Df

PROFESSOR
GIORGIO PICCARDI
Dircrtar oJ tle InrtitLte ol Ph\'ti.al Cl c',1i,!.)
Uniterti4 al Florence

TheChemicalBasisof
MedicalClimatolo{y

CHARLES C THON{AS . PUBLISIIER

Springfeld c Illinois . U.S.A.
 Cl:apter V
BIOLOGICAL TESTS
T F. \\ ItILE tnuitttuittittg otlstunt tlv nnduLitit's ot' tlrc lil-
I
fert'tttial erpeitnent, \\'e substitLrte thc iDolganic reilctior) lIl rul
t t r l t r e o r r sn r r c l c o l l o i c l a l s v s t e u r t t r k c n n s a t e s t ( t l r e I r r t l r o ) i s i so f
clrlotide of bisrruth ) rvith a biological reactior, u'e lruve a liologl-
cul tcst.
TJre technirlrrc of tcsts F ancl D lt:nds itscll patticrrliirll to our
p u r l ) o s e se x c e p t i n s p c c i a l c a s c sb e c a r r s ro f t l l e l c c e s s i t l o l u r ' l i t t t
l i r r g e p a l t o f t l r e m a t e r i a l t o b e t e s t r t l . T l r e t e s t P t * t . l r i r i , 1 r rltr' o s -
v c r , l J r i c l i c l o e sn o t r c r l u i r e a n v i n t e l f e r e n c c r v i t l r t l r c l l a t ( ' r i l l i l
(
1 r c \l i , , r . i s l ,i g l r l r ' r r i t r r l , l c .
I n o r c l c r t o c l c t c n l i n e u h e t l r e l l i l r i o l o q i c a l t c s t P p o s s c s s t ' tsl r c
c l t a r a c t c r i s t i c sl e c e s s t r v t o t t e s t , s o n r e e x l t l o l a t o l r c r l t i ' r ' i r t r i , r r t s
r l c l c c u r i c c l o u t a t t l r e C n n r t . r l t a I l o s p i t a l i n F l o l c l c l l r r . [ ' i r , c , r lrir
rrtl l)rurti. It is pellraps rroltlrrvlrileto rlesclilx'jrlicflr Irorr tlrcrl
e x f e r i r ) c n t s u c r e c a r r i c d o u t . s i r c t . t ] t c v l r r t e l s e n t , c la s l l t c r n o r i t l
f o r ' ' , l l rr,' i \ l ) n t i r r . r r l os l t l r e : r t r r rrcr . r t r r r c .
O n 1 3 c o n s c c L r t i v ec l a v s ,t l i ' o c c o f b l o o c l s ' c r t , t a k e r r l r r r r l i r t
lrctrltlrr pcrsons on an cnrftv stornaclr. Iiaclr sanrplc of lrlood u rrs
sLrl;divicled into t$'o series of clrops ol tu'o ptlaflirrccl cliilsrrlr's.
C)ne of tlic cirpsules u'as coverccl \rith l thin copp(,r scr.ecn (0.1
n)rn ) lrorizonttllv placed al)ove it at a clistnucc of 3 cru. Tlrc otlrt'r
c a p s L r l eu ' a s l e f t i n t h c o p c n a i l n e a r t l i e f i r s t . T l r e t e n r p e r a t u n . i r r
s'lriclr tlre crpcrinents took place u,as altvavs ()nstlnt ut 2tl (1.
Evcrr' 30 seconds the clrops * cre touched ,,r'itlra glass r.od rr lr iclr
had becn sharpenecl to ltoirrt lrrcl a note wils ntacle of tltc tinrt, at
r r l r i c l r l t h i r r t l r r e a c lo f f i b r i n c l r t l q t o t l r e p o i n t o f t l r e r o r l . ' l - l r
c o a g r r l a t i o nt , r r r e l i - a s c o r u r t e d f l o l r t ] r t , r r r o l t c n t a t s l t i c l t l r l o o c l
t p p c a l e c l i n t l r e c a n n u ] i r t o t h c n r o r r r e r r ta t q ' l r i c l r t l t c t l r e l r d o l
fibrin appearcd.

