Portable Cable-Sweeping and Spectrum Analysis for Defense/Aerospace Applications
March 9th 2004
Aart Konynenberg, Marketing Manager Sireesha Mallipeddi, Product Marketing Engineer
Slide 1
Agenda
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR Technology Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 2
Frequency Spectrum-Radar & ECM Bands Site Master products frequency range
Spectrum Master products frequency range
Slide 3
Aircraft Electromagnetic spectrum
Site Master products frequency range Spectrum Master products frequency range
Spectrum Master products frequency range Site Master products frequency range
Slide 4
Transmission line system failures
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure Cable problems modes Connector problems Cable/antenna system checks Antenna problems FDR Technology Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 5
Cable Problems
Installation problems
Poor grounding Excessive bends Crimping, Crushing and Deforming
Routine Maintenance
Damaged/Dented Ground Shield Kinks in the cable Broken center conductor Excessive Moisture like snow, rain Sea water Corrosion Cable discontinuity Bullet holes in the cable
Weather
Battle damage
Slide 6
Connector problems
Mis-installation
Poor center pin contact Low quality connectors Poor weather proofing Loose connectors Water ingress Corroded connectors Extreme temperatures plane landing/cruising Broken connectors Vibration caused by weapon firing
Weather
Battle damage
-
Slide 7
Antenna Problems
Mis-installation
Shipping damage Out of Specification Storm damage Extreme temperatures Bullet holes Vibration caused by weapon firing
Routine Maintenance Battle damage
Slide 8
Cable/antenna system checks
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks Cable/antenna problems FDR Technology Site Master SWR Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Return Loss Cable Loss Spectrum Master Distance-to-fault Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 9
Cable/Antenna problems
Excessive Reflections
Poor impedance matching results in signal reflections
mismatch
Reflection
mismatch Reflection
Reflection
Measure VSWR and Return Loss
Slide 10
VSWR Measurement
The ratio of maximum to minimum is VSWR
Signal Voltage From Source = Vi
Impedance Not Matched, Not 50 Ohms
Reflected Signal Voltage = Vr
Slide 11
Return Loss Measurement
Ratio of reflected signal to the incident signal
Signal Power From Source = Pi
Pi
Pr
Reflected Power is Proportional to Impedance Mismatch
Impedance Not Matched, Not 50 Ohms
Reflection Coefficient =
= Pr / Pi
Slide 12
Cable/Antenna problems
Excessive Insertion loss
RF energy lost as heat and energy as the signal passes through the transmission line
Insertion Loss
Measure Cable Loss
Slide 13
Cable Loss Measurement
Cable loss measures the insertion loss in the cable and antenna system
Cable Loss
dB
- cable loss is automatically calculated and displayed - Can be displayed in dB/ft or dB/meter
1
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Frequency (25.0 - 4000.0 MHz) 3500 4000
Resolution: 259 Date: 02/27/2004 Model: S332D
CAL:ON(COAX) Time: 11:28:19 Serial #: 00350066
CW: OFF Avg.CableLoss: 1.266dB
Slide 14
FDR Technology
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR FDR Technology TDR Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes TDR vs FDR FDR Advantages Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 15
Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR)
FDR is a transmission line fault isolation technique which precisely identifies signal path degradation for transmission lines FDR Measurement Theory
- Sends a swept frequency input to the transmission line/antenna - An inverse FFT is performed on the reflected signals transforming the information into the time domain - Then distance is calculated from this information knowing the cable velocity
Slide 16
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
Traditional Technique
- Uses DC pulses - Cannot detect small performance changes in the RF frequencies - Can detect only opens or shorts in the conductors
