PROBLEM SOLVING AND

REASONING
CHAPTER 3
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that
forms a conclusion based on the examination of
specific examples.
- process of reaching a general conclusion by
examining specific examples.
-Inductive arguments are meant to predict a
conclusion.
• conjecture - conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning
- an idea that may or may not be correct.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 1: Consider the data in the table below.
Earthquake Max. Tsunami 1. How high is the
Magnitude Height (meter) tsunami if the
7.5 5 earthquake magnitude is
7.6 9 8.7
7.7 13
7.8 17
7.9 21 2. Does tsunami occur
8.0 25 when the earthquake
8.1 29 magnitude is 7?
8.2 33
8.3 37
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 2
Every mammal that has ever been examined has hair
Therefore, all mammals have hair

Example 3
Predict the number in the sequence 1, 4, 8, 13, 19, _ ?

Example 4: Use Inductive Reasoning to Make a Conjecture

Consider the following procedure: Pick a number.
Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide
the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Solution
Suppose we pick 5 as our original number. Then the procedure
would produce the following results:
Original number: 5
Multiply by 8: 8 x 5 = 40
Add 6: 40 + 6 = 46

Divide by 2: 46 / 2 = 23
Subtract 3: 23 - 3 = 20

We started with 5 and followed the procedure to produce 20. Starting

with 6 as our original number produces a final result of 24. Starting with
10 produces a final result of 40. Starting with 100 produces a final result
of 400. In each of these cases the resulting number is four times the
original number.
We conjecture that following the given procedure will produce a
resulting number that is four times the original number.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching a
conclusion by applying general assumptions, procedures,
or principles.
- It requires one to start with a few general ideas,
called premises, and apply them to a specific
situation.
- Recognized rules, laws, theories, and other widely
accepted truths are used to prove that a conclusion is
right.
The concept of deductive reasoning is often
expressed visually using a funnel that narrows a general
idea into a specific conclusion.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
In practice, the most basic form of deductive
reasoning is the syllogism, where two premises
that share some idea support a conclusion.
Example 1
All arts is an imitation of nature. Music is an
art. Therefore, music is an imitation of nature.

Example 2
All men are mortal

Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 3
Use deductive reasoning to make conclusion. Pick a
number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide
the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Solution
Let n represent the original number.
Multiply the number by 8: 8n
Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6
Divide the sum by 2: (8n + 6) / 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3: 4n + 3 - 3 = 4n
We started with n and ended with 4n.
The procedure given in this example produces a number that is four
times the original number.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 4: Use deductive reasoning to determine the
missing numbers in the magic square. A magic square of
order 3.
Magic Square -
arrangement of
4 9 numbers in a
square such that
5 the sum of the n
numbers in each
row, column, and
8 diagonal is the
same number.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 5: Solve the logic puzzle.
Each of the four friends Donna, Sarah, Nikkie and
Xhanelle, has a different pet (fish, cat, dog, and snake).
From the following clues, determine the pet of each
individual.
1. Sarah is older than her friend who owns the cat and
younger than her friend who owns the dog.
2. Nikkie and her friend who owns the snake are both
of the same age and they are the youngest members
of their group.
3. Donna is older than her friend who owns the fish.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 6: Solve the logic puzzle.
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian,
has a different occupation (editor, banker, chef, or
dentist). From the following clues, determine the
occupation of each neighbor.
1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but
before the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not
the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
 Problem Solving with Patterns
Sequence - an ordered list of numbers. It is customary
to use subscript notation to designate the nth term of a
sequence. That is, a1, a2, …, an, where
a1 - represents the first term of a sequence
a2 - represents the second term of a sequence
a3 - represents the third term of a sequence
.
.
.
an - represents the nth term of a sequence
 Problem Solving with Patterns
In order to find the next term of the
sequence. You need to construct difference table.
The difference in row 1is called first difference,
in row 2 is called second difference and so on.

2 5 8 11 14

3 3 3 3
 Problem Solving with Patterns
A sequence with first differences is said to
be a linear equation and second difference is
quadratic equation. Suppose a sequence 5, 14, 27,
44, 65, …
If the second row of the table is not equal, it
is possible it may have third differences which
are the difference of the second difference.
It must also be noted that not all sequence
have a common difference. Some have common
ratio.
 Problem Solving with Patterns

Example 1: What is the next term in the sequence

2, 7, 24, 59, 118, 207, ___?

Example 2: Determine the next number in the

sequence 1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, ___
 Problem Solving with Patterns
Example 3: Assume that the pattern shown by the
square tiles in the ff figures continues:

a. What is the nth term formula for the # of tiles

in the nth figure of the sequence?
b. How many tiles are in the 8th figure of the
sequence?
c. Which figure will consist exactly of 320 tiles?
 Problem Solving with Patterns
Example 4: Assume that the pattern shown by the
square tiles in the ff figures continues:

a. What is the nth term formula for the # of tiles in the

nth figure of the sequence?
b. How many tiles are in the 10th figure of the
sequence?
c. Which figure will consist exactly of 419 tiles?
 Problem Solving with Patterns
Example 5: KenKen Puzzle
2- 2-

3+ 9+ 4

9x 2➗

Rules in Solving KenKen Puzzle

1. Fill the grid with digits so as not to repeat a digit in any row or column, and so the
digits within each heavily outlined box or boxes (called a cage) will produce the
target number shown in that cage by using the operation (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division) shown by the symbol after the numeral.
2. For single box cages, simply enter the number that is shown in the corner.
3. So, for example, the notation 6+ means that the numerals in the cage should add
up to 6, and the notation 48x means that by multiplying the numbers in the cage
you will get 48. A 4x4 grid will use the digits 1-4. A 5x5 grid will use 1-5. A
6x6 grid will use 1-6, and so on.
 Problem Solving with Patterns
Example 6: KenKen Puzzle