Primary Sources Memorandums

The most important collection of public papers for this website resides at the Jimmy Carter Library in Atlanta, GA. I went through a variety of memos and papers to piece together some of the history I tell there. There are various drafts of the July 15, 1979, available there as well. Caddell, Patrick. Of Crisis and Opportunity. 13 April 1979. Vertical File, Constitutional Conventions through Crisis Of Confidence. Jimmy Carter Library. Of Crisis and Opportunity, is the seventy-five page report also known as Apocalypse Now by Carters staff. Patrick Caddell, armed with poll numbers, statistics, and a set of observations about American Pop Culture, wrote one of the most important memos for understanding the seventies. Caddell, Patrick. Memorandum to the President, Journalists Meeting. 12 July 1979 . Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [2]. Jimmy Carter Library. This was the outline of President Carters interview with different journalists during his Camp David retreat. It gave me a background on the Malaise Speech and helped me understand the depth in Carters answer to the Crisis of Confidence. Rafshoon, Jerry. Memorandum for the President, The Speech. 12 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [2]. Jimmy Carter Library. Jerry Rafshoon drafted the main ideas of Carters Malaise speech. The memo gave me an idea of the different steps in the process of writing a speech and revealed that the speechs outlines changed many times because of the Georgia Mafia. Rafshoon, Jerry, Rick Hertzberg, and Gordon Stewart. Memorandum to the President. 14 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [3]. Jimmy Carter Library. Carters main advisors drafted the last outlines before the entire script. This is one of the last steps before the speech. It helped me to describe the evolution of Carters mind after the many discussions he had with politicians, businessmen or private citizens.

Matthews, Chris. Memorandum for Greg Schneiders Camp David follow-up. 13 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [1]. Jimmy Carter Library. This memo reports the main remarks given on Jimmy Carters Presidency. It includes his style, his communication, and his overall philosophical directions during the Camp David retreat. The memorandum helped me to understand the perception of the American People on the personality of their president. Unknown. Fact Sheet on the Presidents Import Reduction Program. 16 July 1979. Office of the White House. Press Secretary. Jimmy Carter Library. This document deals with the Carters energetic plan to reduce American energy consumption. It gave me the main points developed by Carters Administration to reduce the import of oil. The speechwriter used the main sources by quoting data and statistics.

Draft Speeches
Grandquist, Wayne. Draft Speech. 2 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [1]. Jimmy Carter Library. At the last minute, Carter cancelled an energy speech on July 5, 1979. This document drafted the outlines of the cancelled speech. It helped me understand how President Carter changed his mind after his retreat to Camp David. Hertzberg, Rick. Energy Address, Draft #2. 22 May 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [2]. Jimmy Carter Library. In April 1979, the second energy crisis struck in the United States, first in California and then throughout the West. This document reveals the first fears of Carters administration. It gave me background on the beginning of the energy crisis. Rafshoon, Jerry. Energy Speech Proposed Energy Speech 7/5/1979. 5 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [2]. Jimmy Carter Library. This was the transcript of President Carters scheduled speech for the 5 th of July. Jimmy Carter cancelled this speech and left the White House for a ten day retreat to

Camp David. It helped me to understand Carters answer to the Crisis of Confidence and the evolution after the retreat at Camp David.

Rafshoon, Jerry. Memorandum to the President . 10 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [1]. Jimmy Carter Library. This is one of the first drafts of the Malaise speech. Rafshoon drafted the first answers to the energy Crisis. It helped me to understand this Advisors War where two important advisors fight for the main ideology of the speech. Rafshoon, Jerry. Speech Outline. 10 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [1]. Jimmy Carter Library. This is the outline of the Malaise Speech. It helped me understand how Rafshoon, assistant to the President for Communications, was involved in the writing of the speech. He gave to the speechwriters the main point developed in Carters speech. Rafshoon, Jerry. Speech Outline. 11 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Address to the Nation Energy/Crisis of Confidence, 07/15/1979 07/15/1979 [2]. Jimmy Carter Library. This is another outline of the Crisis of Confidence speech. It show how the Camp David retreat helped Carter to understand the deep crisis in the country. This document gave me background on the speech and reveals how Carters advisors were involved in the writing of the speech.

Correspondence
Bookbinder, Hyman H. Speech Themes. 13 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Remarks on Energy. Jimmy Carter Library Hyman Bokkbinder, an advocate for Jewish causes, wrote a couple of letters to the President. It helped me to understand how the religious issue was tied to Carters speech. Many of Carters guests were religious men. It shows how Carter was inspired by the different religions. Ginzberg, Eli. Suggestions to the President. 19 July 1979. Records of the Speechwriters Office, 1977-1981. Remarks on Energy. Jimmy Carter Library The reception to Carter's speech was overwhelmingly positive. Approving phone calls poured into the White House along with many letters of support. Ginzberg, a teacher at Colombia, gave other statistics and ideas to the president. This

correspondence helped me to understand how the American citizens were concerned by the energy issue.

