Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
Reasoning
In logic …
reasoning is the process of forming new knowledge

from previous or existing knowledge
new knowledge – inference or conclusion
previous or existing knowledge – hypothesis or premise
Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

Reasoning
Examples and non-examples

1. Rain was continuous for the past few days. So, it
will rain tomorrow.
2. Ms. Catalina: If x + y = z, what is z – x?

Johann: The answer is y.
3. Mr. Torres: Who was the president of the Philippines

in 1990?
Aireen: It was Corazon Aquino.

Reasoning
Examples and non-examples
4. Ms. Limpasan: John what is 12 times 12?
John: It is 144. Ma’am.
5. A pre-school child claimed that bicycles are not cars

because they do not have doors.

Determine Types of Reasoning
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an
example of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.
a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every

other year. Last year the tree did not produce plums, so
this year the tree will produce plums.
b. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The

contractor estimated that my home improvement will cost
Php700,000.00. Thus my home improvement will cost
more than Php700,000.00
Aufman, R. N. Lockwood, J.S. Nation, R.D. & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical Excursions, 3rd ed. CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Determine Types of Reasoning
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an
example of inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.
c. All J. R. R. Tolkien’s novels are worth reading. The novel

The Lord of the Rings is a J. R. R. Tolkien novel. Thus The
Lord of the Rings is worth reading.
d. I know I will win a jackpot on this slot machine in the

next 10 tries, because it has not paid out any money
during the last 45 tries.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning uses specific examples or a

series of specific observations to arrive at a general
rule or conclusion. However, the general rule or
conclusion by inductive reasoning is never
guaranteed. Inductive reasoning varies in strength
and weakness.

Inductive Reasoning
Instances where inductive reasoning is demonstrated.
1. Every day of my life, the sun has risen. Therefore, the

sun will rise tomorrow.
2. Observe the figure below.

C
450
A B
Conclusion: could be an isosceles right triangle
ABC

Inductive Reasoning
3. The suspect of the shooting incident was probably a

student because he was wearing a school uniform.
4. Consider: 9, 16, 23, 30, …

The 5th term is 37.

Inductive Reasoning
5. The dengue vaccine Dengvaxia could lead to more cases

of severe diseases if administered to those who have
not had dengue before. There were reported cases of
cardiac problems, gastroenteritis, and severe dengue
from children who received the vaccine under the
aforementioned situation. Therefore, if your child
received the vaccine when he or she had no prior
dengue history and now suffers a severe disease, then
that is due to Dengvaxia.

Inductive Reasoning
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next
letter in the following list.
O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, …
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses general statements or

established facts to arrive at a conclusion. Since the
conclusion follows from a general statement or the
established facts eliminate all other possibilities, then
the conclusion inferred from deductive reasoning is
guaranteed.

Deductive Reasoning
Instances where deductive reasoning is demonstrated.
1. Find x.
x
530
2. A rhombus has all sides congruent.

A square is both equilateral and equiangular.
So, the square is a rhombus.

Deductive Reasoning
Instances where deductive reasoning is demonstrated.
3. All numbers that are multiples of 4 are also multiples of

2.
64 is a multiple of 4.
Therefore, 64 is a multiple of 2.
4. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are

congruent to two sides and the included angle of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Conclusion:
ABD  CBD
Deductive Reasoning
Logic Puzzles
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and
Brian, has a different occupation (editor, banker,
chef, or dentist). From the following clues,
Determine the occupation of each neighbor.
1. Maria gets home from work after the banker,

but before the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not
the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
Deductive Reasoning
Magic Squares A magic square of order n is an
arrangement of numbers in a square such that the sum of the n
numbers in each row, column, and diagonal is the same
number.
Use deductive reasoning to determine the
missing numbers in the magic square below.
11 7 3
4 8 16
5 13
10 18 1 22
23 6 2 15
Mathematical problem solving is
finding a way around a difficulty, around
an obstacle, and finding a solution to a
problem that is unknown.
George Polya
PROBLEM-SOLVING
STRATEGIES AND HEURISTICS
“strategy” - an overall plan
“heuristic” - a specific technique

or approach
George Polya (1973) – father of
problem solving
Four phases of problem solving

1. Understand the problem
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Look back
UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM
• Look for information given

• Visualize the information
• Organize the information
• Connect the information
DEVISE A PLAN
• To make a representation
- draw a diagram
- make a systematic list
- use equations
• To make a calculated guess
- guess and check
- look for a pattern
- make suppositions
DEVISE A PLAN
• To go through the process
- act it out
- work backwards
• To change the problem
- restate the problem
- simplify the problem
- solve part of the problem
CARRYING OUT THE PLAN
• Use mathematical knowledge
• Use mathematical skills

