PRESENTATION

BY

CHIDOZIE C.S OKAFOR

 CONTENTS
PHYSICAL SITE OPTIMIZATION
SITE MASTER
MANUAL CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
MAJOR TESTS CARRIED OUT ON A FEEDER LINE
INSERTION LOSS MEASUREMENT
TYPICAL TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM
MEASUREMENT METHODS
MEASURING PROCEDURE
TYPICAL RETURN LOSS PICTURE
DISTANCE-TO-FAULT MEASUREMENT
TYPICAL DTF PICTURE
VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO
 PHYSICAL SITE
OPTIMIZATION
Before we look at physical site optimization we all have to be clear
about what is network optimization.
Network optimization is the process of measuring, analyzing, and
tuning an existing network to meet network performance criteria.
Therefore we can now say that physical site optimization is the
process of measuring, analyzing, and tuning an existing network
physical RF parameters and configuration to meet network
performance criteria.
Rather then being a “one-shot” task, network optimization can be
performed frequently to respond to
 Changes or growth in the network.
 Customer complaints about coverage, Dropped calls, etc.
 The need to improve capacity.
SITE MASTER
This is a Handheld Cable and Antenna
Analyzer which offer measurement
capabilities including precision return
loss/VSWR, cable loss and distance-to-
fault (DTF) measurements. Site Master
analyzer help field technicians perform
field verification and fault location to
detect problems before they become
costly.
Site Master is the leading choice for
installation, maintenance, and
troubleshooting of microwave cables and
communication systems in cellular and
broadcast industries.
Manual Calibration Procedure
Step 1. Power on the Site Master.
Step 2. Select the appropriate frequency range.
Step 3. Connect the phase stable test port extension cable to the RF port.
Step 4. Press the START CAL key. The message "Connect Open to RF OUT
port or connect Instep Cal module and press ENTER” will appear in
the display.
Step 5. Connect the OPEN precision calibration component to the end of the
test port extension cable. Press the ENTER” Key.
Step 6. The message "Measuring OPEN" will appear, and after the
measurement "Connect SHORT to RF OUT" will appear.
Step 7. Remove the “open” and connect the “short” precision calibration
component to the test port extension cable. Press the ENTER key.
Step 8. The message "Measuring SHORT" will appear, and after the
measurement "Connect TERMINATION to RF OUT" will appear.
Step 9. Remove the “short” and connect the “precision termination” at the end of
the test port extension cable. Press the ENTER key
Step 10. The message "Measuring TERMINATION" will appear. After the
measurement, the “CAL OFF” message will change to "CAL ON" on the
upper left-hand corner of the display
Step 11. Remove the precision termination from the text port extension cable.

.
 MAJOR TESTS CARRIED OUT ON A
FEEDER LINE

INSERTION LOSS (CABLE LOSS/RETURN LOSS)

DISTANCE-TO-FAULT (DTF)

VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO ( VSWR )

 INSERTION LOSS
MEASUREMENT
(CABLE LOSS / RETURN LOSS)
Transmission feed line system performance, plays an important
role in wireless network coverage. Insertion loss measurement
is one of the critical measurements used to analyze transmission
feed line installation and performance quality. This application
note explains how Site Master is used to measure cable insertion
loss with different test methods and how to predict the maximum allowable cable
insertion loss through manual calculations.
In wireless communication systems, the transmit and receive antennas are
connected to the radio through coaxial cable or waveguide transmission lines,
Insertion loss measures the energy absorbed by the transmission line in the
direction of the signal path in dB/meter or dB/feet.
Transmission line losses are dependent on cable type, operating
frequency and the length of the cable run. Insertion loss of a
cable varies with frequency; the higher the frequency, the greater the loss.
Typical transmission
line system
Insertion loss measurements help
troubleshoot the network
by verifying the cable installation and
cable performance.
High insertion loss in the feed line or
jumpers can contribute to poor
system performance and loss of
coverage. Measuring insertion loss
using Site Master assures accurate
and repeatable measurements.
 Measurement Methods
During network deployment, maintenance, and trouble shooting phases,
insertion loss can be measured by disconnecting the antenna and
connecting an enclosed short at the end of the transmission line. If a Tower
Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is used in the transmission feed line system, it is
better to remove the TMA and antenna from the system configuration to
perform an insertion loss measurement. It is better to always disconnect the
cable at the same location so that the measured data can be compared to
the historical data for accuracy and repeatability.

