Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Build: Play:
Administravia
Prof: tristan@cs.dartmouth.edu
255 sudi, but oce hrs in 218 sudi (Wed 2-4pm, Fri 3-4pm)
TA: yurong@cs.dartmouth.edu Textbook: Kurose & Ross 3rd edition Fill out the survey Get a Sudiko UNIX account Class e-mail list: cs78all@cs.dartmouth.edu Schedule: http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~cs78
Assessment
Homeworks (x4, 20%)
Due at the beginning of class on due date Project 1 due April 29 (15%) Project 2 due May 27 (20%) Midterm May 4 (20%) Final June 3 (25%) NO RESCHEDULING OF EXAMS Extra exam/project questions Can use your own BSD/Linux machine, but youre on your own
Grad students / extra credit: Work on the Linux machines in 005 Sudiko
Who am I?
(i.e., a postdoc)
M.A. (Cantab), M.Sc Ph.D (London) Research interests: wireless networks, network
measurements, networked games, network QoS First-time teacher; please give feedback!
The plan
Week 1: high-level intro Weeks 2-7: the basics Weeks 8-10: extra topics Things may not go to plan, so
monitor http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~cs78/schedule.html for updates I will follow the order and content of the book for ~75% of the course Slides draw heavily from the book (thanks to Jim Kurose & Keith Ross!)
Introduction
High-level intro to get feel and terminology
More detail as we progress through the course Use Internet as example What is the Internet? What is a protocol? Network edge, core, access nets, physical media Performance: loss, delay Protocol layers, service models
Overview:
The Internet is a network of networks loosely hierarchical compare the Internet to a private intrane! Protocols need to be agreed on by standards bodies IETF, RFCs IEEE network standards
communication in"astructure for enabling distributed applications web, e-mail, games, p2p Apps are provided with a communication servic# connection-oriented reliable connectionless unreliable
What is a protocol?
Network protocols: same idea, but machines instead of humans All communication activity in the Internet is governed by protocols
Human protocols: Whas the time? I have a question Id like you to meet... Specic messages are sen! Specic actions are taken when messages are received, or on other events
Protocols dene the format, order of messages sent and received among network entities, and the actions taken upon message transmission and receipt
What is a protocol?
Human protocol Network protocol
Network structure
Network edg# applications and hosts Network cor# routers network of networks Access networks, physical media communication links
Network edge
end systems (hosts) run applications e.g., web, blitzmail sit at edge of network client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g, web browser/server peer to peer model minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers
Network core
A mesh of interconnected routers How is data transferred through the network? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call (telephone network) packet switching: data set through network in discrete chunks
Resources reserved end-to-end for call link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (i.e., guaranteed) performance call setup required
Network resources are divided into pieces pieces are allocated to calls if a call doesnt use a piece, it is idl# How to divide into pieces? Frequency division Time division
Sequence of A & Bs packets does not have a xed pattern statistical multiplexing Compare to TDM where each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame
1 Mb/s link
Each user: 100 kb/s when active; active 10% of time 10 users N = 35, p(> 10 simultaneous active) < 0.004
Circuit-switching: Packet-switching:
How to connect end systems to an edge router? Residential access networks Institutional access networks Mobile access networks Access networks dier in amounts of available bandwidth (bits per second)
Cable: HFC, <=30Mbps down <=2Mbps up Cable and ADSL are always-o)
shared or dedicated links connect end systems and router 10Mbps, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet all common
using base station or access point 802.11a/b/g: 54/11/54 Mbps 3G UMTS ~384 kbps GSM/GPRS <150kbps (not so much in US) WiMAX/802.16 <48Mbps Bluetooth: <2.1Mbps WUSB: <480Mbps
Wireless PANs:
Physical media
Bit: propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs Physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver
guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, bre, coaxial cable unguided media: signals propagate freely: radio, satellite 2 insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce interference UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cat 3 = telephone, 10BaseT Ethernet Cat 5 = 100BaseT Cat 6 = Gigabit Ethernet
Twisted pair
Physical media
Coaxial cable
2 concentric copper connectors bidirectional baseband (single channel) cable, legacy Ethernet broadband - multiple channel cable TV, HFC Glass bre carrying light pulses; each pulse is one bit Very high speed point-to-point (e.g. 5Gbps) Low error rate repeaters can be spaced far apart Typically used for backbone networks, but changing (Sweden, Digital Dorm)
Fibre optics
Physical media
Radio
Signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum No wire Bidirectional Environment aects propagation; reection, obstruction, interference Microwave: <45Mbps LAN (e.g., 802.11): <54Mbps Wide-area: ~100s kbps Satellite: 50Mbps channels (but ~270ms delay)
Admin
Fill out survey
survey is double-sided! today would be good, since Wayne is unlikely to do it at the weekends easiest way is to tell me your name and preferred username if you didnt receive a test message today, then e-mail me (tristan@cs.dartmouth.edu) http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~cs78/ Wed 2-4pm, Fri 3-4pm, 218 Sudiko
Make sure that you are on the cs78all@cs list First homework set today, due next week Oce hours start this afternoon
Internet structure
Network of networks Roughly hierarchical Centre: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Pipex) international/national coverage no formal denition of tier-1 tier-1 providers peer (interconnect) with a* other tier-1 ISPs, privately and at public NAPs ISPs connect to other ISPs at POPs (Points of Presence)
Internet structure
Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (usually regional) ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP
Tier-2 ISP
Internet structure
a packet may pass through many networks
local ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Caravan analogy
10-car caravan toll booth 100 km toll booth 100 km
Cars propagate at 100km/hr Toll booth takes 12 seconds to service a car car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd to* booth?
time to push entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll booth = 100km/(100km/hr) = 1 hr
A: 62 minutes
Caravan analogy
10-car caravan toll booth 100 km toll booth 100 km
Cars now propagate at 1000 km/hr Toll booth now takes 60 seconds to service a car Q: Wi* cars arrive at 2nd booth before a* cars serviced a!
1st booth?
Yes. 1st car arrives at 2nd booth after 7 minutes, 3 cars still at 1st booth
Nodal delay
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
Packet loss
Queue (buer) preceding link in buer has nite
capacity When a packet arrives to a full queue, the packet is dropped (lost) Lost packet may be:
retransmitted by previous node retransmitted by source end system not retransmitted at all
Protocol layers
How to organise?
A series of steps
Why layers?
When dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identication, relationship of
system pieces
layered reference model for discussion a change in implementation of a layers service is transparent to the rest of the system cross-layer optimisations
modularisation eases maintenance, updating of system but some consider layering harmful?
PPP, Ethernet
Encapsulation
messag# segmen! datagra"am#
link physical
switch