Chapter : Salts

Preparation of salts Soluble salts (Crystal / aqueous) Na, K or NH4+ salts Other salts
Acid

Insoluble salts (Precipitate / powder)

PbSO4, PbCl2, PbCO3, PbI2,

PbCrO4 Acid + Alkali Salt + Water Reaction : Neutralisation Technique : Titration
Acid

Acid + Metal Salt + Water Oxide

Ionic equation : 2H+ + O2- H2O

BaSO4

Or Acid + Metal Salt + H2 Or

Alkali Ionic equation : H+ + OH- H2O Ionic equation : 2H+ + nM H2 + Mn+

AgCl All carbonate salts except Na2CO3, K2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3 CaSO4 Reaction : Precipitation / Double decomposition
For example : PbSO4 salt

Acid + Metal Salt + H2O + CO2 carbonate

Ionic equation : 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

Pb2+ solution

SO42- solution

Ionic equation : Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4

Physical state :

Qualitative analysis of salts 1) Examination on physical properties 2) Action of heat on the salt 3) Cations and anions tests 4) Confirmatory test for cations

Crystal, aqueous : Soluble salt Powder, precipitate : Insoluble salt

Solubility Colour :

Cu(NO3)2, CuSO4, CUCl2 : Blue (solid & aqueous) CuCO3 : Green solid CuO : Black solid FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2, FeCl2 : Green (solid & aqueous) Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, FeCl3 : Brown (solid & aqueous) Fe2O3 : Reddish-brown solid ZnO : Hot, yellow; Cold, white (solid) PbO : Hot, brown; Cold, yellow (solid) MgO, Al2O3 : White solids K2O, Na2O, CaO : White solids, Colourless solution PbI2, PbCrO4 : Yellow solids BaSO4, PbCl2, PbSO4, AgCl, CaSO4 : White solids Cl-, CO32-, NO3-, SO42- ions

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2) Action of heat on the salt

Chapter : Salts
Carbonate salts K2CO3, Na2CO3 CaCO3, MgCO3, Al2(CO3)3, ZnCO3, Fe2(CO3)3, PbCO3, CuCO3 (NH4)2CO3 : No reaction metal oxide + CO2 E.g: 1- CuCO3 CuO + CO2 2- CaCO3 (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 Nitrate salts : KNO3, NaNO3

Observation (Residue-metal oxide) :

Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, Zn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 NH4NO3

metal nitrite + O2 E.g: KNO3 2 KNO2 + O2 metal oxide + NO2 + O2 E.g: 1- 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 2- Ca(NO3)2

NH4NO3 N2O + H2O

White solids : CaO, MgO, Al2O3 Brown solid : Fe2O3 Black solid : CuO Yellow(hot), white(cold) : ZnO Brown(hot), yellow(cold) : PbO

Observations : Residue metal oxide (Remember the colour)

NO2 Brown gas : turns moist blue litmus paper red O2 Colourless gas : rekindles glowing wooden splinter

Test for CO2 gas: Deliver the gas into lime water

2) Action of heat on the salt Residue (info:cation) Gas (info:anion)

Sulphate salts : K2SO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4 ZnSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, CuCO3 FeSO4 (NH4)2SO4

Chloride salts : No reaction metal oxide + SO3 E.g: 1- CuSO4 CuO + SO3 2- ZnSO4 FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO3 + SO2 (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2SO4

Only NH Cl decomposes when heated

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Chemical eq: NH4Cl NH3 + HCl

Test for NH3 gas : Turns moist red litmus paper blue

Produce white fumes with concentrated HCl

Test for HCl gas : Turns moist blue litmus paper red

Observations : Colour - Residues of metal oxides

Produce white fumes with NH

gas

SO3 Colourless gas - Turns moist blue litmus paper red - Dissolves in water to form H2SO4 solution

SO2 Colourless gas - Turns moist blue litmus paper red - Test with acidified K2Cr2O7 : green to orange - Test with acidified KMnO4 : purple to colourless

3) Cations and anions tests Cations tests Anions tests

3+ 2+ 2+

Cations to be tested : Al , Mg , Ca , Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, NH4+ Reagents : 1-NaOH solution 2-NH3 solution

Cations to be tested : CO32-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-

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Chapter : Salts

Cations test using NaOH solution

Cations test using NH3 solution (NH4OH)

Ionic equation for reaction between cation solution + NaOH/NH3 solution

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Chapter : Salts E.g : 1) Al3+ + OH- Al(OH)3 2) Cu2+ + OH- Cu(OH)2

Anions test

(AgCl)

(BaSO4)

Ionic equation : 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

Ionic equation : Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

Ionic equation : Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4

Confirmatory test for cations Pb2+ ion

(aq) + KI / NaCl / Na2SO4

Fe2+ ion
Reagent (aq) Potassium hexacyanoferate(II) Potassium hexacyanoferate(III ) Potassium thiocyanate

(aq)

Fe3+ ion

(aq) Observation Dark blue precipitate Brown solution Blood-red colouration

NH4+ ion
(aq) NaOH + (aq)

Observation Light blue precipitate Dark blue precipitate Pale red colouration

PbI : Yellow precipitate PbCl2 : White precipitate PbSO4 : White precipitate

Reagent (aq) Potassium hexacyanoferate(II) Potassium hexacyanoferate(III ) Potassium thiocyanate

+ Nesslers reagent Brown precipitate

NH3 gas turns moist red litmus paper blue

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