List of Experiments

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Title of the Experiment ONE SAMPLE T-TEST PAIRED T-TEST INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST ONE WAY ANOVA CORRELATION & BIVARIATE REGRESSION MANN WHITNEY U TEST WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TEST KRUSKALL WALLIS TEST CHISQUARE CROSSTABS CHISQUARE GOODNESS OF FIT- TEST MULTIPLE REGRESSION KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV

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Ex: 1

THE ONE SAMPLE T-TEST

The one sample t-test is used when you have data from one sample of participants and you wish to know whether the mean of the population from which the sample is drawn is the same as the hypothesized mean. Objectives To find out if there is any significant difference between the present trial and the earlier trial. Software used : SPSS 11 Steps: 1. Enter variables and the respective data 2. Select Analyse menu 3. Click on Compare Means and then One-Sample T-Test..to open the One Sample T-Test dialogue box 4. Select the variable you require (ie. Withadd) and Test variable box 5. In the Test value box, type the mean score (ie 10.5) 6. Click on OK Output : The output indicates that there is a significant difference in engine efficiency between the present trial and the earlier trial. That is the cars in the present trial appears to have greater engine efficiency than those of the earlier trial ( t=5.74, df 21, p <0.05) move it to the in engine efficiency

Ex:

PAIRED

T-TEST

/REPEATED

MEASURES

T-TEST/

DEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST It is used when we have data from only one group of participants. In this case, the individual obtains two scores under different levels of the independent variable. We additionally need to check for normality (the difference between score for each participant should be normally distributed) Objectives To find out if there is any significant difference in engine efficiency with or without the petrol additive Software used: Steps: 1. Select Analyse menu 2. Click on Compare Means and then Paired-Sample T-Test..to open the Paired Sample T-Test dialogue box 3. Select the variables you require (ie. Without and Withadd) and move it to the Paired variables box 4. Click on OK Output : The output indicates a significant difference exists engine efficiency with and without the additive. That is the additive significantly improves the number of kilometers per litre ( t=8.66, df 21, p <0.05) SPSS 11

Ex: 3

INDEPENDENT GROUPS T-TEST

It is appropriate when different participants are involved in different conditions. Participants of one condition are different from the other condition. Also referred to as between subjects design. Two additional assumptions: independence of groups (participants should appear only in one group) and homogeneity of variances (the groups should come from populations with equal variances- tested by Levene test for equality of variances) Objectives : To find out if there is a significant difference in engine efficiency between manual and automatic cars either with or without the petrol additive Software used: SPSS 11 Steps : 1. Select Analyse menu 2. Click on Compare Means and then Independent-Sample TTest..to open the Independent Sample T-Test dialogue box 3. Select the test variable(s) (ie. Without & withadd) and move it to the Test variable(s) box 4. Select the grouping variable (ie cartype) and move it to the Grouping Variable box 5. Click on the Define Groups.command push button to open the Define Groups sub-dialogue box 6. In the Group 1 box type the variable value (ie 1) and in the Group 2 box type the second variable value (ie 2) 7. Click on Continue and then OK

Output : Levenes test shows a probability >0.05, hence it can be assumed that the population variances are relatively equal. Therefore the other values can be interpreted. Considering the t-value , df and significance, again there is no significant difference (p>0.05). Therefore there is no significant difference in engine efficiency between manual and automatic cars either with or without the additive (t-0.695, p>0.05)

Note: SPSS uses Levene test for equality of variances If this test is significant (p<0.05), then we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that the variances are unequal. If p>0.05 then we accept the null hypothesis that there are no significant differences between variances of groups (meaning groups come from populations with equal variances)

Ex: 4

ONE WAY ANOVA

The one way ANOVA is used when one wishes to compare the means of more than two groups or levels of an independent variable. Objectives To find out if there is any significant difference in perception of consumers towards the toothpaste among respondents across the four states. Software used : SPSS 11 Steps: 1. Enter variables and the respective data 2. Select Analyse menu 3. Click on Compare Means and then One-Way ANOVA..to open the One Way ANOVA dialogue box 4. Select the dependent variable ( i.e. score) and move it to the Dependent List box 5. Select the independent variable (ie locality) and move the variable into the Factor box 6. Click on the Options.. push button to open the One-Way ANOVA Options sub dialogue box 7. Click on the check boxes for Descriptive and Homogeneity of Variance 8. Click on Continue 9. Click on Post Hoc. Command push button to open the One-Way ANOVA Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons sub-dialogue box. 10. 11. Click on the check box for Tuckey Click Continue and then OK.