109
 I l0 Tltc Chenticul Basisol lledictl Clinutologrl

c.rperirrrents rvert'car.ricdorrt cluring the ntontli of August

-^115
1955. The coagulationtir)re $its alrvavsgreater in the caseof the
blood placed rrndcr the screcn at tLat time. Tlie dificlences in
coagulation tinre (tirre untlcr tlre screen, tinre lr.r,av fr.onr the
screcn) fluctuatcclfloru a nrininrrrrnof one nrinutc to a maxirnum
of eigltt nrirrrrtes,s'ith a ntcan valtre of four minutes. Tlre at,crage
coagulation time u as 8 minrrtes for. the blood awav from tiie
screen,ancl l2 nrirrutesfor tlrc lrloo<lunclerthe screen.
Particular rlote was takcn o1 tlre fluctuation in the di{ferencesof
coagulatior tinre becauseit is prcciselv this fluctuation of restrlts
rvhich guarartees tlrat our.sr,stcmbelrar.ceffectivelv in the same
nanncr, as is recessar.r. in a P tcst ( clrenicul or bioiogicel The
).
diflercrrcesirr coagultriiorrtimcs x'ere correlated rvith the results
of thc chernical tcst P carriecl on elmost simultaneouslvat the
Physical Cheniistr\' Institutc of thc Universitv. The Instiiutc and
the Camcrata Ilospital arc rouglrl\ 1.5 knt :rpalt. A sisljficant
correlationrras found to exist bctu.eerLlriologicil test p aril chem_
ical test I'. It *'as thrrs evidcnt that tlie saic spacialphenornena
that influencedbiological tcst P irrfluenccdclieniical teit p as well.
Aftcr{our rr:lrs, in 1959,erperirnentson blood coagulationwcre
resurnedat the -t)h\siologicalInstitutc of the Universitv o{ Hokkai_
do at Sappolo (Japan) bv Itoh. Tsuijokalncl Stito. Tireseauthors
studied botL the liood coagultrtionof rabbits accorclingto the
hiological test P technique,arrclthc precipitation of oxvclriorideof
bisnruth accorclirrgto the chenricaltcst p technique. For the trvo
tests tlrev obtairrcclresults u.hich fluctuated in the courseof tirle
but which coLrldbc mutrrallv corrc,lated,preciselvas was found in
Florcnce {our ycaLs earli.,r. I.r an ar.ticlc in ilte lnternational
Iourtml of Bioclinatoktgry and Rioneteorologry,these authors
cxplaincclthc procedureas follorvs:
"\\re rncasuledthe clotting time of rirbbit
blood lxrtir irrsicieand
otrtsiclca copper box simnltirnt'ousl',., accorclingto the nrethoclof
Salrli and Foni<r. Tlre ratio oI the tinc outsitle
finsirle u.as com-
paleclu'ith Tli: u hicli u'as deterntirredat the strmetime. Onc lrun_
tlred expcrimentsrvere car.riedout during a periocl from Noven-
ber 1958to June 1959.Though individual valuesfluctuatedconsid-
erablv, thc rnean r.alue of cach group shou.eda consistentten-
 B i o l o g i c a lT t ' s t s lli

