CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

I. 1.

Background The most common cause of lung cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke. The smoker is actively choosing to breath in this smoke. People nearby are passive smokers. Although they do not choose to smoke they are actually breathing in the smoke too. I choose this topic because lung cancer is the most common cause cancer related death in cities with higher rate of pollution, such as Jakarta. My father is an active smoker, so I want to know are passive smoking could got lung cancer? Im very interested to know more about the correlation between lung cancer and passive smoker.

I.2.

Problems Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. Lung cancer may also be the most tragic cancer because in most cases, it might have been prevented -- 87% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemicals, many of which are proven cancer-causing substances, or carcinogens. Smoking cigars or pipes also increases the risk of lung cancer.

I. 3.

Limitation of the Problems 1. What is lung cancer? 2. What are the causes of lung cancer? 3. 4. 5. How is lung cancer diagnosed? What is the treatment of lung cancer? What is the correlation between lung cancer and passive smoking?

I. 4.

Objectives The objectives of writing this paper are to find out: 1. 2. 3. 4. What lung cancer is. What causes of lung cancer are. How lung cancer can diagnosed. How to treat lung cancer?

Are there correlation between lung cancer and passive smoking.

I. 5.

Methods of Writing. The writing of paper is carried out by a library research and also via internet.

I. 6.

Frame of Writing CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION I. 1. Background I. 2. Problems I. 3. Limitations of the Problems I. 4. Objectives 2

I. 5. Methods of Writing I. 6. Frame of Writing CHAPTER II. LUNG CANCER II. 1. Epidemiology II. 2. Etiology II. 3. Symptoms and Signs II. 4. Diagnosis II. 5. Treatment CHAPTER III. PASSIVE SMOKING III. 1. Definition III. 2. Contains of Cigarette III. 3. Passive Smoking Effects CHAPTER IV. CORRELATION BETWEEN LUNG CANCER AND PASSIVE SMOKING CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER II LUNG CANCER

II.1.

Epidemiology Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common cancer in terms of both incidence and mortality with 1.35 million new cases per year and 1.18 million deaths, with the highest rates in Europe and North America. The population segment most likely to develop lung cancer is over-fifties who have a history of smoking. Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring form of cancer in most western countries, and it is the leading cancer-related cause of death. Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer is declining in western countries, it is actually increasing for women due to the increased takeup of smoking by this group. Among lifetime non-smokers, men have higher agestandardized lung cancer death rates than women. Not all cases of lung cancer are due to smoking, but the role of passive smoking is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for lung cancer, leading to policy interventions to decrease undesired exposure of non-smokers to others' tobacco smoke. Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants also pose potential risks. Eastern Europe has the highest lung cancer mortality among men, while northern Europe and the U.S. have the highest mortality among women. Lung cancer incidence is currently less common in developing countries. With increased smoking in

developing countries, the incidence is expected to increase in the next few years, notably in China and India. II.2 Etiology Cancer is a disease in which certain body cells don't function right, divide very fast, and produce too much tissue that forms a tumor. The lungs, a pair of sponge-like, cone-shaped organs, are part of the body's respiratory system. When we breathe in, the lungs take in oxygen, which our cells need to live and carry out their normal functions. When we breathe out, the lungs get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of the body's cells. Cancers that begin in the lungs are divided into two major types, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, depending on how the cells look under a microscope. Each type of lung cancer grows and spreads in different ways and is treated differently. Lung cancer usually in the cell lining air passages. The most common cause of lung cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke. The occurrence of lung cancer in non-smokers, who account for fewer than 10% of cases, appears to be due to a combination of genetic factors. Radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution may also contribute to lung cancer.

II.3

Classification Frequency of Histological Types of Lung Cancer Histological Types Frequency (%) Non-Small Cell Carcinoma Small Cell Carcinoma Carcinoid Sarcoma Unspecified Lung Cancer 80,4 16,8 0,8 0,1 1,9

The vast majority of lung cancers are carcinomas malignancies that arise from epithelial cells. There are two main types of lung carcinoma, categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope: nonsmall cell (80.4%) and small-cell (16.8%) lung carcinoma. This classification, based on simple histological criteria, has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. II. 4 Symptoms and Signs The signs and symptoms of lung cancer may take years to appear and are often confused with symptoms of less serious conditions. Signs and symptoms may not appear until the disease reaches an advanced stage. Cough that does not go away Chest pain 6

 Weight loss Not feeling hungry Coughing up bloody mucus Trouble breathing Hoarseness Lots of lung infections, such as pneumonia

II.5.

Diagnosis Early detection of lung cancer is critical to improving chances of survival. Physicians use a number of different tests to detect and diagnose lung cancer, including sophisticated imaging scans that provide more accurate and sensitive results than conventional X-rays. The information from these tests enables the physician to lymph determine the type and stage of the cancer and the best way to treat it. Tests Include: 1. Physical examination 2. Chest examination 3. MRI 4. PET 5. Sputum cytology The newer imaging scans (CT, PET and MRI) are very sensitive and can reveal cancerous growths not seen by conventional chest X-Ray. Clinical trial are underway to 7

determine the effectiveness of screening to permit the early detection of lung based on these new advances. II.6. Treatment Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Targeted therapy

CHAPTER III PASSIVE SMOKING

III.1. Definition Passive smoking (also known as secondhand smoking, involuntary smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, or ETS exposure) occurs when smoke from one person's burning tobacco product (or the smoke exhaled by the smoker) is inhaled by others. Current scientific evidence shows that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes death, disease and disability. III.2. Contains of Cigarette

Some of these chemicals are: tar - which has many chemicals in it some of which cause cancer carbon monoxide - reduces the oxygen in blood - so people can develop heart disease. Poisson includes arsen, cyanide.

III.3. Passive Smoking Effects Short Term Effects: It depends upon the susceptibility of a person to nicotine. Some can stay in a room with smokers for quite a long time apparently without being effected. Others may feel ill within a few minutes or an hour of exposure to environmental smoke.

Asthma Allergy patients experience all types of allergic symptoms like stuffy nose, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, wheezing etc.

Coughing Headache Nausea Long Term Effects: There are quite a number of dangerous long term effects of

environmental smoke depending upon the frequency of exposure to involuntery smoking. The likelihood of below mentioned diseases are increased by frequent exposure to passive smoking.

Risk of lung cancer Risk of heart disease Risk of developing asthma in children and adults Risk of ear infections Risk of lung infection 10

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

Lung cancer can often be associated with known risk factors for the disease. Many risk factors can be changed, but not all can be avoided. Second-hand tobacco smoke also causes lung cancer. This is smoke that comes from a burning cigarette or other tobacco product, or smoke that is exhaled by smokers. People who inhale second-hand smoke are exposed to the same cancer-causing agents as smokers, although in weaker amounts. Inhaling second-hand smoke is called involuntary or passive smoking. Prevention is the most cost-effective means of fighting lung cancer. While in most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, tobacco smoking is still widespread. Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer, and smoking cessation is an important preventative tool in this process.

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REFERENCES

Braunwald E: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicines, 15th Ed. New York,2001 Http://www.mayoclinic.com/find information/disease and condition/invoke.cfm Http://www.lungcancer.org Http://www.medicastore.com Http://www.midlineplus.com Http://www.nci.nih.gov

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