Sound Recording
Marshall, Gene. The American Song-Poem Anthology. Jimmy Carter Says Yes. 1978. MP3. As a devout Christian, Carter told the American People that he would never tell them a lie. Gene Marshall was well-known for his song-poems. Jimmy Carter Says Yes helped me to understand Carters perception by the American people. This piece of popular culture revealed how Carters faith was important.

Magazine articles
Unknown. Gas, A Long, Dry Summer? Time Magazine. 27 June 1979: 14-16. Vertical Files, Energy Policy through Energy Policy Retrospectives. Jimmy Carter Library. The article gave me a background on how the second energy crisis transformed the American way of life for a few months. This primary source is important in the understanding of the tough era. Scheer, Robert. Jimmy, We Hardly Know Yall. Playboy Magazine. November 1976: 91. Print. The Playboy editorial deals with Carters faith and gave me the perception of the American people on Carters beliefs. Scheer, Robert. Playboy Interview, Playboy Magazine. November 1976: 63-86. Print. As a devout Christian, Carter told the American people that he would never tell them a lie. Carters words gave Americans hope that he would bring honesty and competence back to the White House. Buckley William. Gantry on Energy: Editorial.National Review. August 3, 1979. Print. This editorial is useful in the understanding of the energy crisis and its evolution after the malaise speech. It gave me data and statistics about the energy crisis.

Newspaper articles
The best source that I have found for reporting events in Carter administration is the New York Times, a newspaper that constantly offered insightful and depth reporting about Carter and many members of his administration. Lewis, Anthony. A Turning Point. New York Times 4 April 1977: 27. Print. Seaborg, Glenn. Do We Need Power? New York Times 28 Dec. 1970: 31. Print. Smith, Hedrick. The Energy Crisis and Carter: A Test and an Opportunity. New York Times 3 Feb. 1977: 23. Print. N.a. Special to the New York Times. Optimism Voiced On Energy Needs. New York Times 18 July 1971: 48. Print. Reston, James. The Carter Changes. New York Times 16 Feb. 1977: 21. Print. Cowan, Edward. President Asks Congress For Energy-Crisis Action: Insists Hell Stay On Job. New York Times 8 Nov. 1973: 2. Print. Smith, Hedrick. Part Homily, Part Program. New York Times 16 July 1979: A1. Print. Franklin, Ben. Coal Rush Is On as Strip Mining Spreads Into West. New York Times 22 Aug. 1971. Print. Feron, James. In The Suburbs, Gas Crisis Affects Family Life. New York Times 6 July 1979: B4. Print.

Books
Mildred, Lasch, and Warhol are three major voices of the seventies. As I said on my website, the Me decade is defined by divorce, selfishness and consumerism. These three authors analyzed the individualism is the American Society. I used these books to define the American Malaises that Carter criticized in his speech. The seventies was also known as an era of narcissism, selfishness and personal rather than political awareness. The three books illustrate the lack of altruism. Lash offered a provocative analysis of Americans as increasingly narcissistic. Lashs message coincided with the presidents sense of nation in the midst of a spiritual crisis. Lasch, Christopher. Culture of Narcissism, American Life in An Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: W.W. Norton & company, 1979. Print.

Newman, Mildred. How to Be Your Own Best Friend. New York: Ballantine Book, 1971. Print. Warhol, Andy. The Philosophy of Andy Warhol. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. Print

Movies
Manhattan. Dir. Woody Allen. Perf. Woody Allen. Diane Keaton. Michael Murphy. Mariel Hemingway. Meryl Streep. Anne Byrne. United Artists, 1979. DVD. Manhattan gave me background on the seventies. The plot centered on a forty-twoyear old man who is divorced from his first wife and who dates a high school beauty, in a stereotypical midlife crisis. Later on Allen explained that his movie was a social critic of the American culture that was desensitized by television, drugs, fast-food chains, loud music and mechanical sex.

Transcripts
These five transcripts are of different speeches given by President Carter about Energy. As Carter said many times, he was really involved on the energy issue and gave more than five speeches on the issues. These documents helped me to evaluate Carters answer to the different energy crises. The four transcripts came from Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States of America: Jimmy Carter . I consulted these documents at the Chattanooga Public Library. United States. The White House. The Energy Problem in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States of America: Jimmy Carter , 1979, Book II, April 18, 1977. Chattanooga Public Library. Print. United States. The White House. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States of America: Jimmy Carter: Book 2. The Presidents News Conference, April 10, 1979. Chattanooga Public Library. Print. United States. The White House. Public Papers of the President of the United States of America: Jimmy Carter: Book 2. Address to the Nation on Energy and National Goals: The Malaise Speech, White House, July 15, 1979. Chattanooga Public Library. Print. United States. The White House. Public Papers of the President of the United States of America: Jimmy Carter: Book 2. Remarks at the Annual Convention of the

National Association of Counties, Kansas City, July 16, 1979. Chattanooga Public Library. Print. United States. The White House. Public Papers of the President of the United States of America: Jimmy Carter: Book 2. Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session at the Annual Convention of the Communications Workers of America, Detroit, MI. July 16, 1979. Print. Chattanooga Public Library. Print.

