H C H

CH3 C + H2 H

H
Ni, 150C

CH3 C H

propene

H H propane

A functional group: A functional group: provides a basis for naming compounds provides a basis for naming compounds is the reason why compounds undergo is the reason why compounds undergo similar chemical reactions similar chemical reactions influences physical properties influences physical properties
Hy d
Mar

H C H C

H
120

H C C H

H CH2CH3 but-1-ene

ethene

structural isomers

A positively-charged electrophile A positively-charged electrophile will add on to the carbon atom in an will add on to the carbon atom in an unsymmetrical >C=C< bond that unsymmetrical >C=C< bond that results in the formation of the most results in the formation of the most stable carbocation. (3 >> 2 > 1). stable carbocation. (3 2 > 1).

Functional groups

ro g

en a

tio n

kov ni Rul kovs e

n m mi ris Na me

nd ga

cis geometric isomers trans

H3C

CH3

i so

C C H H cis but-2-ene

Alkenes, CnH2n
CH3 C+ H3C CH3 H3C CH3 C+ H H CH3 C+ H

Tests for unsaturation

po Addi lym tio eri n sat ion
H3C n C H

Tertiary (3)

Secondary (2) Primary (1)

El ec ad trop di hi tio li n c

c Carbo

ations

Bromine water orange/brown colourless Alkaline potassium manganate(VII) purple colourless

H C (g) H

H C H heterolytic fission H+ BrC

CH3 H H electrophilic attack

H C H + C

CH3 H H

H C H

CH3 C H Br

CH3 H C C H H poly(propene)

(s) n

propene

Br intermediate carbocation (2)

2-bromopropane product
Low density poly(ethene) High density poly(ethene) Poly(chloro- Poly(proIncludes ethane) pene) poly(tetrafluoroethene)

Original ideas Dr John Fincham Original ideas Dr John Fincham