Ar"ou

The Magnetic ScalarPotential*

J. I]. BRONZA:i LoLtoralory Jor Ixclear Science
anLl Detarr"rcnloJ Phllsics ,llrrssdc/r&setts InsliIuIc o! T echnolog! Cantbridtn, .lI assachllseua 02tSg (licceiverllJOLleternber lC70)

t
.'

?
r rir',r -(

\'ot atl

r Ir)71

n r , r r t l r . r r , j lJr = 0 : t l , , r r l t i r n

l,jrllr:

l d = - r t B . ( i l = - ( r " i . )l J 1 S . J .

( :.] )

ll e obtait c/osel erpresstons lor scdar ntagnelic polentials r|uc lo att arbilrary slolic cuftent denslly J(x). SintpLc prescriptionsart eitcn.for Jorbid(len rqioni rilrcre B+-f4,; lltest lorbi.llen, rcgions nal;e ttu: N,tential singb tnltttd trlLerc il tarLltr: usetl.l.'ina?y, the coin1l.l. tnullipolt rslirtnsionof lht nagnetostalic .frtLl is tlcrittl ir n .frrc sirrrTlcslrTrs.

Tlrosc conrplicltir)ns r r t c c l l s l l \ . o v o r r ( , r r r ct .s r r e s l n l l s l r o r l i r r S , ' c .I I , s o \ \ ' or r e r r o t o b l i g t r l t o givc rrp tlre scllltr lrotetrtitl ls ltr intpr.actictl c u r i o s i t \ ' . f l r i s i s f o r t I l n l t c f o r . s c v c t . r tr lcllorr.. I i l s f , i t i s c l s i e l t o v i s r r l l i z cu : c u l l r p o t c n t i i i l t l l r u l i ! \ ' c c t o r p o t c l ] t i l l l .S r r r f l r c c s of collsti lt O l u l e n o r n t r l t o B . l r r r r lt l r c i r s l l r c i n g i s i r r v c l s e l r . l ) r o l ) o r t i o l r r lt o l B j . I l r r r k l i t i o l , i t m u r . b c I u r r i l i c r l o c ( r n t p l l t ci l s c l l l r r l r o t c r r t i l i li t r s o r l r c
cIscs. lfirnllr, ttsil( lt s<lrllLr l).rtfllltllt oale ctn

r l c l i v c t l r l n L r l t i p o l ec r p r r r r s i o r rf l l r c n r u g n e t o o s l r r t i c i i r ' l r li n l g c n r r . : illr r l s t r r r i g l r t f o l r r l r r lr.la l . tlllrt |rLnrllcls tllc trclrtnlc t of tlte elcctrostltir: {iell. It bccotncs obviorrs t h : r t t l r c n r l g r r e t i cl n c l c l e c t l i cf i i , l i l s o f l r r 1 1 ,r r i j n r u l t i l r o l c r u . cs l ) u t i t l l \ . r , l ,r r t i , . ' 1r., l l 1 , r r r r r , i r r , , .L , li -r , r - -, , r , t i , l ) r . . : n r rltts { L r b r t r L irlll p c r L r g o g i c l l r l r . r r c c . II. TWO MAGNETIC SCALAR POTENTIALS

I. INTRODUCTION

1l r c | r j l l l r l l o r l :

\ \ ' t ' c r L ru r lite B=-rd r r ' l r c l r , r .J c:r0 . T I r i s ( ' r l l l x t i o l l n r i i \ ' b c i r r t e g r l t r , r l g l \ c 1o 'l'irr' iin c\l)Ies.trLtictnirgtL l i(( l i t l r L i r r v u c u r r n r sutislies sioufol d:

s.B:0.

s xB:.hJ'c.

al)

d r xr = -

I ,/t.Brtr.
-

(3)

