406 201112

ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS

Vol.40, No.6 Dec., 2011

Bourgain Space X s, b With Applications to the KdV Type Equations

CHEN Wengu
(Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, P. O. Box 8009, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China) Abstract: In this paper we review the local and global well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the KdV type equations by using Bourgain space technique. Key words: local well-posedness; global well-posedness; Bourgain space; dispersive equation; Cauchy problem MR(2000) Subject Classication: 35Q53 / CLC number: O175.29 Document code: A Article ID: 1000-0917(2011)06-0641-14

1 Bourgain Space
Consider the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for nonlinear dispersive equations t = iH + F (), (0) = 0 H s , (1)

where Hf () = h()f (), h() is a real-valued function and F () is a nonlinear function of unknown function (t, x). We call = h() dispersive relation of the Cauchy problem. We concentrate on the local and global well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for KdV type equations. In the above and below, as local well-posedness we refer to nding a Banach space (X, X )-when the initial data 0 X, there exists a time T > 0 depending on 0 X or the prole of 0 such that (1) has a unique solution in C([0, T ], X) Y (Y is a Banach space with respect to variables t and x, for example choosing Y the Lebesgue integrable function space Lq Lp or Bourgain space X s, b ) and the data-solution mapping 0 is continuous. If the t x Cauchy problem is not local well-posedness, we call it ill-posedness. If the existence time of the solution T can be extended to the positive innite, then local well-posedness is said to be global well-posedness. Of course, the choice of the Banach space relies upon the boundedness of the fundamental solution to the corresponding linear homogenous equation or the conservation laws for equation itself. By Picard iteration method, the local well-posedness of (1) reduces to proving the following multilinear estimates: F ()
X s, b1

k X s, b

(2)

Received date: 2011-03-11. Foundation item: This work is supported in part by NSFC(No. 10931001). E-mail: chenwg@iapcm.ac.cn

642

40

for some b > 1 , assuming that F () = F (, , ) is a k-linear function of . 2 The Bourgain spaces X s, b in their modern form were introduced by Bourgain[8], although they appear in the context of one-dimensional wave equations in the earlier work of Beals[1] and Rauch-Reed[55] , and implicitly in the work of Klainerman and Machedon[41] . After developed by Kenig-Ponce-Vega[38], Bourgain spaces have become fundamental and eective tools to study the low-regularity behavior of nonlinear dispersive equations[60] .
s, b We call X =h() if

s, b X =h()

h() b (, )

L2 ,

< +,

(3)

where = (1 + ||2 ) 2 . Bourgain spaces capture the dispersive smoothing eect of dispersive equations.

2 Multilinear Estimates for Bourgain Space

Multilinear estimates for these Bourgain spaces were systematically studied by Tao in [58]. For example, how to prove the bilinear estimate F (, )
X s, b1

2 X s, b .

(4)

By the duality of the spaces X s, b1 and X s, 1b , it suces to show the trilinear form estimate F (, )
2 X s, b

X s, 1b .

By the denition of Bourgain space norm, it reduces to showing J= K(, , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 )u(, )v(1 , 1 )w(2 , 2 )dd d1 d1 w 2, m(, 1 ) s h() b1 . 1 s 2 s 1 h(1 ) b 2 h(2 ) b

=1 +2 =1 +2

u where

K(, , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 ) =

There are two methods to estimate the quantity J. One approach proceeds using the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality as rst presented by Bourgain, Kenig-Ponce-Vega J K K d1 d1
L (L2 ,
1 ,1

1 2

|v(1 , 1 )w( 1 , 1 )| d1 d1
2

1 2

dd |u(, )|1

v
1 ,1

and reduces to proving K

L (L2 ,

< . This is the main diculty to deal with by Strichartz

estimates and dispersive smoothing eect. Terence Tao introduced another approach. This is Taos [k; Z]-multiplier norm method.

Bourgain Space X

s, b

With Applications to the KdV Type Equations

643

Let Z be any Abelian additive group with an invariant measure d. For any integer k 2, we let k (Z) denote the hyperplane k (Z) := {(1 , , k ) Z k : 1 + + k = 0}, which is endowed with the measure f :=
k (Z) Z k1

f (1 , , k1 , 1 k1 )d1 dk1 .

