Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[011]
2/5/13
hIp://edocs.soco.agilent.com/display/iccapmhb/Wafer+Prober
2/5/13
MSE
302-Fall
2012-Roqan
2
2/5/13
Lecture
2
Types
of
Bonding
Ionic
bonding
Covalent
bonding
Metallic
bonding
2/5/13
2/5/13
Crystal Bonding
Crystal
Bonding
Model
Classical
electrosta=c
aIrac=ve
and
repulsive
forces
can
mostly
explain
bonding
in
these
crystals
Crystal Bonding
A]er C. KiIel
(b) ionic
(c) metallic
(d) covalent
a) Neutral
atoms
with
closed
electron
shells
are
bound
together
weakly
by
Van
der
Walls
forces
associated
with
the
uctua=ons
in
charge
distribu=ons
b) Electrons
are
transferred
from
one
atom
to
another.
The
resul=ng
ions
are
held
together
by
aIrac=ve
electrosta=c
forces
between
posi=ve
and
nega=ve
ions.
c) The
valence
electrons
are
taken
away
from
each
atom
to
form
a
communal
sea
of
electrons
in
which
the
posi=ve
ions
are
dispersed
d) The
neutral
atoms
are
bound
together
by
the
overlapping
parts
of
their
electron
distribu=ons
2/5/13
MSE
302-Fall
2012-Roqan
6
2/5/13
Interatomic
forces
An
NaCl
crystal
is
more
stable
than
an
isolated
collec=on
of
free
Na
and
Cl
atoms
Similarly,
a
Ge
crystal
is
more
stable
than
a
collec=on
of
free
Ge
atoms
This
implies
that
the
atoms
aIract
each
other
when
they
get
close
to
each
other
We
may
conclude
that
some
aIrac=ve
interatomic
force
exists
which
holds
the
atoms
together.
This
force
is
responsible
for
crystal
forma=on
The energy of the crystal is lower than that of the atoms by an amount equal to the energy required to pull the crystal apart into free atoms.
2/5/13
Cohesive
Energy
The
poten=al
energy
(V)
represen=ng
the
interac=on
varies
greatly
with
distance
between
two
atoms
Above
an
equilibrium
value
(R>R0),
V
increases
gradually
reaching
0
at
R
=
(a9rac:on)
R<R0,
V
increases
very
fast
reaching
at
small
distance
(repulsive)
V
repulsive
R
(interatomic
distance)
R0 V0 equilibrium a0rac2on
The
two-atom
system
has
the
lowest
poten=al
energy
at
R0
(most
stable
point)
Then
R0
is
the
equilibrium
posi:on
and
the
energy
at
R0
is
the
cohesive
energy
(binding
energy).
R0
is
called
the
interatomic
distance
-V0
is
the
binding
energy
Typical
values
of
R0
(
in
solids)
are
10-30
2/5/13
MSE
302-Fall
2012-Roqan
8
2/5/13
Interatomic force
F=0
Ro
F =
V R
R R > R0 distance
Ionic
bond
In
an
ionic
bond
(e.g.
NaCl),
each
Na
atom
loses
one
valence
electron
to
a
neighboring
Cl
atom,
resul=ng
in
an
ionic
crystal
containing
both
posi=ve
and
nega=ve
ions
Na
Cl
Na+
Cl-
An electrosta:c coulomb a9rac:ve force exists between the two oppositely charged ions 2
F(R) pair =
2/5/13
q 4 0 R 2
2/5/13
3s
3s 3p
V (R) pair =
q2 4 0 R
3s
3p
R r
ro Ro (c)
(b)
The formation of an ionic bond between Na and Cl atoms in NaCl. The attraction is due to coulombic forces.
2/5/13
MSE
302-Fall
2012-Roqan
11
2/5/13
12
2/5/13
R0 V0
2/5/13
13
2/5/13
14
2/5/13
Ro
2/5/13
15
Covalent
Bonding
Sharing
the
outer
electrons
the
bond
is
composed
of
two
electron
Due
to
coulomb
aIrac=on
between
e-
and
nucleus.
For
example:
C,
Si
and
Ge.
shared
Si
Si
Si
Si
electron
2/5/13
MSE
302-Fall
2012-Roqan
16
2/5/13
Periodic table
2/5/13
18
2/5/13
Example:
Silicon
Si14:
1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p2
Core
electrons
(bound
=ghtly
with
small
radius)
Valence
electrons
(bound
loosely
with
big
radius)
4 electrons in the outer electrons (Valence electrons) Tetrahedral structure 4 bonds per atom each atom is bonded to 4 nearest neighbours)
2/5/13
19
Silicon
2/5/13
20
10
2/5/13
Symmetric bonding aIrac=on lled states An= symmetric repulsion empty states
11
2/5/13
Both sp3 and sp2 bonding are common in semiconductors. sp3 bonding is common in diamond and zincblende structure. sp2 bonding is common in hexagonal wurtzite structure.
hIp://www.wiredchemist.com
12
2/5/13
SP3
hybridiza=on
(a) (b) (c) (d)
CONDUCTION BAND
hyb
A
3p Energy gap, Eg 3s
Si ATOM
VALENCE BAND
hyb
Si CRYSTAL
2/5/13
25
SP2 hybridiza=on
13
2/5/13
Mixed
bonding
In
some
crystals,
the
bonds
are
not
pure
but
mix
of
ionic
and
covalent
bonding.
These types of mixed bonds are exists in semiconductors (such as divalent, trivalent semiconductors) due to the dierent size of atoms (dierent electronega=vity) .
Example GaAs: has 0.46 of electron transfer (ionic) although the bonds are covalent
2/5/13
27
Metallic
bonds
How
can
assembly
of
atoms,
say
Na,
brought
together
to
form
a
crystal
aIract
each
other
to
form
a
solid
?
Should
we
not
expect
the
electrons
to
repel
each
other
?
Should
we
not
expect
the
ion
cores
to
repel
each
other
?
Can
we
expect
an
ionic
bond
between
two
Na
atoms?
Can
we
expect
a
covalent
bond
between
Na
toms?
2/5/13
28
14
2/5/13
Electron gas
2/5/13
29
2/5/13
30
15
2/5/13
Metallic
bonds
From
quantum
mechanics
we
know
that
when
a
par=cle
is
restricted
to
move
in
a
small
volume,
the
Kine=c
energy
of
its
electron
increases.
The
energy
is
propor=onal
to
V-2/3,
where
V
is
the
volume
of
connement
In
an
isolated
atom,
the
electrons
are
conned
to
a
very
small
volume,
giving
them
very
high
kine=c
energy
In
a
metal
crystal,
the
electrons
are
moving
in
a
much
larger
volume,
resul=ng
in
substan=al
reduc=on
in
their
kine=c
energy.
(lesser
than
the
free
ions)
This
signicant
reduc=on
in
the
energy
of
the
system
favors
the
metallic
bond
(crystal
forma=on)
2/5/13
31
Bonding in solids
2/5/13
32
16
2/5/13
Bonding in Solids
2/5/13
33
17