Study on Modeling of High Frequency Power Pulse Transformer

Haoyu Li, Member, IEEE, Xianglin Bai, and Jianqiang Wu

The Department of Electrical and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China

AbstractBased on analyzing the physical structure and operational characteristics of high-frequency power pulse transformer, both the sub-circuit model and numerical model are presented. In the sub-circuit model, the distributed capacitances among transformer windings are reduced to concentration parameter components. It improves the practicability. In the numerical model, the piecewise modeling method is adopted because pulse transformers equivalent parameters affect the models characteristic differently on pulses three parts, i.e. rising edge, falling edge, and action period. This method speeds up the simulation greatly. It is proved that the two models are precise and speediness, by analyzing simulation applications.

carried through on physical modeling [1], sub-circuit modeling [2, 3], and numerical modeling [4, 5]. Based on simulation software Matlab, characteristics of single phase transformer were investigated and its sub-circuit model was made in [6]. In [7], the pulse transformer voltage transient characteristics were studied, and the results of tests and simulation are very good. But, it is observed that those scholars were concerned about the high-voltage power frequency transformer. Few references about high-frequency pulse transformer are found. In this paper, it will be researched in depth with the purpose of its sub-circuit model and numerical model. II. SUB-CIRCUIT MODEL High-frequency power pulse transformer differs from ideal transformer, because it is always working under from several kilohertz up to megahertz frequency, the distributed parameters, such as parasitic capacitances among windings and core, must be considered. As in Fig.1, 2-windings transformer is taken as an example. These parasitic capacitances can be split into 4 types: C 10 between primary winding and core, C20 between secondary winding and core; C12 between primary and secondary winding; C11 in primary winding; C22 in secondary winding.

I. INTRODUCTION

ith the fast development of the power electronic circuit topology and the power device, the research goes to be more high-frequency, more low-loss, more high-power-density, high-voltage, and high-power. In order to get the different voltage levels, the pulse transformer is always used to transform the PWM signal in all type of the isolated converter, such as flyback, forward, and bridge converter, etc. It differs from the general power transformer. Because the PWM signal includes abundant harmonics components, the distributed parameters in pulse transformer influent the transmission of power signal more. The accurate and fast modeling method is the theoretical basis for designing and making high-frequency power pulse transformer, it is simultaneously an important research direction in power electronics subject. In power electronic circuit, models of all components are classified as three kinds: sub-circuit model, numerical model, and physical model. When pulse transformer runs at high frequency, its windings and magnetic core are strong non-linear parts and many distributed parameters exist, therefore, its physical model is very difficult to make [1]. The other two modeling methods are discussed and investigated in this paper. Since 1980s, many scholars at home and abroad researched the modeling method of transformer and pulse transformer. Especially the last ten years, lots of development works were
Manuscript received October 30, 2007. This work was supported by Heilongjiang Province Key Technologies R&D Program (No. GC05A315) Li Haoyu is with the Department of Electrical and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001. (phone: 86-451-86413602; e-mail: lihy@ hit.edu.cn).

u1

u2

Fig.1. Distributed capacitances in 2-windings pulse transformer

It is very complicated to analyze the circuit with distributed parameters. In order to simplify the problem, concentration parameter capacitances are adopted to substitute the distributed capacitances in sub-circuit model. The distributed capacitances in windings (C11, C22) and between primary and secondary winding (C12) are very small and can usually be ignored. Based on these hypotheses, we can get the accurate sub-circuit model, as in Fig.2. Therein, R1and R2 direct current resistance of primary and secondary winding, Ls1and Ls2 leakage inductance of primary and secondary winding, Lm and RT - excitation inductance and its equivalent resistance, those circuit parameters with superscript

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apostrophe mean relevant ones converted from secondary side to primary side. Because the input signal of pulse transformer is equivalent to direct current during its action period, pulse source Us is shown as capital symbol.

