Nose bleeding One of the most frequent causes of bleeding.

eeding. Most of the time, bleeding is self-limited, but can often be serious and lifethreatening. Nose bleeding should never be treated as a harmless event. Acute hemorrhage from the from the nostrils, nasal cavity or nasopharynx. Patients with Nose bleeding commonly present with an elevated Blood Pressure. Common in Hypertensive Clients Prevalent in dry climates and during cold weather due to the dehumidification of the nasal mucosa.

Most Common Causes of Nose bleeding Disruption of the nasal mucosa - local trauma, dry environment, forceful blowing, etc. Facial trauma Scars and damage from previous nosebleeds that reopen and bleed Hypertension and/or arteriosclerosis Blowing the Nose Very Hard Direct injury to nose Nose Picking Repeated Sneezing Materials needed: Clean Cloth Ice Bag (if bleeding persist)

Management: Sit upright and lean forward. By remaining upright, you reduce blood pressure in the veins of your nose. This discourages further bleeding. Sitting forward will help you avoid swallowing blood, which can irritate your stomach. Pinch your nose. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch your nostrils shut. Breathe through your mouth. Continue to pinch for five to 10 minutes. Pinching sends pressure to the bleeding point on the nasal septum and often stops the flow of blood. To prevent re-bleeding, don't pick or blow your nose and don't bend down for several hours after the bleeding episode. During this time remember to keep

your head higher than the level of your heart. If re-bleeding occurs, blow out forcefully to clear your nose of blood clots and spray both sides of your nose with a decongestant nasal spray containing oxymetazoline . Pinch your nose again as described above and call your doctor. Apply ice bag to nose and cheeks to constrict the blood vessels in nose and stop the bleeding. If bleeding does not stop in short time, victim should be transferred to the hospital.

Seek medical care immediately if: The bleeding lasts for more than 20 minutes The nosebleed follows an accident, a fall or an injury to your head, including a punch in the face that may have broken your nose Preventive Measures: Avoid forceful nose blowing Avoid digital manipulation of the nose with fingers or other objects Keep fingernails short Open your mouth while sneezing

Fainting - "blacking out," or is the temporary loss of consciousness followed by the return to full wakefulness.

Cause Fainting occurs due to decreased blood supply to brain

Management When a person feels faint-Make them sit down or lie down If sitting, position head between knees When a person faints, position him on his back Check to see if airways are clear Restore blood flow by Loosening clothing/belts/collars Elevate feet above head level Patient should become normal within a minute If not, seek medical help Animal Bites Animal bites are injuries that result when flesh is torn between the teeth of an animal. An animal bite can result in a break in the skin, a bruise, or a puncture wound. If the bite is a puncture wound, it has a greater chance of becoming infected.

What To Assess? Appearance of the wound - poisonous or non-poisonous bite - signs of infection Signs of allergic reaction: - rashes - itchiness - difficulty in breathing Symptoms Possible symptoms include: Skin break with or without bleeding Puncture-type wound Major cuts Crushing injuries Bruising Cause: -bites from the animals Management: Wash thoroughly with soap and water or Guava extract Apply Pressure with clean cloth Consult the nearest health center or hospital for immediate interventions.

For minor wounds. If the bite barely breaks the skin and there's no danger of rabies, treat it as a minor wound. -Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water or with Guava extract. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage or cloth.

For deep wounds. If the animal bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding and see your doctor. For infection. If you notice signs of infection, such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing, see your doctor immediately. For suspected rabies. If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might carry rabies including any wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status, particularly bats see your doctor immediately. Poisoning - A poison - also called a toxin - is a substance which, if taken into the body in sufficient quantity, may cause temporary or permanent damage. Cause

- Poisoning is caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in, or otherwise being exposed to a harmful substance. Most poisonings occur by accident. Such As: Carbon monoxide gas (from furnaces, gas engines, fires, space heaters) Food Poisoning Household detergents and cleaning products Insecticides Paints

Management: Seek immediate medical help Meanwhile, P-prevention, poison substances are commonly household chemicals O-oral fluids in large amounts may increase Gastric emptying. I-ipepac given to stimulate vomiting for non-corrosive poison. S-support respiration and circulation on the way to health facility O-oral activated charcoal absorbs compounds. N-never induce vomiting if the danger of aspiration or the substance is strong and corrosive. Steps to Avoid Avoid giving an unconscious victim anything orally Do not induce vomiting unless told by a medical personnel Wound Isangtipongpinsala kung saanangbalatngtao ay nahiwa(cut), napingas (torn) o nagkagalos( scratch) Hiwasabalatnasanhingaksidente o operasyon Wound care Adhikain : Sanhi: Maagangpaggaling Maprotektahanangsugatsamgamikrobyonanagdudulotng infection Para magingkomportableangtaong may sugat Ay ang paglilinis sa sugat sa malinis na pamamaraan upang maalis ang mga mikrobyo na sanhi ng infection Wound Care