A [k; Z]-multiplier is dened to be any function m : k (Z) C. And the multiplier norm m
[k; Z]

is dened to be the best constant such that the inequality

k k

m()
k (Z) j=1

fj (j ) C
j=1

fj

L2 (Z) ,

(5)

holds for all test functions fj on Z. By Taos [k; Z]-multiplier norm method, bilinear estimate is reduced to proving that K [3; Z] is nite. To avoid taking the supremum in the whole space with respect to , , it utilizes dyadic decomposition and orthogonality before resorting to Cauchy-Schwartz. The advantages of dyadic decomposition are that one can reuse the estimates on dyadic blocks to prove other estimates, and the nature of interactions between dierent scales of frequency is more apparent. For example, for the KdV equation, the resonance function is dened by h(1 , 2 , 3 ) = h(1 ) + h(2 ) + h(3 ) = 1 2 3 , which measures to what extent the spatial frequencies 1 , 2 , 3 can resonate with each other.
3 Here j := j h(j ), h(j ) = j .

By dyadic decomposition of the variables j , j , as well as the function h(), one is led to consider XN1 , N2 , N3 ; H; L1 , L2 , L3 where XN1 , N2 , N3 ; H; L1 , L2 , L3 is the multiplier
3 [3; RR] ,

(6)

XN1 , N2 , N3 ; H; L1 , L2 , L3 (, ) := |h()|H
j=1

|j |Nj |j |Lj .

(7)

Taos fundamental estimate on dyadic blocks for KdV is as follows[58] . Theorem 2.1 Let H, N1 , N2 , N3 , L1 , L2 , L3 > 0. ((++)Coherence) If Nmax Nmin and Lmax H, then we have (6)
1 2 4 4 Lmin Nmax Lmed .

644

((+-)Coherence) If N2 N3 N1 and H L1 (6)

1 2 Lmin Nmax min H,
1

40

L2 , L3 , then
1 2

Nmax Lmed Nmin

Similarly for permutations. In all other cases, we have (6)

1 2 Lmin Nmax min(H, Lmed ) 2 .
1 1

With Theorem 2.1 one can prove sharp bilinear estimates in both the periodic and nonperiodic setting. See [58] for concrete examples. Also we will give some other examples below.

3 Local Well-posedness by Classical Bourgain Space

Consider the Cauchy problem for the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equations with data in the classical Sobolev space H s (R):
3 t u + x u + uk x u = 0, (x, t) R R, k Z+ , u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x R,

(8)

where u0 H s (R). For k = 1 the equation was derived by Korteweg and de Vries[42] as a model for long wave propagating in a channel; we shall refer to it as the KdV equation. Subsequently the KdV and its modied form mKdV(k = 2 in (8)) were found to be relevant in a number of dierent physical systems. In fact, a large class of hyperbolic models has been reduced to these equations. Also they have been studied because of their relation to inverse scattering theory and to algebraic geometry; see [49]. A large amount of work has been devoted to the existence problem for the Cauchy problem (8). We just mention the systematical study by Kenig, Ponce and Vega[35] by using harmonic analysis technique such as oscillatory integral estimates(see [34, 56]) and maximal function estimates other than Bourgain space technique. Theorem 3.1[35] The Cauchy problem (8) is locally well-posed in H s (R) with 3 if k = 1, s > 4 , 1 s 4, if k = 2, 1 if k = 3, s 12 , s k4 , if k 4. 2k We remark that H sc , sc =
k4 2k

(9)

is the scale-invariant regularity for (8). So the local well-

posedness obtained in above theorem is optimal for k 4. In his seminar paper[8] , Bourgain introduced new function spaces X s, b , adapted to the linear
3 operator t + x , for which there are good bilinear estimates for the nonlinear term uu. Using these spaces, Bourgain was able to establish local well-posedness of KdV in L2 (R), and hence, by

a conservation law, global well-posedness in the same space. Kenig, Ponce and Vega developed 3 this method and obtained local well-posedness of KdV for s > 4 . Meanwhile, they pointed

Bourgain Space X

s, b

With Applications to the KdV Type Equations

645

out that Bourgain space could not improve the well-posedness of mKdV equation, i.e., the local well-posedness of the mKdV equation in H s (R) for s 1 is sharp, which was rst shown in [35]. 4 But Tao in [58] gave an alternate proof of this local well-posedness by using Theorem 2.1. The 3 well-posedness of KdV equation at the endpoint s = 4 was achieved by Christ, Colliander and Tao in [21] by using a modied Miura transform. Below s = 3 , the solution map is known to 4 not be uniformly continuous(see [52, 39, 21]). Similarly, s = 1 is the threshold for the mKdV 4 local theory(see [11, 21]). For k = 3, Grnrock in [25] proved the local well-posedness in H s (R) u for s > 1 and this result was improved by Tao in [59] to H s (R) for s = 1 which is the
6 6

scale-invariant regularity. In summary: Theorem 3.2 The Cauchy problem (8) is locally well-posed in H s (R) with 3 s 4 , 1 s 4, 1 s > 6 , k4 s 2k , if if if if k k k k = 1, = 2, = 3, 4.

