Alexander Hunter Mar.

12, 2012 Abstract: The purpose of this lab was to use logic counters and analyze events based on them. In this lab, the properties of counting circuits were further investigated along with an application. The fan speed was determined to be 2880 rev/min based on the display from the circuit. Introduction: In this lab the properties of the 3-digit BCD counter display will be observed. A 7-segmennt LED display, timing circuit, and an LED/phototransistor pair were also investigated during this lab. 3-digit displays are commonly used today in various devices such as microwaves to digital wrist watches. The unit that will be used in this lab is called a common-cathode display. It has this name because all of the LEDs are connected with each other at their cathode terminals. This unit is also known as a multiplexed unit because every segment shares a common connection. The second device that will be constructed is a BCD-7-segment decoder. This circuit converts binary numbers into the proper logic levels on each of the display segments. The MC14511 chip has a 4bit flip-flop built inside of it. This type of circuit can continually retain the binary-coded decimal input. The truth table below shows all of the possible outputs from this device. For example, if A is on and C is on then the output will be 5.

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012

The next device that will be made is a BCD (binary-coded decimal) counter. Combinational logic combined with the techniques learned from building a ripple counter, a divide-by-N counter of any integer can be created. A 3-digit base-ten counter will be made by creating three different divide-by-ten counters, a BCD-to-7-segment decoder, a scan oscillator, and a multiplexer that would permit us to quickly scan each digit. The majority of these devices are in the MC14553 chip. Devices that are used as counters are valuable for monitoring several different applications. However, in order for them to be measured, electrical pulses must be created. The digital pulses that were created in this lab involve the fan and the LED-phototransistor combination. The LED shines light onto the phototransistor and it begins to conduct. The fan is placed in between these two and the spinning blade interrupts the light from the LED. This turns off the phototransistor but creates a steady pulse. When this is attached to an inverter, a pulse train can be generated and drive the counter. The tachometer circuit will be added to count the frequency of the pulses. A timing pulse can be created by using the 555 as a monostable multivibrator. An inverter is used at the output of this circuit to reverse

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012 the pulse signal. This causes a low pulse during the period. When the output is low, the disable pin will be lowered. When the disabled pin is lowered, it allows the counter to advance.

Preliminary Design: The 3-digit display was configured to display the output of 777. Pins 11, 7, and 4 were all powered with 5 volts in order to generate this output. Calculating the resistance needed for the proper pulse duration for displaying revolutions per second.

Procedure and Results: The first device that was built in this lab was the 3-digit display while using the 7-segment LED display. Begin by grounding pins 12, 9, and 8 and applying 5 volts to pins 11, 7 and 4. Use the diagram below for building, the picture is the final result.

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012

The next device that will be built is a BCD-7-segment decoder. The MC14511 chip will do the conversion process; the task in the lab is to implement this device into our circuit. This circuit will be a continuation of the previous circuit. Build the circuit below and only ground one terminal. Logic switches or jumper wires can be used to change the display.

The next device that will be built is a BCD counter. After the circuits below have been attached, the clock can be pressed to add 1 to the device. The reset can be pressed to set the counter to 0. The switches have capacitors attached to them in order to stop the debounce signal effect.

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012

When the circuit has been completely put together, the switch clock switch can be pressed to increment the numbers. When the reset button is pressed, the counter resets to 0. Next apply a 0-5V square wave with a frequency of 1 Hz. The counter increases at a rate of one second when this is applied. When the frequency increases, the counter begins to count quicker. If the frequency is lowered it will count slower. When the counter goes to 999 it resets to 0.

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012 The circuit that was built creates a pulse train, and the speed of the fan can related to the frequency. Build the circuit below and bend the leads of the LED and the phototransistor so that they are facing each other. The fan will be placed in between them and is powered from a circuit that was built from a previous lab. Record the output waveform with the oscilloscope. The output of the oscilloscope was a pulse train that was based off of the fan speed. The output looks similar to a square wave.

The next addition to this circuit will be a tachometer circuit which will count digital pulses. The circuit counts when the disable pin, pin 11, gets low. Build the circuit below and use the calculated value of R (R = 12987) to give the proper pulse duration. Reset the counter and then start this circuit.

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012

When the circuit was started, it had a reading of 48. This accounts for number of pulses in 1/7 of a second which results in a total number of 336 pulses. When the pulse-width was longer, the number of revolutions increased and when the pulse-width was shorter the number of revolutions lowered. Dividing this by the number of blades in the fan, the numbers of revolutions per second were able to be determined which was 48 rev/s. Discussion: In the 3-digit display, voltage was applied to pins 11, 4, and 7 so the A, B and C terminals would be lit. The cathodes of each digit needed to be grounded, pins 12, 9 and 8, in order to display 777. A BCD-7-segment decoder was added to this circuit. This circuit stores all the input in terms of binary numbers and converts the output into a base-ten representation. These outputs can be viewed when the latch-enable pin is low and the blanking and test pins are high. The BCD counter had multiplexed inputs and separate counters for each digit. The processing for the counting is done with the MC4553 chip. The clock and reset signals were set with Schmitt devices. Each separate counter increased in the

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012 proper counting matter. If the connections were plugged in incorrectly, the device would count in an odd manner. The decimal places would be switched if it was connected incorrectly. When a square wave was applied to the circuit instead of a clock switch, the counter continued to increase. The square wave output is similar to pressing the switch based on the frequency. When the counter goes past 999 the device resets back to 0. There are not enough spaces to display a fourth digit so it appears to be reset. Next the events were monitored with the light switch that was created with the LED and phototransistor. The spinning fan in between this connection made the switch turn on and off. The oscilloscope recorded a pulse train from this circuit. This circuit counts how many times the blade blocks the IR. It was then measured by the tachometer circuit that was added on. This measured the number of pulses in 1/7 of a second. The speed of the fan was related to the frequency of the pulses and the numbers of blades were used to determine the period. The LED display showed the number of pulses that were generated by the fan. When this number was divided by the number of blades, the number of revolutions per second was determined. The numbers of pulses were 336 and there were 48 rev/s. When the rev/s was converted to rev/min there were 2880 rev/min. This value is similar to what is found within the data sheet which was 1500-3000 rev/min. When the pulse was longer the fan spun faster because the voltage was applied for a longer period of time and conversely slowed down when the pulse was thinner. Conclusion: In the first part of this lab, the LED displayed was connected to a circuit and powered and some pins in order to display an output. The next attachment was a decoder that converted the input binary signal into base-ten outputs. The next addition stored the input for each digit and counted in base-ten. The square wave functions similar to pressing a switch which also allows it to count. When monitoring the circuit events, the first circuit displays the number of times the blade blocks the IR. The tachometer

Alexander Hunter Mar. 12, 2012 circuit counted the number of pulses in 1/7 of a second which was used to determine the number of revolutions per minute.