Fig.2. Sub-circuit model of pulse transformer

It is obvious that the sophisticated sub-circuit model behaves as a 6-order differential equation during the system simulation. Its computation speed is very slow. Therefore, for the sake of speeding up the simulation process and keeping the simulation precision, the equivalent circuit of pulse transformer should be simplified more. Generally, we can combine the internal resistance of pulse source and the primary side resistance of pulse transformer, combine the leakage inductance of transformer windings and lead inductance, combine the capacitance of primary winding and the lead capacitance of primary side, and combine the capacitance of secondary winding and the lead capacitance of secondary side. At the same time, we can merge the capacitances between primary winding and secondary winding into secondary side circuit if transformation ratio is greater than 1, as Fig.3 (a). In contrast, we can merge those capacitances into primary side circuit if transformation ratio is less than 1, as Fig.3 (b).

windings distributed capacitances and load in parallel. As leakage inductance connects with load in series, the rising edge of output voltage on load does not be vertical ascent but has a certain slope. At the same time, output voltage may bring resonance because the distributed capacitances exist. The oscillation influences running of the pulse transformer because the operating wave of transformer will distort. So, to get the numerical model of rising edge, it is assumed: a. Exciting inductance of transformer is much greater than leakage inductance, so its shunting action is ignored. In fact, the leak inductance coefficient of pulse transformer (=Ls/Lm=0.01-0.001) accords with this presupposition. b. The load R2 and its reflected value R2 are linear, and their values have no relation to load voltage. Based on the two presuppositions above, exciting inductance can be ignored at pulses rising edge period. The model of pulse transformer at this moment is shown in Fig.4.

u1

' u2

Fig.4. Model of pulse transformer at rising edge

From Fig.4, we can get its state equation:

' ' R1C1 Ls C2 d 3u2 + R1 dt3 1+ ' R2

R1C1

Ls L ' ' + Ls C2 2 ' R1C1 + R1C2 + s' ' ' Us R2 d u2 R2 du2 ' + + u2 = 2 R1 R1 R dt dt 1+ ' 1+ ' 1+ 1 ' R2 R2 R2

(1)

If we set:
' t = t Ls (C1 + C 2 ) = tTG

x=

C1 ' C1 + C 2

u1

' u2

u1

' u2

g = a=

1 ' R1 + R2
' R2 ' R1 + R2

Ls r = ' C1 + C 2 R1 + R2

u=

' u2 aU s

(a) ratio is greater than 1 (b) ratio is less than 1 Fig.3. Simplified sub-circuit model of pulse transformer

Therein,
r=

' TG = Ls (C1 + C 2 )

High-frequency time constant

The simulation results show that the simplification will not bring the distinct error.
III. NUMERICAL MODEL

in transformer model Wave impedance in transformer model Ls

' C1 + C 2

Put these variables into (1), we can get

a (1 - a ) x(1 - x) d 3 u d 2u 1 - a g du (2) + [(1 - a ) x + (1 - x)a ] 2 + a [ + ] +u =1 3 g g a dt dt dt

When we simulate the power electronic system using the pulse transformer sub-circuit as in Fig.2 or Fig.3, the process must be very slow, though Fig.3 reduce order from 6-order to 4-order. The operating pulse is made of rising edge, falling edge, and pulse action period. Through analysis, we find that the circuit parameters in Fig.3 play variant roles in these three periods. So, we consider to adopt piecewise modeling method to build transformer numerical model. This method can simplify the model and speed up the simulation process. The following is these modeling processes. A. Modeling of pulses rising edge When pulse transformer works with steep pulse, its exciting inductance can be regarded as open circuit at the initial time of pulse rising edge because it connects the

Obviously, equation (2) shows that capacitances C1 and C should joint to transformers primary side or secondary side respectively if variable x equals to 0 or 1. It is similar to the booster transformer or reducing transformer in Fig.3. Equation (2) can be expressed as (3) under these two conditions. d 2u du (3) + 2d +u =1
' 2

dt 2

dt

Therein,
d = a 1-a g ( + ) 2 g a
' t = t aLs C 2

When x=0

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When x=1 The solution of (3) is shown in (4) at different value of d .