l l c c l L r s c \ - . B : 0 , t l r c l i c l r l i s g c r r e l r r l l lr l c l i v c r l t lrclc i: a ii rrfetonce lloirrt. Trr.o lrcsiiblc iutegrafron) ll ycctor ltotcltill. On tlre otlrcr lrlrrtl, tiol b r , t l c c r ra l u t l x l r e d c p i c t e di u f i g . l . l)rltlrs * h r r . r ' c r J : 0 , r , r r c) l i s t h c o p t i o n o f t l o . i r . i r r g B frorn l scrtlrir l)otc tilil, O. Little uso i. nllldc of t I r i sl l t r . r ' l r i t t i \ .ic r r i t ' r t l t o o k so r re l c c t r o n l l g nc t i s n l b e c r r u so c f l l o c o n t I l i c r r l i n n s' l .' l r c 6 r s t i s t l r a t i t i . t r i c l t ! t o u . r ' i t c f o r r r r l r ] l:.rc l l t t i n g Oto J bocrrrrsc t ) r c s c r t l r t tl ) o l f l r t i l l i i , i . u l c . s \ . l t c r . c v t , r ' J#0 'fltc s r c o r L r(l( ) l r l i i i { . r l ,, r r i . r l r : r tg i s i n g c r r t , r . l r ll rnrrltilrlc-r'lLluf cL ru l rctiorr s.o a l r r e s c r i l r t i o n r r s t b e s r r p l t l i c rs l p c c i f l i n g r \ l l e r cO c l l n : u r r lc a n l o t b c 'llre rr-scrl. occllrlcIlcc of nultiltlc vrluerlrrcss clu bc seen from thc integral form of ,\mpere,s l l l l , s h i c l r s t l t e s t i l t t t h e c h a n g ei r r f a r o u n t l r o closedptt h is prol)ortionll to the encircletlcurrclt, Frc. L Possrble integr&tion palns for lr,q. (3).
AJP l'olumc 39 / 1357

J . B, Bronzan

and find: freespacc,

o'(x)=-c'['at
,) x I d 3 t ' i . lIG gi- 1' 1'
r(hercJl0, or in the shidcd Irrc.2. dr cannotbc u-ced

x (ti - x')

- - r ' a . t , 1 ( x(' i)x .x,) I

rt Y [' " J _ I E . i _ xs ' (4,

c
Frc. 3. cl regior.

J =0 on Cr' Path Cr i," ar lcceptllble p{rtlr bccrtuse l'rtlr C,'can be uscclonlf if carc is tlkert to irtsurc t l r r t t l r e c u r r c l i t f l o $ i n g b e t N c c t tp l t h s C r a n d C r does not c|tnge as x i's varied Tlri-srequirenlcnt folkr*'s from l)r1 (2) and tlrc f&ct that t\\'o f i c k l i n gB m u ' " tt l i f f e r b t t c o n s t l n t ' l)otcntirils tltc nltrltipole - \ p o t e n t i a ls t r i t r b l ef o r d e r i v i r r g a c b r r i c c- c ' ' g - t ' i ' t L e c t p n , r r i o t tr c s u l t s f r o n l p a tli of integlii t s a r t d p o t e r l t i r l dr. \\'e crll this j s from infirritl ( : l ) r r d i u s a x l o r r g rr Iir1. tir.rri L for currelt rtsed be t r-r x. Clclrrlr'. Or clnnot i n f i n i t l ' S i n c et l r e t o r l i s t l i b u t i o r - .\ ' h i c l i c x t c n d $ i t l l x , 0I canllot ) l l o ! c s itttegl t t ti o t tc o l l lo l l r \ lro)e c u r l c l l t s' b e t u ' c en l l i n g of sIltcc b c u - " e rilr Lr f g i r ) r l s p rcscriPT l r i ' q 2 l f i g i n r n r l t l r c o : i g r r t r t ss i t o t t r t be u''ed' cltr it llltcre tiotr ntllies gr singlc vrtlLred B ill for reprcsellt:ltioll \\'e usc tlrc sllitltlltd

T h c i n t c g l r l o v c r f i s c l e n l c r l t a r ) ,a n d a f t e r a l i t t i c a l g c b r . r t e o b l r t i nt l r e f o r m r r L l d' (x) = c-'

We int cg and inter

. 1 3 . u ' J ( x ' )x ' (x x' ) lx'-x I [r lx-x' *11-x'x'l

(5)

O r ( x ): c

I scrt)arpotential trsefulin the neighborbootlof t h e o l i g i r r . a t t t l t l t e r c f o r eo f a D l l i r ) i t c l ) o i n t , i s in Iiq (3)' a=0. t:ii obtaired b1' cltoosittg c l n tiot bc used l c c l l l s l r i c l t d:, This Jrotential, fronl tl)e be sighled crtn u)rich of sprtcc in regic,,t" Tlre current tlrrr-rr.tg)r origiu ottll bl looliirrg en'sil1' is |ig 3 in slroltt $: forbidderr region is fourd to bc