Slide 17
TDR vs FDR
FDR
Sources Spectral Density
TDR
Less than 2% of TDR source energy is in the RF bands
DC Pulse versus Frequency Sweep
TDR
0 -10
f1
f2
KINK
M1: -27.58 dB @ 14.24 ft M2: -50.75 dB @ 23.01 ft
FDR Anritsu S331D Distance-to-fault
-20 dB
Limit : -30.0
-30
-40 -50
M1 M2
-60 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 Distance (0.0 - 25.0 Feet) 20.0 22.5 25.0
Resolution: 517 Date: 02/20/2004 Model: S331D
CAL:ON(COAX) Time: 10:54:50 Serial #: 00350066
CW: OFF Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ft Prop.Vel:0.880
Slide 18
Distance-To-Fault
Uses Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) and inverse Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) Measures return loss of the cabling system versus distance
- Precise location of potential sources of failure are easily identified - Repair persons can go right to the point of failure without having to guess where it is or what component caused the problem
dB
Distance-to-fault
OPEN
0 -10
M1: -2.76 dB @ 15.89 Feet
-20
Limit : -27.0
-30 -40
-50
M1
-60 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet) 15.0 17.5 20.0
Resolution: 259 Date: 02/10/2004 Model: MT8212A
FlexCAL:ON(COAX) Time: 17:29:51 Serial #: 00000007
CW: OFF Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ft Prop.Vel:0.880
Slide 19
TDR vs FDR - Loose connector
FDR Anritsu S331D
Distance-to-fault
FAULT1
0
M1: -38.49 dB @ .08 ft M2: -46.02 dB @ 8.53 ft M3: -44.44 dB @ 17.21 ft
-10
BlueLoose connector Green DTF measurement
-20 dB
Limit : -30.0
-30
FAULT1
-40
FAULT2
-50
M1 M2 M3
-60 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet) 15.0 17.5 20.0
Resolution: 517 Date: 02/17/2004 Model: S331D
CAL:ON(COAX) Time: 12:25:27 Serial #: 00350066
CW: OFF Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ft Prop.Vel:0.880
TDR
TDR- Loose Connector
Slide 20
Moisture at the center connector
FDR Anritsu S331D
Distance-to-fault
CC1
0
M1: -39.17 dB @ .08 ft M2: -46.74 dB @ 8.57 ft M3: -41.11 dB @ 17.21 ft
-10
GreenOriginal
Limit : -30.0
-20
-30
CC1
CC2
-40
Blue Fault at connection
M2 M3
dB
CC3
-50
M1
-60 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet) 15.0 17.5 20.0
Resolution: 517 Date: 02/17/2004 Model: S331D
CAL:ON(COAX) Time: 14:12:02 Serial #: 00350066
CW: OFF Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ft Prop.Vel:0.880
Red Moisture at center connection
TDR- Load at the end
Fault at the center connection
Moisture at the center connector
Short
Slide 21
Moisture at the end connector
FDR Anritsu S331D
Distance-to-fault
EC1
0
M1: -39.17 dB @ .08 ft M2: -45.51 dB @ 8.57 ft M3: -39.58 dB @ 17.21 ft
Blue Connector fault Green End connector dipped in water
-10
-20
Limit : -30.0
dB
-30
EC1
EC2
-40
EC3
-50
M1 M2 M3
-60 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet) 15.0 17.5 20.0
Red Moisture at end connector
Resolution: 517 Date: 02/17/2004 Model: S331D
CAL:ON(COAX) Time: 14:26:25 Serial #: 00350066
CW: OFF Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ft Prop.Vel:0.880
TDR- End connector fault
End connector dipped in water
Moisture at end connector
Short
Short
Slide 22
Kink in the cable
FDR Anritsu S331D
Distance-to-fault
KINK
0 -10
M1: -27.58 dB @ 14.24 ft M2: -50.75 dB @ 23.01 ft
TDR Kink
-20
Limit : -30.0
dB
-30 -40
-50
M1 M2
-60 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 Distance (0.0 - 25.0 Feet) 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0
Resolution: 517 Date: 02/20/2004 Model: S331D
CAL:ON(COAX) Time: 10:54:50 Serial #: 00350066
CW: OFF Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ft Prop.Vel:0.880
Slide 23
FDR Advantages
FDR can locate small performance changes at RF frequencies Can locate RF faults, not just open or short in the transmission line Can measure in the presence of RF interference from near by transmitters Eliminates Fix after Failure problem
Slide 24
Site Master
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR Technology Site Master Products & Features Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 25
