International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Voltage Dip Ride Through of the Double Fed Induction Generator Using Crowbar Protection in a Wind Turbine during Grid Fault
M. K. Chandan1
1

VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

Abstract: The ride through ability of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in a wind
turbine under the occurrence of grid fault is studied in this paper. This paper presents crowbar control strategy for the rotor-side converter (RSC) of wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generators that intend to improve its fault ride through capability. The crowbar circuits permits to keep the inverter connected to the generator, something that would permit the injection of power to the grid during the fault. FFT analysis also carried out of the Stator voltage of 3- and P-P-G fault, which is an indicator of Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). Results have been collected using Matlab/Simulink software. Keywords: Double fed induction generator (DFIG), crowbar protection, Fault ride through (FRT), Total Harmonics Distortion(THD).

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the most widely used machine for wind turbines above 1 MW is the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). This configuration provides the advantages of variable speed operation and four-quadrant active and reactive power capabilities using converters rated for only a small fraction (25% - 30%) of the rated power. wind turbines based on the DFIG are very sensitive to grid disturbances, particularly to voltage dips. An abrupt drop of the grid voltage causes over voltages and over currents in the rotor windings that can destroy the converter if no protection elements are installed. The solution used by manufacturers to protect the rotor converter has been to short circuit the rotor windings with the so called crowbar by means of resistances [1]. On detecting a grid voltage dip, the crowbar short-circuits the rotor terminals protecting the rotor converter and the generator is disconnected from the grid. However, with this behavior, the wind turbines aggravate the dip as they stop generating electric power. Manufacturers designed an active crowbar which avoids the disconnection of the turbine, providing the so-called fault ride-through capability. The introduction of demagnetizing currents allows the turbine to ride through the fault without the need of connecting a crowbar. This solution, however, demands large capacity of current in the rotor converter and usually cannot be applied. However, the behavior of the DFIG concept during grid voltage dip is problematic since the induction generator generates high voltages and currents to the rotor side as a result of the dip [2], [3].

26
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The DFIG is usually controlled by means of a field oriented control. Assuming that the rotor currents are transformed to a synchronous frame where the q-axis is aligned with the grid voltage and neglecting the small effect of the stator resistance, the relation between rotor currents and stator active and reactive power is decoupled as the following equations states:

PS V grid
QS V grid

Lm irq ------------------------------------(1) LS
2 V grid Lm ------------------------(2) ird LS S LS

POWER FLOW DIAGRAM Slip power is the real power through the converter, this power is determined directly by the maximum slip or by the speed range of the machine. When slip is positive i.e., subsynchronous mode of operation, the slip power goes through the converter from the grid to the rotor of the machine. On the other hand, when the slip is negative .i.e. super-synchronous mode of operation, the slip power comes out of the rotor to the power converter. The range of variation of slip determines the size of converters and , whose size is a fraction of the rated power. Converter and provide the control of this device. Converter controls rotor voltage, and therefore electromagnetic torque. Converter maintains the grid voltage and the exchange of reactive power with the grid as shown in Fig-1 [4], [5], [6].

Fig-1(Power Flow Diagram of a DFIG)

VOLTAGE DIP RIDE THROUGH CAPABILITY OF A DFIG

The Voltage Dip Ride Through capability is of special interest in wind power systems based on doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). In this sort of machine, the voltage drop in the stator windings, suffered during a voltage dip, produces a sudden change in the stator flux of the DFIG [7]. As a consequence of this transient the currents in the stator increases rapidly, experiencing an over current that is transmitted, due to the magnetic coupling, to the rotor windings. These over currents, which can be up to three times the nominal value of the current [8], can damage the rotor and stator windings, but its consequences can be especially critical for the semiconductors of the rotor-side converter (RSC), that can reach a thermal breakdown[9], [15]. 27
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

According to the E.ON (German transmission & Distribution utility Grid Codes) regulation is likely to set the standard for the termination of the generator from the grid. This stipulates that a wind turbine should remain stable and connected during the fault, while voltage at the point of connection drops to 15% of nominal (i.e. a drop of 85%) for a point of 150 ms [10].

Fig.2 (Requirements for wind farm behavior during fault) Only when the grid voltage drops below the curve, the turbine is allowed to disconnect from the grid as shown in the above given Fig.2.