The erpr lnregrnl ' This r EnergyC,

(x): -c O,

d s l JI x ' ) , t x x x ' )[ ] x . x ' - r r ] ' x'- x [ ( x . x ' )l x ' - x 1 s ' ( r . r / ) - r ' ? r r ] '

(6)

III. THE MIJTTIPOLE EXPANSION OF THE MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD \\'c rcvicrv tlrc dcrivation of the n.rultipole expll-.iorr of tlrc eicctto-ctaticfield, bccause it atrd cstlblislres tlrc stlltdlrd of concisellcss s generalitl rve lislr lo emulatc.\\c begirr itlr jul, t l r e e l e c t r o s t l t t i lc r c tc n t l '-x d r ( x ) : J [ ' t ' . r ' ' P ( x ' ) /x l] (7)

Thc result is the nrultipole expansion of the 6eld: electrostatic . : . - 4 t E n r,-to. ot. o , ( x ) :t - I _ , 2 l +1 ,, 9 ,^ = ! 1fr'r'tY n* (0, d pG') . (9)

I n t o t h i s w c s u b s t i t u t et h e c x p a t l s r o r r

To treat tlle magnetostttis qasg $'e usc Sr, u-hich is valid outside a localized current distribution. The first formula in Eq. (4) catt bc littt in tlre form
t' .lE I

0 r ( r ) = c -I ' 1lrlt'
J . \ J

xU(r') x r'l' v' I ti-r' l-r' (10)

t 1358 / Nott,ttb(r1C7

'I'he

llagnelic ScalarPotztrtial

r c s u l ti s t l r c m u l t i p o l c c x p a n s i oo uf 6 1 :

d,rx: ) t

,!,-

t
|

.,'-

'Ir, #

Y,^to .t, Q

,ftt't"Y,^*1l'',6'1

v'.[x'xJ(x')]
(lf I )c

(l2)

'fo

a p p r e c i r t ct h e s i n r p l i c i t l ' o f t h i s d e r i v a t i o n ,

F r c . 3 . C r c r n n o t b e u s e dE h e r eJ l o , o r i n t h e shnded it should be comparerls ith tlre relativell.al krvard region. m l r t i p u l a t i o n so f t h e v e c t o r p o t e r r t i a l g i v e r r i n

t e x t b o o l i s .T h o s e m a n i p u l r t i o n s I i e k l o n l l ' t h e f i r s t f e \ \ ' t c r m so f t l t e e x p a r r s i o n r, rrd furtlreln.ork \\'c irtegrrte ovcr thc primedvirirbles p a r t s i s r e r l u i r e dt o s h o $ t l r e i d e r r t i t l o f t h e s p a t i l r l : , t , ' li t ' t n r c l ' r r t ro At " d i s t r i b u t i o n so f t l r e e l e c t r i ca r r c lm a g n c t i c f i c l d s . , l e r -o l i t r t p g r : L t i:o r r H e r eo r r cl l r s u g c n e r a lt r c o t m e n t ,a n d t ) r ep l r a l l e l b e t \ ! e e r it l l e e l e c t l i c a n r l n r a g n c t i cc a s c si s i m '[x'xJ(x')] m e d ; l t c l ! o b v i o u s .T h e e x p r e s s i o n given for ,l/1", i r r l i r 1 . ( 1 2 ) i s d e r i v e di n t h e t e x t b o o l i s onll after developing tlte full machirrcrv o f v e c t o rs l r l r e r i c a l (ll) l r l r n r o r r i c s .T r l t i s f o r n r a l i s mi s n o t r e r l u i l e d f o r p r o b l e m ,a s w e I r l v e s e e n . tllc -st.rlic It is a plelsLrre to aclinorlleclgelrelpful con'flrc r - ,I1 c x p r Ls i r r r < , ) r q1 . S )i s n o $ i n s c r t e i l , r r r r rtl l r e velslttions s ith l)rofe-ssorI). Crle I)icli, UDil n t e g r L i o v e r I i s c v t ) r r l t e d t e r n t l t ! t e I n r . ' l ' l r e versitl of lit ah.

"I

' T l r i . s o r k i s \ L r p p o f t e i, l p a r r b ) . t h e U . S . . { t o m i c l'irre|g!Commrssion under Contrrct A'l(30-l)-20SS.

rJ. D. Jrckson, Classicol Electrod y nanr ics {\\'iley, \ew York, 1362), Eq. ( 16.$6). Seealsothe comments on p. 1.t5.