(10)

The local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem (8) is almost complete in H s (R) if we ask the solution map to be uniformly continuous. We pay attention to other KdV type equations. In 1992, Benjamin in [4] introduced the following Benjamin equation:
2 3 t u x u + Hx u + x u + x (u2 ) = 0, u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x R.

(x, t) R R,

(11)

In Physics, the Benjamin equation describes the vertical displacement, bounded above and below by rigid horizontal planes, of the interface between a thin layer of uid atop and a much thicker layer of higher density uid. In addition, the case = 0 and = 0 in (11) induces the Benjamin-Ono equation see Kenigs survey[33] but also Ionescu-Kenig[30] and Burq-Planchon[10] for more information. Kozono, Ogawa and Tanisaka in [43] and Guo and Huo in [26] proved the local well-posedness for (11) by using Bourgain space and obtained respectively Theorem 3.3[43]
s

The Cauchy problem of (11) for (, ) = (1, 0) and (1, 0) is The Cauchy problem of (11) for = 0, = 0 is locally well-posed in

3 locally well-posed in H (R) for s > 4 .

Theorem 3.4[26] H s (R) for s 1 . 8

Chen and Xiao in [20] used Taos [k; Z]-multiplier norm method to obtain the fundamental estimate on dyadic blocks for Benjamin equation analogous to Theorem 2.1 and then prove that Theorem 3.5[20]
s

For , , R with = 0, the Cauchy problem of (11) is locally

3 3 well-posed in H (R) for s > 4 and the solution map is not C 3 smooth at zero for s < 4 . 3 Theorem 3.5 is almost sharp in the sense that s > 4 and s < 3 deduce the positive and 4 negative aspects of the posedness of (11) respectively. The negative part of Theorem 3.5 is a new

discovery and achieved via Bejenaru-Taos general argument for ill-posedness[2] plus an example in Bourgain[9] or Tzvetkov[63].

646

40

3 How about the local well-posedness at s = 4 ? Due to the fact that the key bilinear estimate for Bourgain space:

x (uv)

X s, b1

c u

X s, b

X s, b

(12)

3 fails for any s 4 and b R, we conjectured that (11) is locally well-posed for the intermediate

index s = 3 . 4 Next we concern with the local well-posedness of Cauchy problems for the Kawahara equation ut + uux + uxxx + uxxxxx = 0, u(x, 0) = u0 (x) x, t R, (13)

and for the modied Kawahara equation ut + u2 ux + uxxx + uxxxxx = 0, u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x, t R, (14)

where and are real constants and = 0. Attention will be focused on solutions in Sobolev spaces of negative indices. These fth-order KdV type equations arise in modeling gravitycapillary waves on a shallow layer and magneto-sound propagation in plasmas(see e.g. [32]). The well-posedness issue on these fth-order KdV type equations has previously been studied by several authors. In [54], Ponce considered a general fth-order KdV equation ut + ux + c1 uux + c2 uxxx + c3 ux uxx + c4 uuxxx + c5 uxxxxx = 0, x, t R

and established the global well-posedness of the corresponding Cauchy problem for any initial data in H 4 (R). In [36] and [37], Kenig, Ponce and Vega studied the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the following odd-order equation:
2j+1 2j ut + x u + P (u, x u, , x u) = 0,

where P is a polynomial having no constant or linear terms. They obtained the local wellposedness for u0 H s (R) L2 (|x|m dx), where s, m Z+ . Cui, Deng and Tao in [23] established the local well-posedness in H s with s > 1 for the Kawahara equation. Wang, Cui and Deng in a very recent work[65] obtained the 7 local well-posedness in H s with s 5 for the Kawahara equation by the same method as in [23]. Their method is derived from that of Kenig, Ponce and Vega[38] for the cubic KdV equation. In [57], Tao and Cui studied the low regularity solutions of the modied Kawahara equation (14) and proved the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem in any Sobolev space H s (R) with s 1 by employing an approach of Kenig-Ponce-Vega for the generalized KdV equations[35] . 4 In [18], the authors improved the existing low regularity well-posedness results. To this end, the authors rst derived a fundamental estimate on dyadic blocks for the Kawahara equation by following the idea in the [k; Z]-multiplier norm method and then applied this fundamental estimate to establish new bilinear and trilinear estimates in Bourgain spaces. This fundamental