Published Primary Sources

All of the following documents are from Horowitz, Daniel. Jimmy Carter and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s: The Crisis of Confidence Speech of July 15, 1979: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. Carter, Jimmy. Handwritten Notes on Conversation with Daniel Bell at the White House, May 30, 1979. 66. Print. After dinner on May 30, 1979 at the White House, Carter listed his guests and summarized Harvard sociologist Daniel Bells ideas. In many ways, what Bells argument dovetailed with Carters Crisis of Confidence. Eizenstat, Stuart. Memo to the President, 28 June 1979. 81. Print. Eizenstat, Carters senior domestic policy adisor, wrote to the President as Carter was heading to the Tokyo summit. Eizenstat apprised the President of the situation he would face when he returned to the United States several days later. Nesmith, Achsah, Walter Shapiro and Gordon Stewart. Energy Speech: Memo to Gerald Rafshoon and Hendrik Hertzberg, 29 June 1979. 88. Print. Three speechwriters for the president were all concerned that the President, still involved in international diplomacy, might not realize the seriousness of the domestic situation he would find on his return home a few days later. Loeb, Marshall. How to Counter OPEC, 9 July 1979. 97. Print. Marshall Loeb, senior editor of Time Magazine, captured some of the choices the president faced. At the same time, it reflected indecisiveness about how to decide what path to pursue. Rafshoon, Gerald. Memo to the President, 4 July 1979. 100. Print. Jerry Rafshoon, who coordinated the media effort for the president argued against Caddells approach even as he made clear how attuned he was to the imperatives of a media-saturated society.

Snyder, Theodore. Our Energy Future A Time to Choose, Editorial, Sierra Club Publication, Sept./Oct. 1979. 138. Print. Theodore Synder, leader of one of the nations leading environmental organzations, dissented from the presidents approach and argued for a more environmentally sensitive one. His response made clear that Carters program ended the environmental movements long honeymoon with the president. Bellah, Robert. A Night at Camp David, 27 July 1979 . Jewish Week, 152. Print. This response to Carters speech was printed in Jewish Week. As this article made clear, many American Jews were acutely aware of the connection between oil supplies, energy policy, a commitment to Israel, and domestic politics.

Secondary Sources Books

Cowie, Jefferson. Stayin Alive: The 1970s and The Last Days of the Working Class . New York: The New Press, 2010. Print. The university publication (Stanford University) is important in the understanding of the energy crisis. The data and statistics gave me background on the oil supplies and imports issues.

Dumbrell, John. The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993. 19-21. Print. I only used a couple of pages in Dumbrells book but, it helped me understand how Carters speech was still interesting a few decades later. Dumbrell shows how the questions raised by Carter are still unresolved in the United States. Fiege Mark. The Republic of Nature: An Environmental History of the United States . Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012. Print McNeill, John Robert. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. Print. In their books, J. R. McNeill and Mark Fiege gave me a good general account of what may prove to be the most significant dimension of the twentieth century: its environmental history. These two books gave me a background on the energy supplies of the United States. Horowitz, Daniel. Jimmy Carter and the Energy Crisis of the 1970: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. Print.

There are, as expected, numerous books on the Carter presidency. Horowitz compiled the most important documents dealing with the Energy Crisis of the 1970s. It gave me more primary sources for my website and different sources that I could not have accessed otherwise. Mattson Kevin. What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President? - Jimmy Carter, Americas Malaise, and the Speech That Should have Changed the Country . New York: Bloomsbury, 2009. Print. Schulman, Bruce. The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics. Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2002. Print. Schulman and Cowie are two of the best historians on the 1970s. They see now the importance of the seventies as a decade in defining what America is today. Tugwell, Franflin. The Energy Crisis and the American Political Economy . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988. Print.

Journal Articles
Bill, James. Iran and the Crisis of 78. Foreign Affairs, 57. 2 (1978): 323-342. This article gave me a background on the first energy crisis and its link with the OPEC Arab nations. Hahn, Dan. Failing the Profligate: Carters Energy Sermon of 1979. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 10.4, (1980): 583-587. Dan Hahn raised the leadership issue of President Carter. It gave me interesting information about the retreat at Camp David and then the process of writing the Malaise speech. Knott Jack and Aaron Wildavsky. Jimmy Carters Theory of Governing. The Wilson Quarterly. 1.2 (1977): 49-67. Sundquist, James. The Crisis of Confidence in Our National Government. Political Sciences Quarterly. 95.2 (1980): 183-208.

One more time, these articles raised the leadership issue but with a different standpoint. It gave me an interesting background on how Carters past and his presidency are tied together.