d -dt sin 1 - d 2t + cos 1 - d 2t ) 1 - e ( 1-d 2 u = 1 - e -dt (1 + t ) d 1 - e -dt ( sh d 2 - 1t + ch d 2 - 1t ) 1-d 2 d <1 d =1 d >1
' 2

d =

a
2 1-a

1-a g ( + ) g a

t = t (1 - a ) Ls C1

By the initial conditions, at t=0,

' u2 (0) = uLm = ' U s R2 ' R1 + R2

(4)

The equations can be solved, and the solution is the numerical model of pulses action period:
' u 2 = aEe 1 TD

(5)

The numerical model of pulse transformers rising edge is expressed in (4), and from it, we can get the typical dimensionless curve of the formation process of pulses rising edge, as in Fig.5.
1.2

Therein, a = R /( R1 + R ) voltage transmission coefficient ' ' TD = Lm ( R1 + R2 ) /( R1 R2 ) time constant of transformer

' 2

d = 0.5
0.6 0.7

equivalent circuit, i.e. low-frequency time constant ' Equation (5) shows that the voltage on R2 falls exponentially along with time. Furthermore, the smaller time constant is, the faster speed of voltage drops. C. Modeling of pulses falling edge As pulse ends, the equivalent circuit of pulse transformer is shown in Fig.7. At this point, pulse source is disconnected. Because Ls , Lm , C1 , and C2 store certain electric energy or magnetic energy, the sophisticated surge must appear. And because there are many effective reactive components, the oscillatory process needs to be described by high-order differential equation; its solution is very difficult to obtain. Therefore, we must simplify the question properly, and the oscillatory circuit will be equivalent to two loops.
'

0.8

0.6

1 1. 1 1 .2
1 .3

0.4

0.2

Fig.5 Dimensionless curve of pulse rising edge with linear load

From Fig.5, we know that the monodrome functional relationship of output-voltages relative value u and relative time t are fixed by the parameter d . d reflects all kinds of ' ' relations among Ls , C1 , C2 , R1 , and R2 in transformer equivalent circuit. So, the solution can be expressed as the general curves. The curves will guide the designing and making of pulse transformer. B. Modeling of pulses action period In Fig.3, voltage of the exciting inductance Lm will tend to zero under DC working condition. So, the secondary side voltage of transformer will trail off slowly after pulses rising edge procedure is over, but voltage of the equivalent capacitance holds the line. Because the exciting inductance is much greater than relevant leakage inductance, and the exciting inductance connects the load in parallel, and the leakage inductance connects the load in series, the capacitance voltage and the inductance current come to stable value after pulses rising edge, moreover, they have little mutation in pulses action period. As the result, the influence of C1, C2, and Ls can be ignored when we model the forming process of the action period. It is shown in Fig.6:

Ls

RT

u1

C1

Lm

' C2

' R2

' u2

Fig.7. Model of pulse transformer at falling edge

Loop 1: The energy stored in Ls will cause oscillation in the loop of Ls, C1, and C2. Because the voltage of C1, and C2 are equivalent, they should not discharge through Ls, but through the exciting inductance Lm, resistance RT, and R2. As RT is very great and usually R2 is inductive load, the capacitances mainly discharge through Lm. The oscillatory loop is shown in Fig.8.(a), and the output voltage is u21. Therein, R=RT//R2, C=C1+C2.

u1

u1

u1

' u2

(a)
Fig.6. Model of pulse transformer on pulse action period

(b)
Fig.8. The decomposition charts of falling edge model

(c)

From Fig.4, we can get the state equations:

diLm ' u2 = Lm dt U = u ' + (i + i ' ) R 2 Lm 2 1 s

Loop 2: Another oscillatory circuit comes into being as a result of leakage inductance Ls. It is shown in Fig.8.(b). Because the impedances of R1 and R2 are far greater than the capacitive

