Ch. 1 - Arithmetic Progression and

SCHOOL SECTION 1
o Introduction : :
We have seen different types of numbers since our childhood. Like set of
positive even numbers, odd numbers etc. In all these sets some specific
pattern is followed. In nature also we see that some pattern is followed e.g.
Arrangement of petals in flower or arrangement in fruits or in tree.
All these arrangements in nature look beautiful because some pattern is
followed in all of them.
o Sequence :
A sequence is a collection of numbers arranged in a definite order according
to some definite rule.
Each number in the sequence is called a term of the sequence.
The number in the first position is called the first term and it is denoted by t
1
.
Similarly the number in the second and third positions are denoted as t
2
and t
3
respectively.
In general, the number in the n
th
position is called n
th
term and is denoted
by t
n
. A sequence is usually denoted by { t
n
} or < t
n
> and read as sequence t
n
.
o Examples of sequences :
1. 2, 4, 6, 8, ...... Here t
1
= 2, t
2
= 4, t
3
= 6, t
4
= 8, .......
2. 3, 6, 9, 12, ...... Here t
1
= 3, t
2
= 6, t
3
= 9, t
4
= 12, .......
3. 5, 25, 125, 625, ...... Here t
1
= 5, t
2
= 25, t
3
= 125, t
4
= 625, .......
4. 4, 2, 0, 2, ...... Here t
1
= 4, t
2
= 2, t
3
= 0, t
4
= 2, .......
5.
1
2
,
1
6
,
1
18
,
1
54
, ...... Here t
1
=
1
2
, t
2
=
1
6
, t
3
=
1
18
, t
4
=
1
54
, .......
o Sum of first n terms of a sequence :
S
1
= t
1
S
2
= t
1
+ t
2
S
3
= t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
S
4
= t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
+ t
4
In general S
n
= t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
+ ....... + t
n
.
From the above equations we observed that
S
1
= t
1
S
2
S
1
= t
2
S
3
S
2
= t
3
In general S
n
S
n1
= t
n
.
t
n
= S
n
S
n1
.
Arithmetic Progression And
Geometric Progression
1.
ALGEBRA MT EDUCARE LTD.
SCHOOL SECTION 2
o Types of sequence :
If the number of terms in a sequence is finite then it is called a finite
sequence. e.g. : 5, 9, 13, 17.
If the number of terms in the sequence is not finite then it is called
infinite sequence. e.g. : 7, 10, 13, 16, ......
EXERCISE - 1.1 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 4) :
1. For each sequence, find the next four terms.
(i) 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 1 + 0 = 1
t
2
= 1 + 1 = 2
t
3
= 2 + 2 = 4
t
4
= 4 + 3 = 7
t
5
= 7 + 4 = 11
t
6
= 11 + 5 = 16
t
7
= 16 + 6 = 22
t
8
= 22 + 7 = 29
t
9
= 29 + 8 = 37
The next four terms of the sequence are 16, 22, 29 and 37.
(ii) 3, 9, 27, 81, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 3
1
= 3
t
2
= 3
2
= 9
t
3
= 3
3
= 27
t
4
= 3
4
= 81
t
5
= 3
5
= 243
t
6
= 3
6
= 729
t
7
= 3
7
= 2187
t
8
= 3
8
= 6561
(iii) 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 0 + 2
0
= 0 + 1 = 1
t
2
= 1 + 2
1
= 1 + 2 = 3
t
3
= 3 + 2
2
= 3 + 4 = 7
t
4
= 7 + 2
3
= 7 + 8 = 15
t
5
= 15 + 2
4
= 15 + 16 = 31
t
6
= 31 + 2
5
= 31 + 32 = 63
t
7
= 63 + 2
6
= 63 + 64 = 127
t
8
= 127 + 2
7
= 127 + 128 = 255
t
9
= 255 + 2
8
= 255 + 256 = 511
(iv) 192, 96, 48, 24, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 192
t
2
=
192
2
= 96
t
3
=
96
2
= 48
t
4
=
48
2
= 24
MT EDUCARE LTD. ALGEBRA
SCHOOL SECTION 3
t
5
=
24
2
= 12
t
6
=
12
2
= 6
t
7
=
6
2
= 3
t
8
=
3
2
=
3
2
The next four terms of the sequence are 12, 6, 3 and
3
2
.