d"u.., o lorv ratio of the clotting time u,hen the'I'11u'trslos', rurtl

vicc \'f'r'sr1.Tliat is, rvhcn the ratc of colloidrrl precil)itrtiou ol
bisnrutlr is slou'erin the copper box tlran outsicleof it, the r')ottirq
t i r r r eo f l r l o o c il s a l s os ] o r l ' e irn t h e b o x . S t a t i s t i c ailu r a l l s i si r r c l i c l
t c d t l r r t t l r c l c s u l t s a r e l r i q l r l v s i 1 1 r r i f i c a r lt-. l r u s ,t l r c b i r l o g i c r r )
P-Test is prover to bc collelateclrr'ith thc inorqaric I'-Tt,st."
. \ s u t s c c ,i n s p i t eo f t l r c d i f l c l c ' n tt c c l r n i r l r r c( t J r eu s eo I l c o n r
p l e t c l r c l o s c c cl o p p e r l r o x i n s t t ' a t lo f a s i r r r p l tl,r o l i z o r r t l rsl c n ' r ' r r
p l a c c ca l ) r o r et h e b l o o c ls a n r p l e s )a n d t l r e t l i f i c r c r t n e t l r o r l o I c ' e ] -
c r r l a t i o n( r l t i o o f t h e t l r r o t i e n ot f c l o t t i n gt i n r e s i,n s l c r r lo f t l r e r l i l -
f e r e n c ri.r i c l o t i i n g ) , t ) r eg e n e r a rl e s u l l sa r e t h t ' s a n r c .
'I')ris
tr pc of studv is stcadilv bc'ingdcrrlopccl. f-or sorlt: r crrrs.
cxpclimcnts havc beel urder u'av on thc spccclof enthroscrli
rneutation,on the flocculatior of Sat:clnronryces -E11i1.rsoirft,u,r arrd
on its ferncnting capabilities, sitli a |ierv to cletcrnriniuqtlrt'
lction of the screcr.rand to stuclv nrorc closelv thc ncclrirnisnrol
t h e o b s c l r e d y ; h e n o m e n a s r e l r t r t l t ' ) t l r ( r c s r r l t sr i c l t l c . lI ' r t l r c
chemica] tests. Giordano mettsureclerr tlrroserlinrt'ntltionllt(,\ irl
the oyreuuir and il a copper box, rrsinqbloocl sanplcs olrttircd
f r o r r rs e l e l a l f a l r r ra n i n r t r l s -. , \ l lp l a s n r a isr r s p i t eo i t l r c i r d i { l c l c r r c c
slrorretl ir siqnificanteffcct of tlre crippcrs)rielcl.
T l r e s a r t r ca r r t ] r o r i' r. r t l t e s p l i r r qo [ ] 9 5 ! ) .o b s c l v i ' csl c r c n r l r o r -
l r , l l t i o r r sb c t u e e n t l r c b e h a r . i o r ror f t l r c f e ' rr'rrc r t a ti o n l a t e o f t l r t '
-fcst
sirrrrcrtock ol Sau:lrutonulcesEllipsoitleusrrrrl Picc,arcli's I)
C l i o r d a n oa n c lT r e n t ae r a m i n e ctlh e b e h a ri o r r ro f t l r c c o a q L r l . r t i o r r
o f I r u r i u r rb l o o c l r r t l r e r e l i e f o f i t s e l t ' c t r - irce s i s t a r ) c i(n' . t l r c o p c r r
irir .!n(l under l copper scleen. 22 sLrbjectst'cle' r'rlrnint'cl lLrrl
c o a g u l u t i o nr r a s a l u n r s c l e l a v e du n d e r t l r c c o p l t t . r ' s c r e ( ' (nl.l r r r , l
that pcrioclof tirne.
C i o l d a n o ,\ l a z z a u n c l\ l a g a u t e a s r u . ctcl tlc 't ' r ' rt l t l o s tt l i n r t ' r r t a t i o r
r a t c l c c o r c l i u gt o t h c c l i f l e r e n t i ntli ' c l r r r i < 1 ricn t l r c o l t t ' r r i i r ' .r r r
t l r r c c l o c i r l i t i c sa l ) o u t; 0 k r n a p l l t . T h e s i g r ro f t l r e o u t s i c l c , / i r s i r l t
cliflclcrrceu as tlre sarrre.
\ l a z z a s t r r c l i ee d n t l i r o c v t e s c d i n r e n t a t i oal n c lc r - rt l l o c r t e s c r l i ,
nrentiltionlatcs bl rcplacing hunranplasntiru ith lirluitls of krrosrr
l r t d t o r t s t i t r t ct o n ) p o s i t i o n( s o d i u mc ) r l o r i t l e0 . ! ) ' , ;\ [ a c l o d c x . S r r l r
 112 T l r C l t e , n i c u lU u , i s o l f l e t l i t u l C l i n t t i t o l o ; y 1

