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CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER

The cleansing action of soap and detergent
The cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their ability; i. to lower the surface tension of water, ii. to emulsify oil or grease / dirt, and iii. to hold them in suspension in water. This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergent Structure of soaps Soap consists of sodium/potassium cations and soap anions. When a sodium/potassium soap is dissolve in water, it will form soap anions and sodium ion, Na+ or potassium ion, K+ Sodium soap soap anions + sodium cations [Na+] Potassium soap soap anions + potassium cations [K+] What is soap anions?
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O O

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon chains]

Hydrophilic [carboxilate group] COO

Soap anions
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From the diagram above shows that the structure of soap anions consists of, hydrocarbon chains known as hydrophobic part carboxylate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part Structure of detergent Detergent of sodium cations and detergent anions. When a detergent is dissolve in water, it will form detergent anions and sodium ion, Na+. What is detergent anions? i) Sodium alkyl sulphate detergent
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

O CH2 OSO Na+ O Hydrophilic [sulphate ions] OSO3

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl chains]

Alkyl sulphate ion

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl sulphate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

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i) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

O SO Na+ O

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic [hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains] [sulphonate ions] SO3

Alkylbenzene sulphonate anios

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl benzene sulphonate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphonate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part Remember this; In water, soap and detergent dissolves to form soap anions and detergent anions. The anions will carry out the cleansing action, because these anions consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. Why? Hydrophobic is water-hating part, is soluble in oil/grease/dirt, but insoluble in water. Hydrophilic is water-loving part, is soluble in water but insoluble in oil/grease/dirt. Both of the properties of anions, makes soap and detergent act as an effective cleansing agent.
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How soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?

+

Sodium ion Soap/detergent ion Grease/dirt

Dirt cloth

- The cloth is dipped in a soap or detergent solutions. - Soap and detergent reduces the surface tension of water. - This increase the wetting ability of water, therefore the surface of the cloth is wetted thoroughly.

+ +

+ + +

Hydrophilic part

+

Hydrophobic part

- Hydrophilic part dissolves in water. - Hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt/grease.

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+ +

+ +

- Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free, and break the grease into small part.
+ + +

+
+

- The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. - The droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion. - Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.
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The effectiveness action of soap and detergent Advantages of soap 1. Soap are effective cleaning agent in soft water. - Soft water did not contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. - Example: rain water, tap water
2.

Soap does not polluted the environment. - Soap is biodegradable (can be decomposed by bacteria) because it was made from substance that found in animal and plant. Soap will not harmed the aquatic life. - Soap will not change pH value of river and pool because soap is salt and weak alkali.

3.

Disadvantage of soap 1. Soap is not suitable for use in hard water. 2+ 2+ - Hard water contains Mg ions and Ca ions. - Example: Sea water, river water Why not suitable? 2+ 2+ - Mg and Ca ions react with the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap scum. - Soap scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning, thus wasting soap. - Soap scum does not rinse away easily. - Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be grey or yellow in colour. 2. Soap did not effective in acidic water. - Soap ion react with ion H+ to produce carboxylic acid molecule.
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Advantage of detergent 1. Detergent is effective in hard and soft water. - Detergent do not form scum with hard water. - Detergent form soluble substances with calcium or magnesium ions. 2. Detergent effective in acidic water - Detergent ion did not combine with H+ .
3.

Detergent is synthetic cleansing agent. - Structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties.

Disadvantage of detergent 1. Detergent can cause pollution to environment - Detergents not biodegradable, so that it cannot be decomposed by bacteria
2.

Detergent harmed to aquatic life - Detergent contains phosphate fertilizer will increases the growth of seaweed and algae in pond or river. Lots of soluble oxygen in water will be use up by bacteria to decompose seaweed and algae when the plant died. The content of oxygen in water decreases, thus can kill aquatic life.

3. Detergent produce a lot of foam. - Foam can cover the water surface and prevent the oxygen dissolves into water, thus will kill aquatic life.

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Additives in detergent The main substance in detergent is sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium alkyl sulphate. Example of detergent is shampoo, clothes washing powder and dishes washing liquid. Various type of additive is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficiency and to meet the needs of consumers. additives Whitening agent (sodium perborate) Biological enzymes (amilase, lipase, protease, selulase) Fluorescent agent (Blancophor) Buildup agent (sodium tripoliphosphate) Drying agent (sodium sulphate, Sodium silicate) Stabilizers Perfumes Antiseptic substance End
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Function React as bleach agent to vanished the colour stain but did not fade the colour of the clothes. React to substance that in organic properties like blood, food and water. Enzymes dissolve and change it to substance that can dissolve in water. Make the clothes more white, shiny and bright. Soften hard water, expel ion Mg2+ dan Ca2+ . increase the pH value Ensured that the detergent is always in a dry condition. To prevent the formation of foam To make clothes smell fresh and clean. To kill all microorganism that cause disease and smell.