Bourgain Space X

s, b

With Applications to the KdV Type Equations

647

estimate on dyadic blocks for the Kawahara equation was used to consider the well-posedness for other equations, see [44] and [19]. Combining these estimates with a contraction mapping argument, the authors can prove the following two theorems. 7 Theorem 3.6[18] For s > 4 , the Cauchy problem of Kawahara equation (13) is locally well-posed in H s (R). Theorem 3.7[18] For s 1 , the Cauchy problem of modied Kawahara equation (14) 4 is locally well-posed in H s (R).

4 Well-posedness by Revised Bourgain Space

Molinet and Ribaud in [50] and [51] considered the following Cauchy problem for dissipative versions of Korteweg-de Vries equation ut + uxxx uxx + uux = 0, t R+ , x R, u(0) = , (15)

which describes the propagation of small amplitude long waves in some nonlinear dispersive media when dissipative eects occur. For KdV equation, the wave energy is conserved. In many real situations, however, it is dicult to avoid energy dissipation mechanisms. This is the purpose to investigate how KdV equation is modied by the presence of dissipation and also the eect of such dissipation on the solution. See [53] for the background. Special point of the equation (15) is that there are interactions among dispersive/dissipative terms and nonlinear terms. In [50], Molinet and Ribaud used the classical Bourgain space which is related to the free KdV equation and obtain that Theorem 4.1[51] The Cauchy problem of Korteweg de Vries-Burgers equation (15) is
3 1 globally well-posed for data in H s (R), s > 4 24 . In [51], Molinet and Ribaud introduced the revised Bourgain space for dispersive equations

with dissipative term, by analogy with the spaces introduced by Bourgain for purely dispersive equations and dened
X s, b

i( 3 ) + 2 b (, )

L2 ,

(16)

By using the revised Bourgain space, Molinet and Ribaud improved the result in [50]. Theorem 4.2[51] The Cauchy problem of Korteweg de Vries-Burgers equation (15) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R), s > 1 and ill-posed for s < 1. These two results are surprising in the following sense: for KdV equation ut +uxxx +uux = 0, 3 best local well-posedness in H s (R) is s 4 ; for dissipative Burgers equation ut uxx +uux = 0,
1 best local well-posedness in H s (R) is s 2 (see [24] and [3]). A more general dissipative version of Korteweg-de Vries equation was considered by Molinet

and Ribaud in [50] ut + uxxx + |Dx |2 u + uux = 0, t R+ , x R, u(0) = , (17)

648

40

where |Dx |2 denotes the operator with symbol ||2 . Using the classical Bourgain space, Molinet and Ribaud proved the elementary global well-posedness. Theorem 4.3[50] 3 for all > 0. 4 [64] respectively. Theorem 4.4[29] The Cauchy problem of (17) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R), s >

This global well-posedness was improved by using the revised Bourgain space in [28, 29] and The Cauchy problem of (17) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R) for
3 42 ,

s > s for 1, where s is dened by s = Theorem 4.5[64, 28] for s > s , 1 3, 2 > 3. 2

The Cauchy problem of (17) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R)

1 3, 0 < 2, 4 3 1 52 , 2 < 1.

for 0 < 1, where s is dened by s =

In [15], Chen and Li considered the Cauchy problem of modied Korteweg de Vries-Burgers equation ut + uxxx uxx + u2 ux = 0, t R+ , x R, u(0) = . (18)

The equation appears when we consider a perturbation of the integrable system(corresponding to the mKdV) and describe the averaging behavior of traveling wave solutions(see [48]). By using the revised Bourgain space introduced by Molinet and Ribaud, Chen and Li obtained the following result. Theorem 4.6[15] The Cauchy problem of modied Korteweg de Vries-Burgers equation
1 (18) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R) for s > 4 . To consider the smoothing eect of dissipative term, we consider the Cauchy problem

ut + uxxx + |Dx | u + u2 ux = 0, t R+ , u(0) = , with (0, 3].