s:tan). obsened that a coppcr scrcen lracl a delaving

.IIe efiect
d u r t n g t l r e p e r i o d i r r r v l r i c l rl l , . t c s t sr l c r e l , e i r , 1
,.or,,l.t,iedl
R-loodclotting is a process\\.llich seenrs
. subftct to il," lrrff."r""
of tlie u'eather. Thc Lloorl corgulation ."t"
o1.rtrt,it, ,o* ,i,,ai"a
bv Caroli and picltotka. The corr.csponclcnce
tlith the atntospheric .-;.;
dlna'rical proccsses ancl t]tc cl,,tti,,g s.,e,,,s
'ot,r".r"aio,ri .r;;il;;;;:
Sclrultz, ol thc basis of mor.r:120.000
,,,r-i]," ,u,,,,"
blood carrierl in tlre lears fronr I95,1to 195g
inchrsiye,
a s r r r ec r n e l l l i o r rI , " t u . e c rl rl , e r . r r l , , I l l r r .f r r r r t . t i n r r "r,"if,rf,"a
l nl rr]r c o | o r r i r . r ,
the relative lvnphootoscs anrl tlrc \\'olt.s
,r,,n,Lr"r.iilt
spondence rvith the solar actir.itv is cer.tajn "u.."
ancl therefore the
c o r r r s p o n d e r r cr 'ei t r r t r r ei r o r g a l l i cc r r c m i c a l
t c s t si s c e r t a i na r . o ,
\\ e Inrrst not for grt tLat R,rrtelsobscr'cd
an efiect of . rnetallic
s c r e e l . o r r , \ { t r i o rrlrri,t . r o _ l r i o l r , , ; i cl rr,r:lt s r r su r r s
s.ri,l ,c[ore,
\ c n l l . r ;l r r s d c r r r o r r s t l r r r ,r 'ltrjc r r r ' 1 i u r r
u I s p l t i r r ll e c r o r s f. o l L r r v r r r g
tht'evolution of a singlc livinq biological,p""in
a_* ironr nna
.nder a coppcr screen (rractc'ril culturc.s "n
trrat cro.clccra crear
liqrritl cnltrrr-eor clearecla clorrcllliqrritl
t ,l _"o^ ofpnn_
tontetric mcthods and autornrtjc r.t.cordirrg. ",,tt.,r"I
Thc e{fect of the
scrcer bccarrrecvitlent. Thc variabilitr. of
ilr" ."r,,ltr,
I l , r h z . . l i r rt ] r r i rrt , l rtri rr n l o r , 1, . r . i r l ni rr t i , ccl r """,,,1nt"1r'
P l r i trr e r r tI;cr . o r r t l i t i o r r s ,
tl:lr t|u(l llrCi l , , , t I n r r f f i r r r rt l , o r ( . . 5 ( i t \ o l t r . \i ( \ \ i r r q O r r r . c l | e 1 1 _
n t e n t a l - i d e a sa n d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f r r r r l r s i s
ir certlji t.,i"logi"ot,
rneclicaland sociologicalfielcli.

BIBLIOCRAI'IIY
A s s r n a n n , . l ) _ .O : n t h c c 1 r r e s t i oor if t h e
s p a c i a l j r r l l u e n c eo r t ] r r
phvsical-dicrnical statc rif blooil ancl practical
ai,,l""t
tions, lnft,rn. Journal of Rioclinntolctgyorta eirrrvt"nrdug) "pptl."_
1i.,.,_
l)rlrrrI.
t I l o r k ' l s , . H . r ' l ' l , o s i r n l t l er n o c l c l so I n r c t c o r o , b i o l o g i c a ]
reactiorrs
ancl ther'r.rt,lrtiorrslrip to th. \lrirtion ,,f
u,",ur1ii,".i" 1rr,*.r,,,"
ncrivitr.. .{rclr. lutr )tt:taor., Ct,optttls.
:]r:l ::1I ura bioi'ir,,
R;i 234, 195-1.
3. llortels, IL: 1-lrc problcrn of rrI ctloro,bioJogic.a
I rclrrtiorrsin thc
liglrt of rrricrrobioloqicalrescerch. Intcnr.
!ournal,1 nirrrli,,ru-
tology anel R nretcorology 3; part l, sectiorr
1., 1959.
 B r o l r { r r ' , r lf , . 1 ' L l )

