Introduction To Antennas: Presented by Vince Rodriguez, PH.D

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010
Introduction to Antennas
Presented by Vince Rodriguez, Ph.D.
Outline I
What is an antenna How do they radiate Radiation pattern
What is it E and H plane Far and near field Omnidirectional/Directional
2
Outline II
Radiation pattern (cont)
Isotropic Main, side and back lobes. Half power and 3dB beamwidth Side lobe level Directivity and gain
Outline III
Antenna Factor Input impedance S parameters and VSWR Polarization
What is an antenna?
Book definition
An antenna is a device that provides a means for radiating and receiving radio waves
What is an antenna?
Radiated energy Guided energy
How do antennas radiate?
Electromagnetic energy does not like to go from the guided medium to the free space medium
Guided waves in the cable Free Space waves

A good antenna will ease all the guided energy that it receives in to a free space wave
ANTENNA
Guided waves in the cable
Free Space waves
10

So, one way of accomplishing radiation is to smoothly change from the transmission line (cable) environment to an open space environment environment. The antennas will receive in the same way that they radiate.
11

As the currents in the antenna change direction the wave propagates outward as is the case when we shake a rope
12
Radiation Pattern
Book definition
a 3D plot that displays the strength of the radiated fields or power density as a function of direction
13
Radiation Pattern
The radiation is then a representation of how much Electromagnetic energy is concentrated in each direction around the antenna
14
Radiation Pattern
Because of the difficulty of plotting a 3D plot usually the patterns are shown as E and H planes
90 0 -10 -20 -30 30 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 240 270 300
Eplane18GHz Hplane18GHz
120
60
150
30
180
210
330
15
Radiation Pattern: E and H Plane

The E plane is the plane that is parallel to the Electric field Th H plane The l i is th the plane l th that t is parallel to the Magnetic field The Electric and Magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other
16
Radiation Pattern: Near and Far Field
To put it on simple terms, the near field has spherical waves and standing wave behaviors
The far field the sphere is large that it resembles a plane and the wave is traveling 17
Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

OMNI = Latin for Every or All
So, Omnidirectional radiates in every direction?
18

No, Omnidirectional radiates in every direction on one of the principal planes
A dipole antenna
19

Omni directional on the H plane. It radiates equally on all directions on this plane But not on this plane
20

Can you radiate equally on all directions
Isotropic, Greek, isos meaning same, tropos meaning direction,
21

There is no such thing in real life. An isotropic radiator is a mathematical concept, an idea that belongs in the world of ideas like my professor, Plato, would say. It is however use as a comparison p to determine the Directive Gain of a real antenna
22

Directional?, well that is plain English, The antenna radiates mainly in one direction. Lets look again at the beautiful EMCO 3117
0 -10 -20 -30 150 30 120 90 60
Radiation is mainly in this direction
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
180
210
330
240 270
300
Eplane18GHz Hplane18GHz
23
Radiation Pattern: Main, Side and Back

90 0 Side Lobes: -10 smaller 150 than the -20 main lobe 120 60 30
Main Lobe: Is the strongest in level.
-30 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 240 270 300 180
210
Is a side lobe that happens 0 to be on the opposite direction 330 than the main lobe
24
Radiation Pattern: Half Power Beamwidth

Half power Half =
90 0 -10 -20 150 30 120 60
1 = 0.5 2
In decibels
30 -30 1 10 log10 = 3.02 3dB 2 -40
-3dB= half power
180
-30 -20 -10 0 240 270 300
210
330
25

Lets represent the pattern in Cartesian coordinates, for clarity
C omput e d pat t er n 18 GH z 3 1 17
0
90 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 240 270 300 180 0 150 30 120 60
-3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -21 -24 -27 -30
210
330
-33 -36 -39 -42 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 18G Hz 3117 H plane 30 60 90 120 150 180
P h i (d e g r e e s)
26

C omput e d pa t t e r n 1 8 GH z 3 1 1 7
-3dB Half power
0 -3 -6 -9 -1 2 -1 5 -1 8 21 -21 -24 -27 -30 -33 -36 -39 -42 -1 80 -1 50 -1 20 -90 -60 -30 0 1 8G Hz 31 1 7 H plane 30 60 90 1 20 1 50 1 80
P h i (d e g r e e s)
About 25 degrees
27
Radiation Pattern: Sidelobe Level

Comput ed pa t t er n 1 8GHz 3 11 7
The power level at the strongest side-lobe in relation to the level of the main lobe In this case 15dB
-3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -21 -24 -27 -30 -33 -36 -39 -42 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 18GHz 3117 H plane 30 60 90 120 150 180
P h i (d e g re e s)
28
Radiation Pattern: Front to Back Ratio

Similar to the side lobe level, but it applies to those especial side lobes, the b k lobes back l b or to the radiation level opposite the main lobe
Comput ed pa t t er n 1 8GHz 3 11 7
0 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -21 -24 -27 -30 -33 -36 -39 -42 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 18GHz 3117 H plane 30 60 90 120 150 180
P h i (d e g re e s)
29
Radiation Pattern: Front to Back Ratio

90
It may be easier to see in polar coordinate representation
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 180 150
120
60
30
210
330
240 270
300
30
Radiation Pattern: Directivity and Gain

General Gain definition
Power in
Power out
Powerout Gain = Powerin

31
Gain(IEEE)
Power in
Power out= Total radiated power
Pr Gain = Pin
32
Traditional Gain(or directive gain or directivity)