(19)

Although we are working in the revised Bourgain space, it is worth pointing out that the rst approach to deal with the bilinear or trilinear estimates does not work well when is small enough. If we consider the case 0 < 1, we can only get that problem (19) is locally well-posed 1 for s > 2 by running the rst approach. 2 By the second method, we get a better local well-posedness for (19). This explicates that the advantages of dyadic decomposition and orthogonality when the algebraic smooth relation brings little benet. We use the fundamental estimate on dyadic blocks for KdV, i.e., Theorem 2.1 in revised Bourgain space and obtain the following result.
1 4

Theorem 4.7[17] for 0 < 3. 4

The Cauchy problem of (19) is locally well-posed for data in H s (R), s >

Bourgain Space X
4

s, b

With Applications to the KdV Type Equations

649

If the dissipative eect is strong enough, we can also get the global well-posedness. Theorem 4.8[17] The Cauchy problem of (19) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R), s >
1 4

for 1 < 3. Benney-Lin equation is a dissipative version of the Kawahara equation: ut + uux + uxxx + (uxx + uxxxx ) + uxxxxx = 0, u(x, 0) = (x), (20)

where > 0, R. The Benney-Lin equation was rst introduced by Benney[5] and later by Lin[46] . It is an important general equation that describes the evolution of long waves in various problems in uid dynamics. In purely dispersive form( = 0), (20) reduces to the Kawahara equation (or the fth order Korteweg-de Vries equation) that describes the water waves with surface tension(see [6] and the references therein). In the purely dissipative form, (20) reduces to the long-wave simplication of the Navier-Stokes equation and has been used to describe dierent phenomena such as spatial patterns of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, surface-tension-driven convection in a liquid lm, and unstable ame fronts. The dissipative-dispersive equation( = 0) is a generalized KuramotoSivashinsky equation that describes the waves in the vertical and inclined falling lm, in liquid lms that are subjected to interfacial stress from adjacent gas ow, interfacial instability between two cocurrent viscous uids, unstable drift waves in plasma, and phase evolution for the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. 1997, Biagioni and Linares[7] proved that the Cauchy problem associated to the Benney-Lin equation is globally well-posed in H s (R) for s 0 if > 0. By using the revised Bourgain space, Chen and Li in [16] improved the result of Biagioni and Linares. Theorem 4.9[16] The Cauchy problem of Benney-Lin equation (20) is globally well-posed for data in H s (R), s > 2 and ill-posed for s < 2.

5 New Type of Bourgain Space

For the integer set Z, let Z+ = Z [0, ) and Ik = { : || [2k1 , 2k+1 ]}, when 0 < k Z+ , { : || 2}, when k = 0.

8 8 5 Denote by 0 : R [0, 1] a bump function adapted to [ 5 , 5 ] and take value 1 in [ 5 , 4 ]. 4

For k Z, set k ()
0 ( 2k ) 0 ( 2k1 ), for k 1, 0, for k 1.

For k Z, let k () = 0 ( 2k ) 0 ( 2k1 ).

Given k Z+ , dene Xk = {f : f L2 (R2 ) with support in Ik R such that f as the dyadic X s, b type space, where
Xk

< }

Xk

=
j=0

2 2 j ( h()) f

L2 , ,

(21)

650

u
2 Fs

40

and h() is the dispersive relation. The l1 -analogue F s of an X s, b space, is determined by =

k0

22sk k ()F (u)

2 Xk .

(22)

Structures of this kind of spaces were introduced, for instance, in [61, 30] and [31]. The space F s is better than X s, 2 in many situations for some reasons (for example, see [27, 28]). From the denition of Xk , we see that for any l Z+ and fk Xk (see also [31]),

2 2 j ( ())
j=0

|fk (, )|2l (1 + 2l | |)4 d

L2

fk

Xk .

(23)

Hence, for any l Z+ , t0 R, fk Xk , and S(R), then F [(2l (t t0 )) F 1 fk ]

Xk

fk

Xk .

(24)

In order to avoid some logarithmic divergence, we need to use a weaker norm for the low frequency u Then we dene the resolution spaces Fs = u S (R2 ) : u
2 Fs X0

= u

L2 L . x t

=
k1

22sk k ()F (u)

2 Xk

+ P0 (u)

2 X0

< .