'fbe
C - a r o l iG , . , i 1 n ( lP i c h o t k n ,J . : i u { h r e r c t ' o ft l r t s c u t l i t l o r r t l r t
clotting tirre. Ndlu, tL'itr.,.19:l9rl. 1951.
D , ( l a r o l i , G . . i r n d P i c h o t k a .J . r [ - a t t s t r t s c i u ( l r ( ] r t I t t ' r ' r ' I i ito I rr l x
t\\'(,cn cbttirg and thc \\ ('ilther. ,lt'/rll lutr )ltttottlt'1tr'.
()co1lr11sik utt(l lli)klinutoIolit'. /J i;-10i. 19i1.
6 . ( l i o l d a r r o . . \ . : T t : s t l ' i n b i o l o g r - l f ) r c t l i l l c r c n t i . r cl l r t l u o s t r l i r r r l r r
t r i t i o n . ( J . r . r f i s i . t(' ) l c t ( r t r o L o g i u . . >i l:. 1 ! ) 5 i .
(liolclirro. A.: 'l'he dillererrtiul elrthrocrte serlincrrtutiorr. J./irri'r'
r ' t \ l t , l i ,, t l j , I I I \ . l ' ) l \
5 . ( , i o r c l r r r o ,. \ . : T h e r i r t e o l t l r t c l i l r l o s c d i r l ( r t . t i ( ) r r r r r r lt ] i c r l i l
I r ' r ' r ' r i t i atl, r ' trl r l r s c ( l i r l (l t l r t i o l i r r r L r n r c s t i cl u r i n r . r l s .. \ r ' r/ r i r i , .
rli l ititlctgiu. j5r 2i(), 19iS.
9. ( , i o r t l i u r o , . \ . : T h c c l c c l i n co f t h c f t ' : r r e l t a t i r ) r p o \ r ( l o f S r r r r / r r i
r o n r r l t ; cEs l l i p s o i t l c u ra r r l c h c n r i c i itl c s t l ) . ( i l o f i i c r r t ' J I c t to t l
1 r , 1 i ci,r 1 2 . 1 9 J 9 .
1 0 . ( i i o r c l r r r r o. \, . . \ l a z z l . L . . a n t l \ l . t q l . \ [ . : l . r L t c stt o r r t r i I r I r t i o tr ]rr r
rrnrltrstaniling o f t h c r l i f l c l c r r i i a (l , r \t l l r ' o ( . \ ' tsf t ' r l i r l c , l t r t t i or n( l t r
crrvirirrrnrirtal cfk'ct. La St'ltitttttrtullcrlirr. llr (i5 1!)l!1.
n . ( , i o r r l a r t o . . \ .a, r c l ' l ' r ' e n t l . . \ . ; ' l l r e i l i l l t l c r r t i l lc l o t i i r r g1. . o 5 r 1 -
Innurut\1t'dicu, li: -1-19, 1959.
I t o l r .S . , l s r L l l o L aK . . e n d S a i t o .l l . : l ] l o o d c L r t t i r r gt i r r r cr r r r t l l r
n r e t x l c o l e r l b i o l o g i c u l f , t f s t ) . l r 1 . ' r - i rl.o u r n t l o l B i r t l i n r r t l r t l -
L , y 4t n t l l i i o n t c l L , r t r o l o g t l .\3-. \ . l 9 ; 9 .
1 J . \ l a z z r r . L . : f ' h e t l i l i c l e r t i i i l t , r r t l r r o s e < l i n r t ' n l a t i oI lrrr' l r a r i o r r lo l
t l r c u a s l r t ' crl e d c o l p t , r ' .L u S t l l i t t t u t u t . \ I r t l i r r r l.i : S 1 .1 ! l i ! ) .
1-1. [ ' i c c r i r c l iG. . . a r r d D a r r t i , \ 1 . : - A . c t i oor f r r r r r . t u l l i c . s c r l l r or n l r l r i , r
) o g i c a tl e s t .1 1 ' c / l c ur r r r lL t l x n . T : I I c i t ; . 1 9 i ; .
I ; . \ . e r i r r g .F . : C ) l t l l e e \ t l r t ( ' l l . s t r i a l i r H t r e r r r c rr r p r t nr r r i c l o l r i o l o g
'Ic,st
icll svsttrns lliokrgical P . . S r r : r p o s i L r rlnr r t t , r r r l t i o r r rsl r r r '
lcs relltiorts t:rtre phdrrorrrftrcssolaire'set trrlrstr'(,s cl chitrriL
p h l s i t l r r ec t t n b i o l r g i r . ,I l n r r c l l e si j - 1 0 O r t o l r l t ' I 9 i t , l J r . r r s s c l s
l'rt,sses.\cadenitlrres Errropdcnncs.p. I;7. 19(n).