Mathematical Patterns and

Reasoning
Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Learning Outcomes

1.Use inductive reasoning to predict patterns

2.Generalize conclusion based on numerical
relationships and pattern
3.Construct a Venn diagram to analyze
arguments
4.Determine the validity of arguments
 Example #1
Describe how to sketch the
4th figure. Then sketch it.

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #1
Describe how to sketch the
4th figure. Then sketch it.
Each circle is divided into twice as
many equal regions as the figure
number. The fourth figure should be
divided into eighths and the section
just above the horizontal segment
on the left should be shaded.

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
A Sequence…Find the next term
• 6, 17, 28, 39, ... , 50
11 11 11

• 11, 15, 19, 23, ... , 27

4 4 4

• 30, 26, 22, 18, ... , 14

4 4 4

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
A Sequence…Find the next term

• 2, 4, 7, 11, ... , 16
2 3 4

• 11, 16, 22, 29, ... , 37

5 6 7

• 9, 10, 13, 18, ... , 25

1 3 5

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #2
Describe the pattern. Write
the next three numbers.

-7, - 21, - 63, - 189,...

´3 ´3 ´3

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #2 Multiply by 3 to get the next
Describe the pattern. Write number in the sequence.
the next three numbers.

-7, - 21, - 63, - 189,... -189 ´ 3 = -567

´3 ´3 ´3 -567 ´ 3 = -1701
-1701´ 3 = -5103

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Everyday Conjectures
• If I flip the light switch up,
then … the light will turn on.

• If I touch the stove while it’s on,

then … I will burn my hand.

• If
then…

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 What is a conjecture? Conjecture: conclusion made based
on observation

What is inductive reasoning? Inductive Reasoning: conjecture

based on patterns

Proving conjectures TRUE

is very hard.

Proving conjectures FALSE

is much easier.

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 What is a counterexample?
How do you disprove a conjecture?
What are the steps for inductive
reasoning?
How do you use inductive
reasoning?
Counterexample: example that
shows a conjecture is false
Steps for Inductive Reasoning
1. Find pattern.
2.Make a conjecture.
3.Test your conjecture
or find a counterexample.

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #3
Make and test a conjecture
about the sum of any 3
consecutive numbers.

Consecutive numbers are

numbers that follow one
after another like
3, 4, and 5.)

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #3
3 + 4 + 5 = 12 = 4 × 3
Make and test a conjecture 6 + 7 + 8 = 21 = 7 × 3
about the sum of any 3
consecutive numbers. 8 + 9 + 10 = 27= 9 × 3
11 + 12 + 13 = 36= 12 × 3
(Consecutive numbers are Conjecture:
numbers that follow one The sum of any 3 consecutive numbers
after another like is 3 times the middle number.
3, 4, and 5.)
-1 + 0 + 1 = 0 = 0 × 3
20 + 21 + 22 = 63 = 21× 3
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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #4
Conjecture:
The sum of two numbers is
always greater than the
larger number.
True or false?

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Example #4
Conjecture: -2 + 0 = -2
The sum of two numbers is sum > larger number
always greater than the -2 > 0 FALSE
larger number.
True or false?
A counterexample was found,
14+20 = 34, 34 > 20 TRUE
so the conjecture is false.
15+25 = 40, 40 > 25 TRUE

30+35 = 65, 65 > 35 TRUE

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Inductive Reasoning

1. Look for a pattern.

2. Make a conjecture.

3. Prove the conjecture or find a

counterexample.

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Chapter 2: Reasoning in Geometry
 Deductive Reasoning

Uses fact rules, definitions or

properties, to reach logical
conclusions
Example of Deductive Reasoning

All appliances use electricity.

Rice cooker is an appliance.

Therefore, rice cooker uses

electricity
Example of Deductive Reasoning
All first year students of the CEng are good-looking.
John and Jane are first year students from the Ceng.

Therefore John and Jane are good looking.

 Example of Deductive Reasoning
All faculty members of the CEng are good-looking.
S’ James, M’ Hannah, and S’ Ayie are members of the
faculty of Ceng..

Therefore S’ James, M’ Hannah, and S’ Ayie are good

looking.
Therefore???
Inductive Reasoning –
from specific (examples)
to general

Deductive Reasoning –
from general to
specific
Logic is the science of thinking an reasoning correctly. Logic
has the power to influence the development of ideas.

Reasoning is an important aspect in our daily lives. It is used

in problem solving and critical thinking. A type or reasoning in
logic where we apply a general rule to specific cases is
known as deductive reasoning.

A syllogism is an arrangement composed of two statements

or premises; namely the major and minor premise. The given
premise are followed by a conclusion
 That’s all
Thank you!

“Everything that goes up

must come down.”
Newton’s law of gravity
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