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reactance of C1C2, Fig.8.(b) can be reduced to Fig.8.(c). Its output voltage is expressed as u22. Because Lm >> Ls , the oscillatory process in Fig.8.(a) is far slower than in Fig.8.(c), and its output voltage u21 is far greater than u22 in Fig.8.(c). So, at the moment of modeling pulses falling edge, we only consider Fig.8.(a), its state equation is expressed in (6). ' ' ' d 2 u 21 1 du 21 u 21 (6) + + =0
dt 2 RC dt Lm C

Fig.10. Simulating waveform of sub-circuit model TABLE.I COMPARE OF SUB-CIRCUIT MODEL AND NUMERICAL MODEL Sub-circuit model `Numerical model Simulation Us: 100V/50kHz; Us: 100V/50kHz; parameters Rising edge: Ls=40H; TG=2.83s; =1; =4.47; =0.46 C1=100pF; 10-3; =0.2310-3 C2 =100pF; Pulses action period: Lm=2mH; Lm=2mH; R1=0.6; R2=10k R1=0.6; Falling edge: R2=10k Lm=2mH; R=0.8; C=200pF Time 10ms 10ms Step size 10ns 10ns Processing 5.17s 0.85s time

If the voltage drop of the pulses action period is ignored, ' that is to say that the initial condition is u21 (0) = U s , the numerical model of pulses falling edge is show in (7).
d -dt 2 sin 1 - d 2t ) e (cos 1 - d t 1-d 2 ' u21 = e -dt (ch 1 - d 2t - d sh 1 - d 2t ) 1-d 2
u=
' u21 aU s

d <1 d >1

(7)

t=

2R Therein, According to (7), the termination procedure of pulse can be regarded as two processes. One is attenuation of positive voltage to zero, and the other is attenuation of negative voltage to zero. With increase of the transformer load, the quantity of the attenuation of negative voltage increases and the reverse pulse will appear on the stage of falling edge. In Fig.9, the relation curve of the voltage on falling edge, contra-time t , and d is shown.
u
d1 = 0

t LmC

d=

Lm C

0.5 0.6 0.7 1.2

The simulating waveform of numerical model is shown in Fig.11. It is observed that the oscillation damping decreases than that in the sub-circuit model because the simplification is adopted on the rising and falling edges. But, the oscillation frequency keeps in line basically, and the simulating precision is acceptable. The simulation is very fast, and the processing time is only 0.85s.

1.1

Fig.9. Influence of exciting inductance on falling edge IV. COMPARISON OF THE TWO MODELING METHODS

Fig.11. Simulating waveform of numerical model V. CONCLUSION

Based on the two models above, two kinds of simulation are carried through. The simulation software is OrCAD10.5 of Cadence, and the computer uses Intel Centrino T7300 CPU. The results and simulation parameters are shown in Table.I. The simulating waveform of the output voltage of pulse transformer sub-circuit model is shown in Fig.10. It is obvious that the different-frequency oscillations appear on both the rising and falling edges, and the top of pulse declines a little. The result of sub-circuit model simulation is very accurate, but the processing time is 5.17s while the simulating time is 10ms. The simulating speed is slower than that in the numerical model.

1) In the process of sub-circuit modeling for high-frequency-power-pulse transformer, the distributed capacitances in windings and magnetic core can be equivalent to concentrative capacitances. The simplification influences the simulating precision little, but the simulating speed is fairly slow. 2) In the process of numerical modeling, it is split into three segments, i.e. rising edge, falling edge, and action period, and in every segment, the model parameters affect model characteristic differently. The models order is lowered and the simulating speed is improved greatly. 3) In the process of numerical modeling, the relationship of pulses three segments and transformers physical parameters is analyzed in details. It will guide the designing and making of the pulse transformer. 4) By the simulating tests, two models of pulse transformer

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are proved. As a result, the waveforms of the two models are presented. REFERENCES
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