Fmax D= average over sphere of F ( , ) maximum radiated power D= total radiated power surface of a sphere
WHAT??
33
Traditional Gain(or directive gain or directivity)

90 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -30 180 0 150 30 120 60
Oh! OK.
Maximum radiation -20 density

-10 0
210
330
240
Total radiated power add the radiation on every direction and divided it by300 the 270 spherical surface 4 radians
34
Traditional Gain vs. IEEE Gain

IEEE gain takes in to account the losses in the antenna since it looks at how much power is radiated versus how much power goes in. Traditional gain looks at how Directive the antenna is how much power we receive (or transmit) in one direction versus the total radiated power. It is a measure of how the antenna concentrates the radiation.
35
Antenna Factor
Antenna factor an antenna sensor calibration lib ti which hi h permits it measuring an unknown electric field strength. Antenna factors are commonly expressed in terms of dB (1/m).
Book definition
36
Antenna Factor
The receiver, (spectrum analyzer, RF voltmeter, vector voltmeter, etc) measures signal level in volts, it measures potential
The antenna is receiving an Electric field unbounded wave that is in V/m, (Volts per meter)
37
Antenna Factor
The AF is the electric field at a given distance divided by the voltage measured at the antenna input. It is a value that relates the voltage at the antenna input to the field seen by the antenna
r E
38
Antenna Factor
Recall that the Electric and magnetic field can be related to each other by the impedance of free space
o = 120 377
39
Antenna Factor
Antenna factor for magnetic antennas the magnetic antenna factor (MAF) is measured. It relates the magnetic field to the voltage at the antenna input. Because we can relate the E and the H, we can relate the AF to the MAF
r H
40
Input Parameters
At the input port of the antenna we can Measured a set of parameters that are related to How good the antenna is. These are measured without looking at the radiated power
41
Input Parameters
1. S11 parameter 2. The VSWR 3. The input impedance
42
VSWR and S11

When entering a different medium the waves bounces back
S11 =
Pref Pin i
VSWR =
V peak Vvalley
43
VSWR and S11

VSWR and S11 These two are related to the amount of energy that does not go in to the antenna but it is reflected back to the generator
100% of power in to antenna 0% of power in to antenna 64% of power in to antenna
44
VSWR and S11

VSWR and S11 These two are related to the amount of energy that does not go in to the antenna but it is reflected back to the generator
S11=<-50 VSWR=1:1
S11=0dB VSWR=>30
S11=-4.6 VSWR=4:1
45
Input Impedance
The reason that the energy bounces back at the input to the antenna is that the impedance of the antenna is not the same as the one of the cable the slight mismatch causes part of the wave to bounce and part to travel
46
Input Impedance
Input impedance is the impedance that can be measured at the input of the antenna. Since most equipment uses 50 ohm cables and 50 ohm receivers we want our antenna input impedance to be as close as possible to 50 ohms NOTE: the antenna connector may be 50 ohms, but what is behind the connector is what matters when talking about the input impedance ridges ??ohm impedance
47
Connector 50 ohm impedance
Polarization
When a propagating wave oscillates ill on a single i l plane l then it is called a linear polarized wave
48
Polarization
A linearly polarized wave will radiate linearly polarized waves
49
Polarization
An antenna that can generate two linearly polarized waves simultaneously at the same time is called a dual polarized antenna
50
Polarization
When a linearly polarized antenna is set in a horizontal position it produces a horizontal polarized wave
51
Polarization
When a linearly polarized antenna is set in a vertical position it produces a vertical polarized wave
52
Polarization
A circular or elliptical polarized wave the plane of oscillation rotates as the wave propagates
53
Polarization
An antenna that radiates a circular polarized wave is called a circularly polarized antenna
This is one of our conical log spiral antennas. They can be manufactured to be left or right hand circularly polarized.
54
Polarization
Left Hand Circular Polarization
55
Polarization
Right hand circular polarization
56
Polarization
Transmits and receives 100% of linear polarization that is co-polarized Receives of circular polarized waves
Transmits and receives 100% of linear polarization that is co-polarized Receives of circular polarized waves
Transmits and receives 100% of linear polarization and 100% of co-polarized circular polarized wave Receives 0% of cross polarized circular polarized waves
57
Questions?
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IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiated energy Guided energy

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

How do antennas radiate?

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

How do antennas radiate?

Guided waves in the cable Free Space waves

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

How do antennas radiate?

Guided waves in the cable

Free Space waves

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

How do antennas radiate?

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

How do antennas radiate?

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

How do antennas radiate?

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: E and H Plane

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Near and Far Field

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

So, Omnidirectional radiates in every direction?

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

Isotropic, Greek, isos meaning same, tropos meaning direction,

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Omnidirectional and Directional

Radiation is mainly in this direction

-40 -30 -20 -10 0

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Main, Side and Back

Main Lobe: Is the strongest in level.

-30 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 240 270 300 180

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Half Power Beamwidth

30 -30 1 10 log10 = 3.02 3dB 2 -40

-3dB= half power

-30 -20 -10 0 240 270 300

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Half Power Beamwidth

-3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -21 -24 -27 -30

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Half Power Beamwidth

-3dB Half power

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010

Radiation Pattern: Sidelobe Level

IEEE EMC Symposium, 2010