Aksidente pressure ulcer Pagkadapa Mahahabangkuko Aksidentengpaghiwasabalat

Materyalesnakailangan: MalinisnaTela o binder Gauze pad o OS Betadine Cotton Sabon Bimpo Ointment (kung kinakailangan) Anunggagawin Tandaan Hugasanangkamayngmabutibagogamutinangsugatparamaiwasanang infection Hugasanangsugatngmabutigamitangsabon at tubig Kapaglilinisinangsugat, alisinangmgadumi Wag lalagyanng alcohol o merthiolateangsugatlalonakapagitoynakabukas Takpanangsugatng sterile gauze or bandage o tela kumonsultasa doctor angsugat kung itoyna infection Linisinaraw-arawangsugat Panatilihingmaayosangbahayparamaiwasanangmgaaksidentenamaaaringmagingsanhi ngpagkakaroonnngsugat Iwasanangmgamatutulisnabagay Alagaanangsarili at kumainngmasusustansyangpagkain Kumonsultasa doctor kung kinakailangan Angpagkainngkarne ay nakakatulongsapaggalingngsugat wag hayaanmaipitangsugatangsugatparahindimagdulotngpamamanhidngsugat Gumamitngmalinisnatelapantakipngsugat Wag lagyanngaguaangsugatdahilitoynakakapinsala Dahandahanglinisinangsugat

FIREAWARENESS

Fire has been both a help and a hindrance to mankind throughout history. Fire has heated our homes, cooked our food, and helped us to become technologically advanced. Fire, in its hostile mode, has also endangered us for as long as we have used it.

FIRE PREVENTION MEASURE Never leave a warm or hot iron unattended. An unattended iron that is on will scorch fabric and may cause a fire. Never leave food on a stove or in an oven unattended. Keep cooking areas free of flammable objects such as potholders, towels and curtains. Never disable or remove the battery from a smoke alarm. Frequently test smoke alarms and make sure that you replace batteries regularly. Burning candles should never be left unattended. Keep flammable items like fabric and paper away from candles. Store gasoline, newspapers and other combustibles away from sources of flame. Keep air conditioning unit on a level surface away from fabric and other flammable items.

WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE? Do not panic. Be calm. But act quickly. When your frying pan burst into flame, cover the flame with any metal cover at hand to shut off the oxygen from the air. Do not pour water because it may spread or even scald you. If it is just a small fire you can extinguish it using any of the following: a rug, a heavy garment, a pail of water. If the fire starts in any electrical wire or device inside the house cut off the current first wherever possible, at the switch or at the plug. If the fire is beyond control, warn the family and go to the nearest and safest exit. Do not attempt anymore to salvage your belongings. You might get trapped inside the burning house. Your life is more precious than your things no matter how valuable they are. CALL for help immediately. Call the fire department at once. Be sure to give the exact address. If you managed to save some of your belongings do not lace them where they block the firemans passageway. Do not jump from upper-storey windows except as a last resort. Many people have jumped to their death even while fireman were bringing ladders to rescue them. Take no chances of entering a burning building to save property. Only the saving of lives justifies taking a personal risk. Leave the job of firefighting to fireman.

Earthquake

EARTHQUAKE -A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earths surface. What to do BEFORE an earthquake Familiarize yourself with your place of work: Identify relatively strong parts of the building where you can take refuge during an earthquake: door jambs elevator shafts sturdy tables

Learn to use fire extinguishers. Be ready with your first aid kit. Be ready with your office emergency alarms. Familiarize the emergency exits.

These should be accessible/conveniently located and properly marked. The key to effective disasterprevention is planning Determine if site is along an active fault and/or prone to liquefaction or landslide. Use proper structural design and engineering practice when constructing a house or building. Evaluate structural soundness of buildings and important infrastructures; strengthen or retrofit if found necessary.

Prepare your place of work and residence for the event. Strap heavy furniture to walls to prevent sliding or toppling. Store breakable items, harmful chemical and flammable materials in lowermost shelves and secure firmly. Turn off gas tank when not in use. Keep heavy materials in lower shelves. Check stability of hanging objects.

Maintain an earthquake survival kit.

What to during an Earthquake? Protect your body from falling debris by bracingyourself in a doorway or by getting under a sturdy desk or table. Open the door Turn off anything that might cause fire Duck, Cover and Hold! Protect your head and body under a sturdy table or desk

Watch out for falling objects Look for safe havens Move away from dangerous spots

If outside, move to an open area! Get away from power lines, posts, walls and other structure that may fall or collapse. Stay away from buildings with glass panes Do not attept to cross bridges or overpasses which may have been damaged. If along the shore and you feel an earthquake, strong enough to make standing difficultrun away from the shore towards higher grounds! If unusual sea conditions like extreme lowering of sea level are observed, it is best to regard this as warning for an approaching tsunami and immediately move towards high grounds. Run away from the shore towards higher grounds! If on a mountain, or near a steep hill slope move away from steep escarpments which may be affected by landslides!

What to do after an earthquake? If inside an old, weak structure, take the fastest and safest way out! Get out calmly in an orderly manner. Do not rush to the exit. Use the stairs. Do not use elevators. Check yourself and others for injuries.

Clean up chemical spills, toxicflammable materials to avoid any chain of unwanted events. Check for fire and if any, have it controlled. Check water and electrical lines for defects. If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or switch. Do not enter partially damaged buildings. Strong aftershocks may cause these to collapse! Gather information and disaster prevention instruction from battery-operated radios. Obey public safety precautions. Do not use your telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster management authorities may need the lines for emergency communications. Do not use your car and drive around areas of damage. Rescue and relief workers need the road for mobility. Take with you your earthquake survival kit, which should contain all necessary items for your protection and comfort.