CROWBAR PROTECTION
Crowbars are sometimes used to short-circuit the rotor windings of the generator to protect the converters from overvoltage. The protection technique is to limit the high current and to provide a bypass for it through the rotor circuit via a set of resistors that are connected to the rotor windings. Although crowbar circuits are able to protect the machine and the converter during the fault, its usage implies the installation of extra hardware in the system, something that finally increases the costs and hinders its reliability [11]. Moreover, and despite the fact that a crowbar is able to reduce the current peaks, this device does not avoid the disconnection of the RSC after the fault is detected, something that disables the control of active and reactive power to the grid in such conditions. This latest issue is of great importance that demands a certain delivery of active and reactive power during the fault.

Fig.3. (Crowbar protection outlay) 28

Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

BEHAVIOR UNDER FULL VOLTAGE DIPS

During normal operation, the stator and rotor fluxes rotate at synchronous speed. With respect to the rotor windings, the flux rotate at slip speed s s, where s is the slip and s is the synchronous speed. At time t = 0.02, a full-voltage disappears, i.e., the stator is short circuited, and neglecting the small voltage drop in the stator resistance, the derivative of the stator flux will be zero [5]. Therefore, the flux will remain constant and will stop rotating. As the stator flux is fixed to the stator, its relative speed with respect to the rotor windings becomes i.e. the speed of the rotor [12],[13],[14].

BEHAVIOR UNDER A PARTIAL VOLTAGE DIP

Generally, the grid faults are partial voltage dips, i.e., the stator voltage drops below its rated voltage but above zero. Let us consider the generator to operate under normal conditions when, at a given moment in time, t = 0.02, a 50% voltage dip occurs. The amplitude of the rotating magnetic flux of DFIG is proportional to the stator voltage. A voltage dip in stator terminals decreases the amplitude of the rotating flux of the generator instantaneously. However, the total flux cannot change instantaneously. The difference between total flux and rotating flux is called a transient flux or a natural flux as defined by Lopez [5], [6]. The transient flux is not rotating and it appears only if there is a sudden step in the stator voltage. In addition, the transient flux gets its maximum value at the beginning of the voltage step.

TOTAL HARMONICS DISTORTION (THD)

Harmonic distortion is the degree to which a waveform deviates from its pure sinusoidal values as a result of the summation of all these harmonic elements. Total harmonic distortion, or THD, is the summation of all harmonic components of the voltage or current waveform compared against the fundamental component of the voltage or current wave:

THD

V22 V32 V42 ......... Vn2 V1

* 100%

Harmonic distortion can have detrimental effects on electrical equipment. Unwanted distortion can increase the current in power systems which results in higher temperatures in neutral conductors and distribution transformers. Higher frequency harmonics cause additional core loss in motors which results in excessive heating of the motor core. These higher order harmonics can also interfere with communication transmission lines since they oscillate at the same frequencies as the transmit frequency.

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

The impact of disturbance over the performance of Double fed induction generator is observed. Voltage dip occurs in the stator voltage due to disturbances in the utility grid. A comparison has been made between the results of the two cases i.e. system without crowbar and 29
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

with crowbar. In the simulation a full voltage dip and a 50% voltage dip case were studied. Crowbar protection is inserted to reduce the overvoltage and to protect the converter from permanent damage. FFT analysis of the Stator voltage is also carried out during grid fault, which is an indicator of Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) .Crowbar protection, reduces the rotor current magnitude as shown in fig.5 in the case of full voltage dip. Matlab/simulink software is used to collect the result.

Fig.4 (Full voltage dip)

Fig.5 (Full voltage dip with Crowbar protection)

30
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Fig.6 (50% voltage dip)

Fig.7 (50% voltage dip with crowbar protection)

31
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Fig.8 (Stator and rotor flux in d-q axis)

Fig.9 (FFT analysis of 3- fault condition)

Fig.10 (FFT analysis of P-P-G fault condition)