Output : Levenes test for homogeneity of variances is not significant (p>0.05) and therefore population variances for each group are approximately equal. On examining the F value, it can be seen that it is not significant (P>0.05). Therefore the output indicates that is no significant difference in perception of consumers towards the toothpaste among respondents across the four states. Ex: 5 CORRELATION & BIVARIATE REGRESSION

Simple bi-variate Correlation is used to find out the relationship between two continuous variables and is a measure of linear relationship. Objectives To test the hypothesis that there is a significant positive relationship between IQ scores and KMAT scores To test the hypothesis that there is a significant positive relationship between IQ scores and first semester average marks. Software used : SPSS 11 Steps: For checking Homoscedasticity (assumption)

7. Enter variables and the respective data 8. To test assumption, select graphs menu and click on Scatter Plot to open the dialogue box and select simple scatter. 9. Click on Define command push button to open simple scatter sub dialogue box 10. box 11. box 12. Click on OK To obtain Bivariate Pearson product moment correlation Select the second variable (ie IQ) and move it to the X Axis Select the first variable (ie KMAT) and move it to the Y Axis

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Output :

Select the Analyze menu Click on correlate and then Bivariate. To open the Select the variables required (KMAT & IQ) and move it into the Ensure that Pearson correlation has been selected In the test of significance box, select the one-tailed radio Click on OK.

Bivariate correlations dialogue box variables box

button

The output confirms the result of the scatterdot in that a significant positive relationship exists between kmat and iq (r =0.767, p <0.05). Therefore higher intelligence scores are associated with higher kmat scores. Bi-variate Regression is used for the prediction of a dependent variable from another independent variable Objectives To test the hypothesis that influence on KMAT scores To test the hypothesis that iq scores has a significant positive influence on average semester mark scores Software used : SPSS 11 Steps: 1. Select the Analyze menu 2. Click on Regression and then regression dialogue box 3. Select the dependent variable (ie KMAT / AVG ) and move it into the Dependent box on Linear. to open Linear iq scores has a significant positive

4. Select the independent Independent(s) box 5. Click on OK.

variable (ie iq ) and move it into the

Output : The output reveals that iq contributes to 60.5 percent of the variance in kmat scores and is a significant predictor (p<0.05)

Ex: 6

MANN WHITNEY U TEST (Wilcoxon Rank Sum W Test)

The Mann-Whitney U test tests the hypothesis that two independent samples come from populations having the same distribution. (The test is equivalent to the independent groups t-test). Objectives To find out if there is any significant difference productivity) Software used : SPSS 17 Steps: 1. Enter variables and the respective data 2. Select Analyse menu in means of two independent samples. (To find out if factory 1 & 2 differ in their

3. Click on box

Nonparametric tests and then 2 independent

samples..to open the Two independent samples test dialogue 4. Select the dependent variable ( i.e. produce) and move it to the Test variable List box 5. Select the independent variable (ie factory) and move the variable into the Grouping variable box 6. Click on the Define Groups.. push button to open the TwoIndependent Samples: Define groups sub dialogue box 7. In the Group 1: box, enter the first value for the independent variable (factory type, ie 1), then tab. Enter the second value for the independent variable (ie 2) in the Group 2 box. 8. Click on Continue 9. Ensure that Mann Whitney U check box has been selected 10. Output : To interpret the Mann Whitney U test, we consider the Z score and p value. The output indicates that the mean was not significant (z = - 0.927, p >0.05), and therefore, no significant differences exist between factories 1 &2 Ex: 7 WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TEST The Wilcoxon signed rank test (wilcoxon t-test) similar to a repeated measures or paired t-test, i.e. when same participants perform under each level of the independent variable. Objectives To find out if there is any significant difference in mean factory output before and after automation Software used : SPSS 17 Steps: Click OK.

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1. Enter variables and the respective data 2. Select Analyse menu 3. Click on Nonparametric tests and then 2 related samples..to open the Two related samples test dialogue box 4. Select the variables you require (beforeoutput and afteroutput) and move it to the Test pair(s) list box 5. Ensure that Wilcoxon check box has been selected 6. Click on the Options..command push button to open Tworelated Samples: options sub dialogue box 7. Ensure that Descriptives check box has been selected 8. Click on Continue and then OK. Output : To interpret the Wilcoxon signed rank test, we consider the Z score and p value. The output indicates that the mean is significant (z = - 4.113, p < 0.05), and therefore, there is a significant difference in factory output before and after automation, with higher productivity after automation.

Ex: 8 KRUSKAL WALLIS TEST To test the population differences in mean. It is equivalent to One way between groups ANOVA. Objectives To find out if there is any significant difference in mean sales of three different training programs that was designed for new employees. Software used : SPSS 17 Steps: 1. Enter variables and the respective data

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2. Select Analyse menu 3. Click on box 4. Select the 5. Select the dependent variable ( sales) and move it to the Test move it to the variable list box independent variable ( training) and Grouping variable box 6. Click on Define Range. Command push button to open Several Independent Samples: Define Range sub-dialogue box 7. Enter the first value for the independent variable (training ie.1) in the Minimum box , then enter the highest value for the independent variable (ie 3) in the Maximum box. 8. Click on Continue 9. Ensure that Kruskall-Wallis check box has been selected. 10. Output : To interpret the output from the Kruskall-Wallis test, we need to consider the chi-square value, degrees of freedom(df) and significance. These values indicate that sales is significantly different across the three training programs. Click on OK. Nonparametric tests and then K independent samples..to open the Tests for several independent samples

