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CNG
M t mn hc:
Gii thiu cc khi nim v bn cht logic ca NCKH Phng php xy dng c s l lun ca ti, thu thp x l thng tin, trnh t thc hin ti Hng dn trnh by lun vn thc s MI CHNG
Chng 1 KHOA HC V PHN LOI KHOA HC 1. Khi nim 2. Phn loi khoa hc 3. Qui lut hnh thnh v pht trin khoa hc
Chng 2
I CNG V NGHIN CU KHOA HC
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Khi nim nghin cu khoa hc Cc c im ca nghin cu khoa hc Phn loi nghin cu khoa hc Mt s sn phm c trng ca nghin cu khoa hc Cu trc logic ca mt kho lun khoa hc Trnh t logic ca nghin cu khoa hc
Chng 3 VN KHOA HC 1. Khi nim vn khoa hc 2. Phn loi vn khoa hc 3. Hnh thc ngn ng ca vn khoa hc 4. Ba tnh hung ca vn khoa hc 5. Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc
Chng 5 C S L LUN CA TI 1. 2. 3. Khi nim c s l lun ca ti Ni dung c s l lun ca ti Phng php xy dng lun c l thuyt
Chng 8 CC HNH THC CNG B KT QU NGHIN CU 1. 2. 3. ngha ca vic cng b Cc hnh thc cng b Vit bo co kt qu nghin cu
1. 2. 3. 4.
Dn nhp Phn loi lun vn khoa hc Trnh t chun b lun vn Vit lun vn (Ti liu HNL)
PHNG PHP NH GI
KHA 2008 Qu trnh hc ti lp Phn tch bi bo khoa hc Seminar nhm Kho lun 10% 15% 15% 60%
1. Khi nim
- Phng php lun (Methodology) (T in VN, 2000) * Phng php: Cch thc nhn thc, nghin cu hin tng ca t nhin v i sng x hi * Phng php lun: Hc thuyt v phng php nhn thc khoa hc v ci to th gii * Methodos v Logos: L thuyt v phng php - Khoa hc l h thng tr thc v mi quy lut ca vt cht v s vn ng ca vt cht, nhng quy lut ca t nhin, x hi, t duy (Pierre Auger, 1961) l sn phm tr tu ca ngi nghin cu.
a. Tri thc kinh nghim (Indigenous Knowledge-IK) tc ng ca th gii khch quan phi x l nhng tnh hung xut hin trong t nhin, lao ng v ng x. Hiu bit c tch lu ngu nhin trong i sng b. Tri thc khoa hc (Academic-AK) l nhng hiu bit c tch lu mt cch h thng, da trn mt h thng phng php khoa hc - Tri thc khoa hc khc tri thc kinh nghim? tng kt s liu v s kin ngu nhin, ri rc khi qut ho thnh c s l thuyt. kt lun v quy lut tt yu c kho nghim Lu gi/lu truyn EX: Tri sp ma, ngi thy oi bc Vn IK AK @
Cc bc nghin cu khoa hc
Bc 1: La chn vn Bc 2: Xy dng lun im khoa hc Bc 3: Chng minh lun im khoa hc Bc 4: Trnh by lun im khoa hc
Pht hin, pht minh, sng ch Pht minh ngh in, pht hin thuc n Sng ch ra my hi nc Mua bn pht minh, cp bng pht minh Hc thuyt di truyn Cng ngh di truyn C hi nhn to Chn lc ging sn c ngun gc t Thailand My ct ma
Pht hin
Nhn ra quy lut XH, vt th ang tn ti khch quan. Ex: Marx, Colomb, Kock Khng cp patent, khng bo h
Sng ch
Gii php k thut mang tnh mi v nguyn l, sng to v p dng c. Ex: Nobel, Jame Watt Cp patent, mua bn licence, bo h quyn s hu
B mn khoa hc
Phng hng khoa hc a b mn (Multidisciplinary), hi t nhiu b mn khoa hc dn n xut hin mt trng phi khoa hc mi lin b mn (Inter-disciplinary).
EX: HTNN, LNXH,
a, Tin nghim
l con ng hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc da trn nhng tin hoc h tin Tin l mt loi tri thc khoa hc c mc nhin tha nhn khng phi chng minh. T mt tin hoc h tin mt h thng tri thc c pht trin thnh mt b mn khoa hc m khng cn quan st hay thc nghim.
EX: Euclide, im ngoi ng thng/mt phng. B mn hnh hc ra i.
b, Hu nghim
l con ng hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc da trn s khi qut ho nhng kt qu quan st hoc thc nghim, tm ra nhng mi lin h tt yu, bn cht ca s vt.
EX: Phng php lun (Methodology), HTCT
c, Phn lp khoa hc l s tch mt trng phi khoa hc ra khi mt b mn khoa hc hnh thnh mt b mn khoa hc mi.
EX: Ton hc tch ra S hc, Hnh hc; NH tch ra BVTV, TT, Di truyn-ging.
d, Tch hp l s hp nht v l thuyt v phng php lun ca mt s b mn khoa hc ring thnh b mn mi.
