2 f Capacity loss factor 1 Siemens = 1

Dielectric loss Dv = U2 ? 2 f ? CB ? tan ? 106 (W/km) f bei 50 Hz tan PE/VPE (XLPE) ,0,0005 EPR ,0,005 Paper-single core, three-core, H-cable Oil-filled and pressure cable PVC cable

R
,0,003 ,0,003 ,0,05

It should be noted that for the current load of the insulated cables and wires of selected cross-section, the power ratings table is also be considered. To estimate the voltage drop of insulated wires and cables for heavy (big) cross-sections of single- and three-phase-overhead line, the active resistance as well as the inductive resistance must be considered. The formula for single-phase (A. C.): U = 2 ? l ? I ? (Rw ? cos + L ? sin ) ? 103 (V) Three-phase: U = 1,732 ? l ? I ? (Rw ? cos + L ? sin ) ? 103 (V)

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