For T 0, we dene the time-localized spaces F s (T ): u

F s (T )

= inf { P0 u
wF s

L2 L x |t|T

+ P1 w

Fs,

w(t) = u(t) on [T, T ]}.

(25)

By using this new type of Bourgain space, Guo in [27](see also [40]) solved a long standing open 1 3 problem concerning the global well-posedness of KdV and mKdV in H 4 and H 4 respectively. Theorem 5.1[27, 40] The Cauchy problem of KdV equation and mKdV equation is globally 3 1 well-posed for data in H 4 (R) and H 4 (R) respectively. This new type of Bourgain space was successfully applied to wave maps by Tataru in [61]; Schrdinger equation by Bejenaru and Tao[2] ; BO equation by Ionescu and Kenig[31] ; KP-I o equation by Ionescu, Kenig and Tataru[31] . Afterwards, this new type of Bourgain space together with I-method developed by I-team in [22] was also successfully applied to Benjamin by Chen, Guo and Xiao[14] ; Kawahara by Chen and Guo[12] . Theorem 5.2[14] for data in H
3 4

The Cauchy problem of Benjamin equation (11) is globally well-posed

(R).

This result improved Linaress global well-posedness for (11) at s = 0 via the L2 conservation law in [47], also Li and Wus global well-posedness for (11) at s > 3 in [45]. 4 Theorem 5.3[12] The Cauchy problem of Kawahara equation (13) is globally well-posed 7 for data in H s (R), s 4 .

Bourgain Space X

s, b

With Applications to the KdV Type Equations

651

Tian et al. in [62] introduced a fth-order shallow water wave equation

2 ut + uxxxxx + x (1 x ) 2 (u2 ) = 0, u(x, 0) = u0 (x)
1

x R, t > 0,

(26)

for the purpose of understanding the role of nonlinear dispersive and nonlinear convection eects in K(2, 2, 1). They established the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem (26) in H s with
11 any s 16 by the classical Bourgain space. In [19], Chen and Liu proved local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem (26) in H s for 5 s > 4 by following the ideas of [k; Z]-multiplier. And some ill-posedness in H s for s < 5 was 4 established by a general principle of Bejenaru and Tao[2] .

By using the new type of Bourgain space, Chen, Guo and Liu in [13] extended the already5 established local well-posedness in the range s > 4 of this initial value problem to s = 5 . 4

Theorem 5.4 The Cauchy problem (26) is locally well-posed in H 4 (R). In [28], Guo and Wang considered the Cauchy problem for the generalized Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation ut + uxxx + |Dx |2 u + uux = 0, t R+ , x R, u(0) = , (27)

where 0 < , 1. Using the new type of Bourgain space, they proved the uniformly global 3 well-posedness in H s (s > 4 ) for all (0, 1). Theorem 5.5[28] The Cauchy problem of (27) is uniformly globally well-posed for data 3 in H s (R)(s > 4 ) for all (0, 1). Moreover, for any T > 0, its solution converges in C([0, T ] : H s ) to that of the KdV equation if tends to 0. Following the idea of Guo and Wang, Zhang and Han in [66] considered the Cauchy problem for the generalized modied Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation ut + uxxx + |Dx |2 u + u2 ux = 0, t R+ , x R, u(0) = , (28)

where 0 < , 1. Using the new type of Bourgain space, they proved the uniformly global well-posedness in H s (s 1) for all (0, 1). Theorem 5.6[66] The Cauchy problem of (28) is uniformly globally well-posed for data in H s (R), s 1 for all (0, 1). Moreover, for any s 1 and T > 0, its solution converges in C([0, T ] : H s ) to that of the mKdV equation if tends to 0.

References
[1] Beals, M., Self-spreading and strength of singularities for solutions to semilinear wave equations, Annals of Math., 1983, 118: 187-214. [2] Bejenaru, I. and Tao T., Sharp well-posedness and ill-posedness results for a quadratic non-linear Schrdinger o equation, J. Funct. Anal., 2006, 233: 228-259. [3] Bekiranov, D., The initial-value problem for the generalized Burgers equation, Dierential Integral Equations, 1996, 9: 1253-1265. [4] Benjamin, T.B., A new kind of solitary waves, J. Fluid Mech., 1992, 245: 401-411.

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Bourgain X s,b KdV

(

100088)

Bourgain  KdV Bourgain 

Cauchy