EX: Kinh t hc + Chnh tr = Kinh t hc chnh tr - Lm nghip x hi hc - X hi hc nng thn - a l sinh thi- nhn vn
Tiu ch 3: c mt h thng phng php lun - PP lun hiu theo 2 ngha: L thuyt v phng php v h thng cc phng php. - PP lun ca mt b mn bao gm ring v k tha t cc b mn khc Tiu ch 4: c mc ch ng dng (tiu ch mm) Khong cc gia khoa hc v thc tin cn rt ngn, nghin cu ng dng. Tiu ch 5: c mt lch s nghin cu B mn khoa hc thng c th bt ngun t mt b mn khoa hc khc, song mt s b mn mi c lp, bt u lch s ring ca b mn.
GI THUYT KHOA HC
1. Vn khoa hc 1.1 Vn khoa hc (VKH) 1.2 Phn loi vn khoa hc 1.3 Cc tnh hung ca vn khoa hc 1.4 Phng php pht hin vn khoa hc
2. Gi thuyt khoa hc 2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc 2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt 2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt 2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc
1.1 Vn khoa hc
VKH (scientific/research problem) l cu hi trc mu thun gia hn ch ca tri thc khoa hc hin c vi yu cu pht trin tri thc trnh cao hn.
EX: Newton thy qu to rng t cy nh lut Newton C ph rng - Hin tng sinh l/bnh? NS4/8 t/ha
2. Gi thuyt khoa hc
2.1 Khi nim Gi thuyt khoa hc 2.2 Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt 2.3 Phn loi gi thuyt 2.4 Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa hc
Gi thuyt da trn c s quan st Gi thuyt khng tri vi l thuyt Gi thuyt phi c th kim chng
Gi thuyt thng k
EX: Ma 200mm/thng s pht sinh tuyn trng/caf i lm v mun n ln
Gi thuyt c th
EX: Ph n trn 50 tui d b ung th v, nam tin lit tuyn
+ Gi thuyt d bo
EX: n 2020 do bng tan, TP. HCM ngp su 1 m
b. Phn on: l mt hnh thc t duy nhm ni lin cc khi nim li vi nhau khng nh khi nim ny l hoc khng l khi nim kia.
EX: C ph l cy c hm lng cafein cao trong ht, bt ny c hm lng cafein cao c th l t ht c ph.
Phn on khng nh Phn on ph nh Phn on xc sut Phn on hin thc Phn on tt nhin
Phn on chung Phn on ring Phn on n nht Phn on lin kt (php hi) Phn on la chn Phn on c iu kin Phn on tng ng
c. Suy lun: l mt hnh thc t duy, t mt hay mt s phn on bit (tin ) a ra mt phn on mi (kt ). Phn on mi chnh l gi thuyt C ba hnh thc suy lun: suy lun din dch, suy lun quy np v loi suy
- Tin 1: bnh AIDS gy gim cn nhanh v chc chn dn ti t vong - Tin 2 : Anh A ang gim cn Kt : Anh A chc chn cht - T 1 : Con Anh A chuyn n cp xe p/mi ngi u cht - T 2 : Nh Anh B mt xe p/con ch Cn va cht K : Con anh A n cp xe ca B/Vy con ch Cn l ngi
3.2 Phng php chng minh gi thuyt 3.2.1 Nguyn tc chng minh - Th nht, lun phi r rng v nht qun - Th hai, lun c chnh xc v c lin h trc tip vi lun - Th ba, lun chng khng vi phm cc nguyn tc suy lun
Ging cao su GT1 c hiu qu kinh t cao nht ti Vit Nam. - Thng k ghi nhn nng sut ging GT1 bnh qun 10 nm l 2t/ha, cc ging khc t 1,5 t/ha (LC l thuyt) - Th trng cao su trn th gii lun cu vt qu cung v m cao su GT1 lun c mua vi gi cao hn ging khc 15 USD/T (LC thc tin) Chng minh trc tip l php CM tnh
ca gi thuyt rt ra t s ng ca lun c
ng
* Pht trin cn ti nguyn di do - Trc quan nim: PT kinh t quc gia ph thuc ti nguyn - Nc pht trin, ngho ti nguyn (Japan, Singapore) - Nc giu ti nguyn, nc ngho chm PT (Chu Phi) * Mun tng nng sut cy la cn p dng 3 gim 3 tng - KQ nc nng sut gim 200 kg/ha i vi chn rung s dy, bn nhiu phn v phun nhiu thuc tr su (3 tng) - Ti Philippin nng dn s dng PP truyn thng, khng bit 3 gim 3 tng nng sut ch t 3 T/ha - NC ca Vin la mn khi s tha, bn t N v phun t thuc tr su nng NS ln 30%. Chng minh gin tip l php CM tnh ng ca
1. Luan e la mot phan oan can c chng minh Tra li cau hoi can chng minh ieu g ? Con h! 2. Luan c la bang chng (oc tai lieu, quan sat/thc nghiem) c a ra e chng minh luan e Tra li cau hoi chng minh bang cai g ?