Ex: 9 (Cross tabs) Objectives

CHI SQUARE TEST for relatedness /independence

To find out if there is any significant association between two categorical variables. (ie whether intention to purchase depended on income level of the respondent)

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Software used : SPSS 17 Steps: 1. Enter variables and the respective data 2. Select Analyze menu 3. Click on Descriptive Statistics and then cross tabs..to open cross tabs dialogue box 4. Select the row variable (Intention) and move it to the variable into the Row(s) box 5. Select the column variable (Income) and move it to the variable into the Column(s) box 6. Click on the Statistics. Command push button to open the Crosstabs: statistics sub-dialogue box 7. Click on Chi-square check box 8. Click on Continue 9. Click on the cells.command push button to open the crosstabs: cell display sub-dialogue box 10. 11. 12. Output : To interpret the Chi-square we consider the pearson statistic. The output shows that pearson statistic is 18.67 , with degrees of freedom 12 and p value > 0.05 ( 0.097) . Therefore it can be concluded that purchase intention is not associated with income. Ex: 10 Objectives CHI SQUARE TEST goodness of fit (Non-parametric) In the Counts box, click on the Observed and Expected In the Percentages box, click on the Row , Column and Click on Continue and then OK. check boxes Total check boxes

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To find out if there is any significant differences in frequency across response categories. (To know whether an observed pattern of frequency corresponds with an expected pattern of frequency) Software used : SPSS 17 Steps: To conduct a chi-square test for goodness of fit (assumed equal frequencies) 1. Enter variables and the respective data (Initially we have to tell the program that the data for frequency are in the form of frequency counts and not scores. This can be done using the Weight Cases option) 2. Select the Data menu 3. Click on Weight Cases.. to open the Weight Cases dialogue box 4. Click on the Weight Cases by radio button 5. Select the variable you require ( frequency) and click to move it to the Frequency variable box 6. Click on OK. The message Weight On should appear on the status bar at the bottom right of the application window. 7. Select the Analyze menu 8. Click on Nonparametric Tests and then Chi-square. To open the Chi-square test dialogue box 9. Select the variable you require ( attitude) and move it into the Test Variable list box 10. Click on OK.

To conduct a chi-square test for goodness of fit with unequal expected frequencies 1. Select the Analyze menu

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2. Click on Nonparametric Tests and then Chi-square. To open the Chi-square test dialogue box 3. Select the variable you require (attitude) and move it into the Test Variable list box 4. In the Expected Values box, click the values :radio button 5. Type 15 in the box and click on Add 6. Type another 15 in the box and click on Add 7. Type 30 in the box and click on Add 8. Click on OK. Output : a) From the output it can be seen that the chi-square value is significant (p<0.05). Therefore it can be concluded that there are significant differences in the frequency of attitudes towards the subject research methodology. (In this case expected frequencies in the above example represent a 1/3:1/:1/3 split) b) From the output it can be seen that chi-square value is not significant (p>0.05). Therefore it can be concluded that there are no significant differences in the frequency of attitudes towards the subject research methodology. (When expected frequency for each category in not evenly balanced, say for ex: the expected frequency is 15,15,30)

Ex: 11

Multiple Regression

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Multiple regression is used for the prediction of a dependent variable from several independent variables Objectives To find out the impact of shelf space and price on the prediction of sales of pet food Software used : SPSS 17 Steps: 6. Select the Analyze menu 7. Click on Regression and then regression dialogue box 8. Select the dependent variable (ie sales of pet food) and move it into the Dependent box 9. Select the independent variables (ie space and price ) and move it into the Independent(s) box 10. 11. In the Method drop down list, ensure that Enter is selected Click on statistics command push button to open the on Linear. to open Linear

Linear Regression: Statistics sub- dialogue box and ensure the Estimates and Model fit check boxes are selected. 12. Click on Continue and then OK.

Output : The output reveals that both the independent variables together explain 85 percentage of the variance (r-square) in the sales of pet food, which is highly significant, as indicated in the F-value of 34.081 . On examining the coefficients table , it can also be found that price (p< 0.05). However the shelfsignificantly predicts sales of pet food

space allocated is not a significant predictor (p>0.05) Ex: 12 ONE SAMPLE K-S TEST

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The Kolmogorov-Smirnov is used for testing normality. If the significance level is greater than 0.05, then normality is assumed. (use toothpaste file) Objectives To find out if the data is normally distributed. Software used: SPSS 17 Steps: 1. Enter variables and the respective data 2. Select Analyse menu 3. Click on Nonparametric tests and then 1 sample K-S test..to open the One sample K- S test dialogue box 4. Select the variables you require ( any variable) and move it to the Test variable(s) list box 5. Ensure that Normal check box has been selected under test dristribution 6. Click on OK. Output : To interpret the One sample K-S test, we consider the significance value. The output indicates that the mean is not significant ( p=0.496 , p> 0.05), and therefore normality is assumed. (Note: The null hypothesis is that the data is normally distributed and the alternate hypothesis is that the data is not normally distributed)

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