• Use logical thinking
LOOK BACK
• Check solution
– Is it reasonable?
• Improve on the method used
• Seek alternative solutions
• Extend the method to other
problems
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
.
Guess
and
Check
MAGIC TRIANGLE
In the first diagram, the numbers in the red circles are
found by adding the numbers in the 2 adjacent blue
circles as shown. Complete the second diagram so that
the pattern holds.
8 16
6 10
2 6
5
14 18 11 15
12
MAGIC SQUARE
Fill in the small boxes with digits 1 – 9 such that each
horizontal, vertical, and diagonal line of numbers must
add up to the same sum.
Make an Orderly List

HANDSHAKES PROBLEM
In a party there are 8 people. If everyone at

the party shakes hands with everyone else,
how many handshakes would there be?
DART BOARD
How many different total scores could you
make if you hit the dart board shown with 3
darts?
10
5
1
Number of
Number of 1s Total Score
Number of 5s 10s
3 0 0 3
2 1 0 7
2 0 1 12
1 2 0 11
1 1 1 16
1 0 2 21
0 3 0 15
0 2 1 20
0 1 2 25
0 0 3 30
Draw a Diagram
GIRL SCOUT HIKE
A Girl Scout troop went on a hike. First they

walked 1 mile east, then 2 miles south, then 3 miles
west, and 1 mile north, then 2 miles east. How far
is the troop from their starting point?
CLASSIC FROG PROBLEM
A frog is in a well 12 feet

deep. Each day it climbs up 3
feet and each night it slips
back 2 feet. How many days
will it take the frog to get out
of the well?
FAST AND THE FURIOUS
In a stock car race, the first five finishers in some order were a
Ford, a Pontiac, a Chevrolet, a Buick and a Dodge.
(a) The Ford finished 7 seconds before the Chevrolet.

(b) The Pontiac finished 6 seconds after the Buick.
(c) The Dodge finished 8 seconds after the Buick.
(d) The Chevrolet finished 2 seconds before the Pontiac.
In what order did the cars finish the race?

Look for a pattern

NUMERICAL SEQUENCES
Fill in the next two blanks in each part.
1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ___, ___

NUMERICAL SEQUENCES
19, 20, 22, 25, 29, ___, ___

NUMERICAL SEQUENCES
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ___, ___

NUMERICAL SEQUENCES
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ___, ___
What is the sum of the first ten counting
numbers?
What is the sum of the first twenty
counting numbers?
What is the sum of the first one
hundred counting numbers?
HEXAGON DOTS
For the hexagon with 42 dots, how many dots

are there on each side? How about a hexagon
with 300 dots?
Make a table
PATTERN OF DOTS
Draw the next two diagrams to continue this

dot sequence. How many dots will there be in
the 100th figure?
Solve an Easier Problem

ARRANGEMENT PROBLEM
What is the sum of the first 100

hundred counting numbers?
Use a Variable
3-DIGIT NUMBER
The sum of the digits of a three-digit number

is 18. If the second and third digits were
interchanged, the given number would be
increased by 36. If the first and third digits
were interchanged, the new number would be
99 less than the original number. Find the
number.
Eliminate Possibilities
ALIENS
Elyra, Ejah, Wino, Angel and Wenet are aliens on a
space ship.
(a) Ejah is younger than Angel.

(b) Ejah is not the youngest in the group.
(c) Only one alien is older than Wenet.
(d) Wenet is younger than Wino.
Arrange Elyra, Ejah, Wino, Angel and Wenet in order of

increasing age.
FRIENDS
Three persons Jean, Kyla, and Brenda are friends.
Their surnames are Reyes, Cruz and Morales, but
not necessarily in that order. Jean lives in a red
house, Brenda lives in a yellow house, Miss
Reyes lives in a blue house, and Miss Morales
does not live in a red house. What are the full
names of each person?
BRIDGE CLUB
Four married couples belong to a bridge club. The wives’
names are Kitty, Sarah, Josie and Anne. Their husband’s
names (in some order) are David, Will, Gus and Floyd.
Will is Josie’s brother.
Josie and Floyd dated sometime, but then Floyd met his
present wife.
Kitty is married to Gus.
Anne has two brothers.
Anne’s husband is an only child.
Name the four couples.
Work Backwards
While three watchmen were guarding an

