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Click here for the Youtube link to 5.1 Soap & Detergent
Soaps
► Mostly are water-soluble substances.
► General formula:
○ RCOONa for sodium soap
► Example:
Examples of soap Formula
■ Saponification
► The process that is used for making soap.
► Involves the hydrolysis process between ester (oil or fat) and concentrated alkali solution
○ concentrated alkaline solution acts as a catalyst
○ Fat (from animals) or oil (vegetable oil) is hydrolysed
► Big ester molecules are break down to fatty acids and glycerol.
○ fat + alkali → fatty acid salt (soap) + glycerol
■ During the saponification process:
► Animal fat or vegetables fat is heated with sodium hydroxide.
► Once the saponification reaction is complete, sodium chloride is added to precipitate the soap.
► Sodium chloride is added to reduce the solubility of soap in water and causes the solid soap form
from the liquid soap solution.
► The soap can be separated from the solution by filtration.
■ Additives added to soap
► Colouring and perfumes.
► Optical brighteners as whitening agent.
► Water softeners that used in areas with hard water.
► Abrasives that increase the power of cleansing action.
.
Cleansing action of Soaps
■ Structure of soap molecules
► Each soap molecule consists of two parts :
► The tail region (hydrophobic end) will attract grease and mix with the particles of grease.
○ Grease begins to be lifted off the surface on agitation.
► The particles of dirt and grease come off the surface and remain suspended in the water when
the water is stirred or agitated.
○ Soap can hold the suspended particles because it can lather (bubbles) with water
► Removing dirty water and soap foam will remove grease dirt as well.
Detergent
■ Detergent
► Salt that is produced from the reaction between an alkali and a sulphonic acid.
► Non-soap cleaning chemicals that made from petroleum fractions.
► Having the similar molecular structure of soap.
■ Sodium salt of sulphonic acid
► Sodium alkyl sulphate
○ Example: Sodium lauryl sulphate
CH3(CH2)11–SO3−Na+
► Neutralisation
○
► Sulphonation
○
► Neutralisation
○
► The tail region (hydrophobic tails) is soluble in grease but not in water.
► The head region (hydrophilic head) is soluble in water but not in grease.
► During the washing action, all the tails molecules will go into the grease and the head dissolve
in water. When the water is shaken, all detergents molecules will remove the grease (dirt)
away.
Effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent
■ Soap cannot be used in hard water
► Soap effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water.
■ Hard water
► The water that contains dissolved calcium and magnesium salts.
■ Soap in hard water
► Soap form scum (non-soluble precipitate) with hard water
► Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water will react with soap anions to form scum as shown
in the following equations:
○ RCOO−(aq) + Ca2+(aq) → (RCOO)2Ca(s)
○ RCOO−(aq) + Mg2+(aq) → (RCOO)2Mg(s)
► The soap will have to react with all the calcium and magnesium ions before it start cleaning
actions.
► The scum that are formed will leave a clear sediment that can be seen on clothes.
► Detergents are not affected by the presence of minerals in water (hard water), so cleaning
action in hard water can be improved by using detergent.
Additives in detergent
■ Detergent additives
► give certain characteristics.
► provide extra useful for commercial purpose.
► increase the washing power.
■ The additives
► The table below shows the additives with their functions
Additive Functions
Whitening agent (Sodium perborate) Remove colored dirt stains on white clothes
Drying agent (Sodium sulphate and Make sure the detergent powder in dry
sodium silicate) condition.