Bs Pharmacy 2a Group 5 REYES, Guilalaine SAGUN, Kimberly Mae SARINO, Honey Kris TABURNAL, Carmila TINDONGAN, Maria Ofelia

February 26, 13 Experiment no.18 ALUM

Chemical Formula: AlK(SO4)212H2O Chemical Reaction: A12(SO4)3 xH2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 - 2 A1(OH)34 + 6CO2 + 3CaSO4 (12.46)

1. Write the formula and chemical name of the two forms of alum. potassium aluminum sulfate K2(SO4)Al2(SO4)324H2O or

KAl(SO4)212H2O ammonium aluminum sulfate (NH4)Al(SO4)2

2. Differentiate the two forms as to their physical properties. Ammonium aluminium sulfate, also known as ammonium alum is

white crystalline . Potassium aluminum sulfate, potash alum or tawas is

the potassium double sulfate of aluminium.. It is commonly used in water purification, leathertanning, dyeing, fireproof textiles, and baking powder, It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving

3. Describe the pharmacologic action of Alum. Alum is used as astringent, to shrink tissues and reduce the discharged of body fluids. As styptic to contract organic tissues and stop or reduce hemorrhage and bleeding. Emetic agent, to to induce vomiting when someone has ingested poison. Often used to enhance certain vaccines and to prevent or treat infections. 4. State and define the pharmaceutical uses of alum. Serves as a source of aluminum ion. Can be used in foot-bath means of toughening the skin. Frequently the active ingredient in styptic pencil. Used in the preparation of several biological products (precipitated

diphtheria and tetanus toxoid)

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum February 21, 13 8:00PM http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/tawas.htm February 21, 13 8:30PM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_alum February 21, 13 8:45PM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_aluminium_sulfate February 21, 13 8:50PM

Bs Pharmacy 2a Group 5 REYES, Guilalaine SAGUN, Kimberly Mae SARINO, Honey Kris TABURNAL, Carmila TINDONGAN, Maria Ofelia February 26, 13 Experiment no. 19 Silver Nitrate Ophthalmic Solution Chemical formula: AgNO3 Chemical Reaction: 2 AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag 1. Give the synonym/s of silver nitrate. Lunar caustic Lapiz infernulariz Indelible Ink Caustic pencil Liquor Argenti Nitratis Ophthalmicus

2. What is the percentage volume of this solution? A solution of AgNO3 in a water medium containing 0.95%-

1.05% of AgNO3 and may be buffered by addition of Sodium Acetate. The pH is between 4.5-6.0

3. Give and define the therapeutic uses of the solution. Oligo-dynamic action Used as antibacterial For third degree burns Used ophthalmic solution for prophylaxis to the mother who

has gonorrhea disorder.

4. State all the actions of silver nitrate on the tissues. When the silver nitrate is applied to a wound or lesion, the tissue moisture or blood dissolves the dried nitrate salt, which then chemically burns the tissue. It requires moisture for activation. Silver nitrate sticks are often used for minor hemostasis where patients are not under general anesthesia, where electrocautery would be painful and inconvenient. One common use of silver nitrate sticks is in Emergency Medicine, on patients presenting with epistaxis (nosebleed). The silver nitrate stick is rolled on the affected mucous membrane or visible blood vessel in the nares (nosril) where the chemical cauterization stops the minor bleeding.

What activity of the silver ion causes these effects? In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement. Incorrect dosage, however, could cause blindness in extreme cases. It is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue. Silver's antimicrobial activity saw many applications prior to the discovery of pharmaceutical antibiotics, when it fell into near disuse. Its association with argyria made consumers wary and led them to turn away from it when given an alternative.

5. What is argyria? How is this condition threated? Argyria is a condition caused by improper exposure to chemical forms of the element silver, silver dust, or silver compounds. The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin becomes blue or bluishgrey colored. Argyria may be found as generalized argyria or local argyria. Argyrosis is the corresponding condition related to the eye. Treatment: Laser therapy has been used to treat it with satisfactory cosmetic results. 6. Give the official name and their use: Argyrol- mild Silver Proteinate Use: antiseptic for the eye Protargol- strong silver proteinate Use: stronger germicide for ear and throat 7. What is Credes prophylaxis? Describe. the instillation of a 1% silver nitrate solution into the conjunctiva of newborns to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum.

Reference: http://www3.icb.usp.br/corpoeditorial/ARQUIVOS/residuos_quimicos/201.pdf February 21, 13 9:30pm http://wikbio.com/en/dictionary/definition-of/Crede-prophylaxis February 21, 13 10:00pm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Eichengr%C3%BCn February 21, 13 10:15pm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate February 21, 13 10:20pm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria February 21, 13 10:30pm