CONCLUSION
In this paper, the Voltage dip ride through of doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim of the paper is to reveal how the crowbar protection enhances the performance of a DFIG wind turbine during a voltage dip. The crowbar is effective protecting the turbine but impedes generating a reactive power, constraint increasingly requested by the latest grid codes. A FFT analysis is made to figure out the Harmonics distortion .As shown in fig-9 the Total harmonics 32
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

distortion is 23.75 % in case of a three phase fault and 15.75 % in case of P-P-G fault. From the above figures we concluded that the rotor current is reduced which improves the Fault ride capacity of the DFIG, along with some cons as discussed above. Study can be extended to evaluate the wind farm design, or to identify the situations where additional means of control and protection must be provided. APPENDIX TABLE I GENERATOR DATA Rated Power Rated Stator Voltage Base Frequency Stator and Rotor Resistance (Rs,Rr) Magnetizing Inductance, Lm Stator and Rotor Self Inductances(Ls,Lr) Rotor transient inductances, Lr Crowbar resistance Turns ratio 30KW 690V 60 Hz (0.0134,0.0075)pu 3.31pu (3.52,3.40)pu 0.297pu 0.3pu 2.5

TABLE II CONVERTER DATA DC link Voltage Maximum Phase Voltage Rated Current Maximum Transitory Current Switching Frequency Cut-off Frequency of the current filter Cut-off Frequency of the grid voltage filter

1250V 665V 15A 18.9A 5000Hz 500Hz 55Hz

REFERENCES
[1]. R. Pena, J. C. Clare, and G. M. Asher, Doubly fed induction generator using back-toback PWM converters and its application to variable speed wind-energy generation, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. Electr. Power Appl., vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 231241, May 1996. N. Jouko, Voltage dip ride through of a double-fed generator equipped with an active crowbar, in Proc. Nordic Wind Power Conf., Mar. 2004. [CD-ROM]. D. Xiang, L. Ran, P. Tavner, and S. Yang, Control of a doubly fed induction generator in a wind turbine during grid fault ride-through, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 652662, Sep. 2006.

[2]. [3].

33
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 2(1): 26-34, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

[4].

[5].

[6].

[7].

[8].

[9].

[10]. [11].

[12].

[13]. [14].

[15].

[16].

J. Lopez, P. Sanchis, E. Gubia, A. Ursua, L. Marroyo, and X. Roboam, Control of doubly fed induction generator under symmetrical voltage dips, in Proc. ISIE, Cambridge, U.K., Jul. 2008, pp. 24562462. J. Lopez, P. Sanchis, X. Roboam, and L. Marroyo, Dynamic behavior of the doublyfed induction generator during three-phase voltage dips, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 709717, Sep. 2007. Perdana, O. Carlson, and J. Persson, Dynamic response of grid connected wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator during disturbances, presented at the NordicWorkshop Power Industrial Electron., Trondheim, Norway, 2004. T. Sun, Z. Chen, and F. Blaabjerg, Transient analysis of grid-connected wind turbines with DFIG after an external short-circuit fault, presented at the Nordic Wind Power Conf., Chalmers Univ. Technol., Gothenburg, Sweden, Mar. 2004. T. Thiringer, A. Petersson, and T. Petru, Grid disturbance response of wind turbines equipped with induction generator and doubly-fed induction generator, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, 2003, vol. 3, pp. 15421547. S. Seman, J. Niiranen, and A. Arkkio, Ride-through analysis of doubly fed induction wind-power generator under unsymmetrical network disturbance, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 17821789, Nov. 2006. Grid Code, High and Extra High Voltage, E.ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany, Apr. 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.eon-netz.com D. Santos-Martin, J. L. Rodriguez-Amenedo, and S. Arnalte, Direct power control applied to doubly fed induction generator under unbalanced grid voltage conditions, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 23282336, Sep. 2008. C. Abbey and G. Joos, Effect of low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic on voltage stability, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen.Meet., 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1901 1907. W. Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives, 3rd ed. New York: Springer- Verlag, 2001. R. Fadaeinedjad, M. Moallem, and G. Moschopoulos, Simulation of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator by FAST and simulink, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 690700, Jun. 2008. A.S. Mkinen, H. Tuusa , Effect of transient flux compensation control on fault ride through of doubly fed induction generator wind turbine, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ11) Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain), 13th to 15th April, 2010. S-L. Lu, C.E. Lin, C-L. Huang, Injected Harmonic Losses Analysis and Estimation due to a 12-pulse AC-DC Converter Load, Int. Conf. On Industrial Electronics, New Orleans, LA, Nov 1997.

_____________________

34
Corresponding Author: M. K. Chandan, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India