Site Master Product Structure
Site Master
Product Structure
RF Site Master
One-Port w/ Internal SPA Capability S114C
2 MHz 1600MHz 100 kHz 1600 MHz
Wave Site Master
Two-Port
Tower Mounted Amplifier
One-Port
One-Port
S113C
2 MHz 1600 MHz
S251C
625 MHz 2500 MHz
S810C
3.3 10.5 GHz
S331D
25 MHz 4000 MHz
S332D
25 MHz 4000 MHz 100 kHz 3000 MHz
S820C
3.3 20 GHz
Slide 26
Site Master Key Features
Seven different models to cover 2 MHz to 20 GHz frequency range. Superior Distance To Fault measurement based on FDR technology to locate faults Automatically calculates the cable loss Allows accurate and repeatable measurements in noisy RF environment
Slide 27
Transmitter/Receiver Failure Modes
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR Technology Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 28
Transmitter & Receiver Problems
Transmitter deployment and maintenance
- Insufficient output power - Frequency error - Modulation spectra out of band
Receiver deployment and maintenance
In band spurious Out of band spurious Frequency error Interference
Slide 29
Interference
Jamming signals Strong friendly signals from surrounding transmitters Inter-modulation products
Slide 30
Interference Intermodulation
Inter-modulation in a receiver input or in nearby environmental diodes can create interfering signals. Two in-band signals mix together. 3rd order inter-modulation products are the most troublesome With frequencies X and Y
- 2Y-X and 2X-Y can easily fall within your receivers pass-band - Can cause interference that may be continuous or intermittent
Slide 31
Systems Live in a Complicated RF Environment
Many, many signals throughout the RF and low microwave spectrum.
Anritsu MS2711D Spectrum Master
Silicon Valley Spectrum
Ref Level :
-50 -55 -60 -65 -70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 -100
-0.00 249.94 499.89 749.84 999.78 1249.72 1499.67 1749.61 1999.56 2249.50 2499.45
-50.0
dBm
dB / Div :
5.0 dB
dBm
CF: 1250.27 MHz RBW: 1 MHz Date: 10/07/2003 Model: MS2711D Model: MS2711D
Frequency (0.54 - 2500.0 MHz) SPAN: 2499.46 MHz VBW: 300 kHz Time: 10:09:31 Serial #: 1397701056 Serial #: 1397701056
Attenuation: 1 dB Detection: Pos. Peak
Slide 32
Carrier to Interference Ratio
Application - Determining the magnitude of interference
This is a two-step measurement:
- First, the carrier power is measured - Then, with the transmitter turned off, the remaining signals are measured
Automatically calculates the ratio of the values
Slide 33
Channel Power
Application - Validate transmitter performance to comply with specifications
Select the applicable signal standard & channel Automatically measures Total Power in the specified channel bandwidth
Slide 34
Adjacent Channel Power
Application - Determine if your own transmitter is causing interference
Select the applicable signal standard & channel Adjacent channels are automatically set Automatically measures Power in the main and adjacent channels
Note: Non-linearity in the output can cause spectral regrowth
This particular signal is clean
Slide 35
Spectrum Master
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR Technology Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Products & Features Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 36
Spectrum Master (100kHz 3GHz)
Key features -135 dBm noise floor + 43 dBm maximum safe input power Built-in AM/FM/SSB Demodulator One Button measurements
- Field Strength, Channel power, Adjacent channel power ratio, Occupied bandwidth, Interference Analysis, Carrier-To-Interference ratio
Slide 37
Transmission Measurement
Key features Optional in MS2711D and S332D Measure gain or loss of two port devices like: - filters, cables, attenuators and amplifiers Built-in 25 MHz to 3 GHz signal source Dynamic range 80 dB
Ref Level :
Spectrum Analyzer
FILTER
M1: -99.09 dBm @ 1891.625 MHzM2: -81.50 dBm @ 2111.625 MHz M3: -1.04 dBm @ 1957.625 MHz
0.0 dBm
-10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
dB / Div :
10.0 dB
dBm
M1
M3
M2
-100
1760
1815
1870