Co 2 loai luan c: * Luan c ly thuyet la cac c s ly thuyet KH, luan iem KH, cac tien e, nh ly, nh luat, qui luat. Con goi la c s l lun. * Luan c thc tien la cac phan oan a c xac nhan, c hnh thanh bi cac so lieu, s kien thu thap t quan st thc nghiem.
3. Luan chng la cach thc, phng phap to chc mot phep chng minh, nham vach ro mi lin h gia luan c va gia toan bo luan c vi luan e. Tra li cau hoi Chng minh bang cach nao? Cac loai CM: * Luan chng logic bao gom chuoi cac phep suy luan c lien ket theo mot trat t xac nh. * Luan chng ngoai logic gom pp tiep can & pp thu thap thong tin
C S LY LUAN
CSLL la luan c ly thuyet c CM bi cac NC trc. Trch dan phai ung cho, ung luc Ly thuyet la mot he thong tri thc KH, cung cap mot quan niem hoan chnh ve ban chat s vat va moi lien he c ban gia s vat vi the gii hien thc ly thuyet gom cac khai niem, pham tru, qui luat ve s vat. Y ngha cua CSLL mn e CM gia thuyet - tiet kiem vat chat, thi gian, tai chnh - lam nen tang kien giai cho nhng luan c thc tien (thc nghiem)
Kt lun, ngh Phn tch, tho lun Lun c thc tin Lun c l thuyt Thu thp thng tin Xy dng gi thuyt Pht hin vn KH
E TAI NCKH
e tai NCKH la mot hnh thc TC NCKH, c ac trng bi mot nhiem vu NC va do mot ngi hay nhom ngi thc hien. e tai nh hng vao viec tra li nhng cau hoi ve y ngha hoc thuat, co the cha quan tam hien thc hoa trong hoat ong thc te. D an la loai e tai co muc ch ng dung nhat nh vao i song kinh te & XH. D an oi hoi phai ap ng mot nhu cau a neu; co ky han va rang buoc ve nguon lc nhat nh. e an la loai van kien c xay dng e trnh mot cap quan ly / CQ tai tr e xin c thc hien mot cong viec nao o. se xuat hien nhng d an, chng trnh, e tai hoac to chc/hoat ong kinh te, XH Chng trnh la mot nhom cac e tai hoac d an, c tap hp theo mot muc ch xac nh. Gia chung co tnh oc lap tng oi nhng noi dung thc hien cua mot chng trnh th phai luon ong bo
Tn ti
BA KHNG NN 1. Lm dng t ch mc ch nghin cu 2. Bt u bng cm t c bt nh cao v thng tin 3. Th hin tnh qu d di, chung chung
1. Lm dng t ch mc ch nghin cu
ti: Nghin cu tc ng ca chnh sch, giao t giao rng n tnh hnh s dng t ca ng bo Mng, Dao ti huyn A, tnh B nhm gp phn nng cao i sng ng bo v bo v mi trng
Tn ti di
t ch nht, thng tin nhiu nht, key word
ti: Nghin cu quan h ph thuc gia sn phm ngoi g vi rng v con ngi v xut cc gii php thch hp gp phn ci thin, nng cao i sng ng bo dn tc Thi sau khi ng ca rng t nhin ti vng cao x T Bnh, huyn T Nng, tnh LS (57)
Mc tiu/mc ch?
10 10 10
Mc tiu: Lm ci g?
ci ch v ni dung m ngi n/c vch ra nh hng n lc tm kim
Mc tiu phi
SMART
ti: Xy dng bin php hn ch ri ro tn dng ngn hng nng nghip Qun I. i tng NC: bin php hn ch ri ro tn dng Khch th NC: ngn hng nng nghip i tng kho st: ngn hng nngnghip qun I
ti: Xy dng qui trnh canh tc cy ma nhp ni c ngun gc Thailand i tng NC: Qui trnh canh tc Khch th NC: Cc b ging ma nhp ni i tng kho st: B ging ma c ngun gc Thailand
PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN 1. 2. 3. 4. Phng php tip cn thu thp thng tin Phng php phi thc nghim Phng vn bn chnh thc Phng vn chnh thc
Thng tin
Phn loi thng tin nghin cu C s l thuyt lin quan n ni dung v i tng NC Ti liu thng k & KQNC cng b KQ quan st/thc nghim ca ngi NC
Cac phuong phap thu thap thong tin - K tha - Phong van - Quan sat - Th nghiem/thc nghiem trc tiep
3.1 Tiep can tam ly trong PP chuyen gia 3.2 Phong van 3.3 Phng phap hoi ong
1. Khai niem 2. Quan sat khach quan 3. Phng phap chuyen gia (Expert method)
X l thng tin
Thng tin nh tnh
S dng suy lun logic a ra phn on v bn cht s kin v qui lut M ha, s ha = SPSS
Bi tp E TAI NCKH
Mc ch Mc tiu i tng nghin cu Khch th i tng kho st Gii hn