orchard, a thief slipped in and stole some
apples. On his way out, he met the three
watchmen one after another, and to each in
turn he gave half the apples he had and two
besides. In this way, he managed to escape
with one apple. How many had he stolen
originally?
By 7 pm all the party guests had arrived but by 8
pm a third of them had departed. By 9 pm a third of
those remaining had also departed. By 10 pm the
same happened again and a third of those remaining
had also departed. Finally the party ended at 11 pm
by which time further third of those remaining had
also departed and by 11 pm only 16 guests still
remained. How many guests were originally at the
party at 7 pm?
A woman goes into a store and says to the

owner, “Give me as much money as I have with
me, and I will spend $10.” It is done. Then the
woman repeats the operation in a second and a
third store, after which she has no money left.
How much did she have at the start?
A bus was three stops away from the bus terminal.
At the first bus stop, 5 passengers got on and 3
passengers got off. At the second bus stop, 4
passengers got on and 8 passengers got off. At the
third bus stop, 2 passengers got on and 12
passengers got off. When the bus arrived at the
terminal, all 75 passengers got off. How many
passengers were on the bus just before it arrived at
the first bus stop?
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
INVOLVING PATTERNS
61
Determine the nth-term formula for the number of square tiles in the
nth figure.
1. How many tiles are in the tenth figure of the sequence?
2. Which figure will consist of exactly 419 tiles?
62
Mathematical Excursions, 3 edition
rd
Aufmann, Lockwood, Nation, Clegg

Determine the nth-term formula for the number of square
tiles in the nth figure.
Mathematical Excursions, 3rd edition

63

64

65

66

67
68
69

70
Floor Design A square floor is tiled with congruent square
tiles. The tiles on the two diagonals of the floor are blue. The rest of
the tiles are green. If 101 blue tiles are used, find the total number
of tiles on the floor.
71
Workshop
Work in a small group and create constructively aligned lesson
activities and assessment methods with the following topics: (Choose
one topic only.)
• Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
• Problem Solving
• Mathematical Problems involving Pattern
1. What are the three things that you expect your students to be
able to do at the end of the lesson? (Learning Outcomes)
2. How do you assess your students on doing these things?
(Assessment Tasks)
3. How do you teach your students to do these things? (Teaching
and Learning Activities)

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INDUCTIVE AND

reasoning is the process of forming new knowledge

new knowledge – inference or conclusion

previous or existing knowledge – hypothesis or premise

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

Examples and non-examples

2. Ms. Catalina: If x + y = z, what is z – x?

3. Mr. Torres: Who was the president of the Philippines

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

5. A pre-school child claimed that bicycles are not cars

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every

b. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The

c. All J. R. R. Tolkien’s novels are worth reading. The novel

d. I know I will win a jackpot on this slot machine in the

Inductive reasoning uses specific examples or a

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

1. Every day of my life, the sun has risen. Therefore, the

2. Observe the figure below.

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

3. The suspect of the shooting incident was probably a

4. Consider: 9, 16, 23, 30, …

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

5. The dengue vaccine Dengvaxia could lead to more cases

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

Deductive reasoning uses general statements or

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

2. A rhombus has all sides congruent.

Module in Basic Logic by Edward B. Macagne

3. All numbers that are multiples of 4 are also multiples of

4. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are

1. Maria gets home from work after the banker,

“strategy” - an overall plan

“heuristic” - a specific technique

Four phases of problem solving

• Look for information given

• Use mathematical knowledge

• Use mathematical skills

Make an Orderly List

In a party there are 8 people. If everyone at

A Girl Scout troop went on a hike. First they

A frog is in a well 12 feet

(a) The Ford finished 7 seconds before the Chevrolet.

In what order did the cars finish the race?

Look for a pattern

Fill in the next two blanks in each part.

1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ___, ___

Fill in the next two blanks in each part.

19, 20, 22, 25, 29, ___, ___

Fill in the next two blanks in each part.

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ___, ___

Fill in the next two blanks in each part.

For the hexagon with 42 dots, how many dots

Draw the next two diagrams to continue this

Solve an Easier Problem

What is the sum of the first 100

The sum of the digits of a three-digit number

(a) Ejah is younger than Angel.

Arrange Elyra, Ejah, Wino, Angel and Wenet in order of

While three watchmen were guarding an

A woman goes into a store and says to the

Aufmann, Lockwood, Nation, Clegg

Mathematical Excursions, 3rd edition

1, 4, 7, 10, 13, _, _

19, 20, 22, 25, 29, _, _

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, _, _