Using Site Master, cable insertion loss can be measured in CABLE LOSS or
RETURN LOSS mode. In Cable Loss mode, Site Master automatically
considers the signal traveling in both directions, thus making the
measurement easier for the user in the field.
The following section explains the procedure to measure insertion loss in
cable loss mode and return loss mode. The measurement setup and
equipment required is the same for both modes.
Procedure
Step 1. Power on the Site Master and Step 8. Press the AMPLITUDE key and set
press the MODE Key the TOP and BOTTOM values of the
Step 2. Select the FREQ-RETURN LOSS display.
using the Up/Down arrow key and press Step 9. Press the MARKER key.
ENTER Step 10. Set M1 to MARKER TO PEAK
Step 3. set the start and frequencies F1 and Step 11. Set M2 to MARKER TO VALLEY
F2 As an example, F1=750 MHz and F2=850
Step 12. Calculate the insertion loss by
MHz for a typical cellular frequency band.
averaging M1 (MARKER TO PEAK) and M2
Step 4. Connect the phase stable test port (MARKER TO VALLEY) values and dividing
extension cable to the RF port. by two as follows:
Step 5. Calibrate the Site Master at the end M1 dB + M2 dB
of the phase stable test port extension
cable. Insertion Loss = 2
Step 6. Disconnect the antenna and 2
connect an enclosed precision "short" at Example
the end of the transmission line. if M1 = 6.47 and M2 = 7.89 then:
Step 7. Connect the other end of the 6.47 + 7.89
transmission line to the phase stable cable 2
of the Site Master. A trace will be displayed 2
on the screen when the Site Master is in
continuous sweep mode.
= 3.59dB.
 Typical Return Loss
Picture
A BAD RETURN LOSS A GOOB RETURN LOSS

Return Loss Return Loss

KG 0023-G AM-2-RL-OLD KG O023-GAM-2-RL-NE W

M1: -17.95 dB @ 960.100 MHz M2: -17.95 dB @ 960.100 MHz M1: -25.18 dB @ 960.100 MHz M2: -25.18 dB @ 960.100 MHz

M3: -17.95 dB @ 960.100 MHz M4: -17.95 dB @ 960.100 MHz M3: -25.18 dB @ 960.100 MHz M4: -25.18 dB @ 960.100 MHz
0 0

-10 -10
Limit : -15.0 Limit : -15.0

-20 -20

-30 -30
dB
dB

-40 -40

-50 -50

M1 M1
M4
M3
M2 M4
M3
M2
-60 -60
890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960
Frequency (890.0 - 960.0 MHz) Frequency (890.0 - 960.0 MHz)

Resolution: 517 CA L:O N(CO A X) CW : ON Resolution: 517 CA L:O N(CO A X) CW : ON

Std: GSM 900 (_) Channel: N /A Std: GSM 900 (_) Channel: N /A
Date: 09/11/2009 Time: 01:27:01 Date: 09/11/2009 Time: 01:43:16
Model: S331D Serial #: 00746184 Model: S331D Serial #: 00746184
DISTANCE-TO-FAULT MEASUREMENT
Distance-To-Fault (DTF) is a performance verification and failure analysis
tool for antenna and transmission line service. It uses Frequency Domain
Reflectometry (FDR).
FDR is a transmission line fault isolation technique which precisely
identifies signal path degradation for transmission lines. FDR technology is
different from traditional
time domain reflectometry (TDR) techniques. The FDR technique uses RF
frequencies
instead of TDR type DC pulses. FDR can locate RF faults, not just DC open
or short circuit conditions. This dual role of predicting future failure
conditions and isolating existing problems makes DTF an important part of
service/maintenance planning.
DTF displays RF return loss or SWR data versus distance. The effects of
poor connections, damaged cables, or faulty antennas are quickly
identified. Since DTF automatically accounts for attenuation versus
distance, the display accurately indicates the return loss of the antenna -
allowing technicians to perform fault isolation from ground level.
 TYPICAL DTF
PICTURE
A BAD DTF A GOOB DTF

Distance-to-fault Distance-to-fault
KG 0023-G AM-2-BTF-OLD KG 0023-G AM-B-D TF-NEW

M1: 1.319 @ .271 Meter M2: 1.064 @ 2.849 Meter M1: 1.012 @ .678 Meter M2: 1.034 @ 4.070 Meter

M3: 1.015 @ 44.225 Meter M4: 1.148 @ 49.651 Meter M3: 1.019 @ 47.481 Meter M4: 1.146 @ 53.043 Meter
1.5 1.5

Limit : 1.4 Limit : 1.4

1.4 1.4

1.3 1.3
VSW R

VSW R
1.2 1.2

1.1 1.1

M1 M2 M3 M4 M1 M2 M3 M4
1.0 1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Distance (0.0 - 70.0 Meter) Distance (0.0 - 70.0 Meter)

Resolution: 517 CA L:O N(CO A X) CW : ON Resolution: 517 CA L:O N(CO A X) CW : ON

Std: GSM 900 (_) Channel: N /A Std: GSM 900 (_) Channel: N /A
Date: 09/11/2009 Time: 01:26:31 Ins.Loss:0.024dB/m Date: 09/11/2009 Time: 01:42:54 Ins.Loss:0.024dB/m
Model: S331D Serial #: 00746184 Prop.Vel:0.880 Model: S331D Serial #: 00746184 Prop.Vel:0.880
 VOLTAGE STANDING
WAVE RATIO
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio or, occasionally, Vertical Standing Wave
Ratio), is a measure of how efficiently radio-frequency power is
transmitted from a power source, through a transmission line, into a load.
In an ideal system, 100% of the energy is transmitted. This requires an exact
match between the source impedance, the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line and all its connectors, and the load's impedance. The
signal's AC voltage will be the same from end to end since it runs through
without interference.