1925 1980 2035 2090 2145 Frequency (1750.0 - 2300.0 MHz)
2200
2255
2310
CF: 2025.0 MHz RBW: 1 MHz Date: 10/09/2003 Model: S332D
SPAN: 550.00 MHz VBW: 300 kHz Time: 14:33:14 Serial #: 03296303
Attenuation: 30 dB Detection: Sampling Mode
Slide 38
Frequency Extension
Key features Optional in MS2711D and S332D Extend frequency range
- External module - Powered by main instrument
Frequency Range 4.7 to 6 GHz Dynamic range 80 dB Sensitivity 100 dBm
Slide 39
Applications
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR Technology Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Site Master Q&A
Slide 40
Spectrum Master - Application
MVSAT Application MVSAT (Mobile Very Small Aperture Terminal) is used to gather information in war zones MS2711D with Bias Tee is used during MVSAT setup for satellite acquisition MS2711D is used for troubleshooting during poor signal transmission
Slide 41
Site Master - US Army Application
SINCGARS radio system Army vehicles uses SINCGARS radio communication system, which has two antenna systems in every vehicle If there is a problem whole antenna system will be replaced After using Site Master 40% of antenna system replacements were cut back
Slide 42
Site Master Air Force Application
F16 Fighter plane Cables are analyzed using S331C. Some cables are up to 50 ft long which run from tail to line replace unit receiver in the cockpit.
Slide 43
Site Master Coast Guard Application
Coast Guard Fleet S331D and S820C used to sweep cables and waveguides of the ships
Slide 44
Site Master - Aerospace Application
Joint Strike Fighter program It is important to find exact fault location to cut composite skin to get to the fault Without exact fault location it will be at least 4 days to fix the problem Prime Contractor uses: Two Site Masters, S331C and S820C in one transit case for cable and waveguide analysis
Slide 45
Site Master - Aerospace Application
SWIFT 64 INMARSAT
C-40B airplane is a 737 BBJ, which supported the CENTCOM commander, General Abizaid, during Iraq war The airplane had been experiencing intermittent communications over the SWIFT 64 INMARSAT system Used Anritsu S332D to measure:
- return loss in SWIFT 64 INMARSAT RF cable system between the antenna and the terminal - made DTF measurements and cable loss measurements.
Testing with S332D verified that RF paths were OK, so the terminal was replaced Since then the airplane has flown missions without any noted problems
Slide 46
Site Master - Aerospace Application
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) AWACS is distinguished by the addition of a large, rotating rotodome containing its radar antenna and identification friendor-foe (IFF) and data-link fightercontrol (TADIL-C) antennas S331B, S251C and S820A are used to test the antennas and cables
Slide 47
Site Master - Aerospace Application
Prime Contractor Aircraft Company Company builds wings and tails for military and commercial planes They sweep all cables of the manufactured wings and tails
Slide 48
Training & Technical Support
Introduction Frequency spectrum Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks FDR Technology Site Master Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master Applications Training & Technical support Q&A
Slide 49
Training & Technical Support
Certified Line Sweep Training
www.us.anritsu.com/training
Site Master Users Group (SMIU)
www.us.anritsu.com/smiu
Technical support
- Anritsu Call Center 1-800-267-4878
Slide 50
Additional Information
For more information about Site Master and Spectrum Master please visit our website at http://www.us.anritsu.com/ Upcoming industry events featuring the Anritsu Master Solutions CeBit March 18th 24th 2004 CTIA - March 22nd 24th 2004
IWCE March 24th 26th 2004
Slide 51
Thanks for your attendance !
Do you have more questions for us? Please E-mail: netseminar@anritsu.com To find your local distributor call: 1(800) Anritsu (278-4878) or go to www.us.anritsu.com To purchase Anritsu products on GSA contract please contact www.testmart.com or www.navicpmart.com
Slide 52