(v) 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 0 + 2 = 2
t
2
= 2 + 4 = 6
t
3
= 6 + 6 = 12
t
4
= 12 + 8 = 20
t
5
= 20 + 10 = 30
t
6
= 30 + 12 = 42
t
7
= 42 + 14 = 56
t
8
= 56 + 16 = 72
t
9
= 72 + 18 = 90
(vi) 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 0.1
t
2
=
0.1
10
= 0.01
t
3
=
0.01
10
= 0.001
t
4
=
0.001
10
= 0.0001
t
5
=
0.0001
10
= 0.00001
t
6
=
0.00001
10
= 0.000001
t
7
=
0.000001
10
= 0.0000001
t
8
=
0.0000001
10
= 0.00000001
The next four terms of the sequence are 0.00001, 0.000001,
0.0000001 and 0.00000001.
(vii) 2, 5, 8, 11, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 2
t
2
= 2 + 3 = 5
t
3
= 5 + 3 = 8
t
4
= 8 + 3 = 11
SCHOOL SECTION 4
t
5
= 11 + 3 = 14
t
6
= 14 + 3 = 17
t
7
= 17 + 3 = 20
t
8
= 20 + 3 = 23
(viii) 25, 23, 21, 19, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 25
t
2
= 25 + 2= 23
t
3
= 23 + 2= 21
t
4
= 21 + 2= 19
t
5
= 19 + 2= 17
t
6
= 17 + 2= 15
t
7
= 15 + 2= 13
t
8
= 13 + 2= 11
(ix) 2, 4, 8, 16, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 2
1
= 2
t
2
= 2
2
= 4
t
3
= 2
3
= 8
t
4
= 2
4
= 16
t
5
= 2
5
= 32
t
6
= 2
6
= 64
t
7
= 2
7
= 128
t
8
= 2
8
= 256
(x)
1
2
,
1
6
,
1
18
,
1
54
, .... (2 mark)
Sol. t
1
=
1
2
t
2
=
1 1
2 3
=
1
6
t
3
=
1 1
6 3
=
1
18
t
4
=
1 1
18 3
=
1
54
t
5
=
1 1
54 3
=
1
162
t
6
=
1 1
162 3
=
1
486
t
7
=
1 1
486 3
=
1
1458
t
8
=
1 1
1458 3
=
1
4374
The next four terms of the sequence are
1
162
,
1
486
,
1
1458
and
1
4374
.
SCHOOL SECTION 5
2. Find the first five terms of the following sequences, whose n
th
terms
are given :
(i) t
n
= 4n 3 (1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= 4n 3
t
1
= 4 (1) 3 = 4 3 = 1
t
2
= 4 (2) 3 = 8 3 = 5
t
3
= 4 (3) 3 = 12 3 = 9
t
4
= 4 (4) 3 = 16 3 = 13
t
5
= 4 (5) 3 = 20 3 = 17
The first five terms of the sequence are 1, 5, 9, 13 and 17.
(ii) t
n
= 2n 5 (1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= 2n 5
t
1
= 2 (1) 5 = 2 5 = 3
t
2
= 2 (2) 5 = 4 5 = 1
t
3
= 2 (3) 5 = 6 5 = 1
t
4
= 2 (4) 5 = 8 5 = 3
t
5
= 2 (5) 5 = 10 5 = 5
(iii) t
n
= n + 2 (1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= n + 2
t
1
= 1 + 2 = 3
t
2
= 2 + 2 = 4
t
3
= 3 + 2 = 5
t
4
= 4 + 2 = 6
t
5
= 5 + 2 = 7
(iv) t
n
= n
2
2n (1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= n
2
2n
t
1
= 1 2 (1) = 1 2 = 1
t
2
= 2
2
2 (2) = 4 4 = 0
t
3
= 3
2
2 (3) = 9 6 = 3
t
4
= 4
2
2 (4) = 16 8 = 8
t
5
= 5
2
2 (5) = 25 10= 15
(v) t
n
= n
3
(1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= n
3
t
1
= 1
3
= 1
t
2
= 2
3
= 8
t
3
= 3
3
= 27
t
4
= 4
3
= 64
t
5
= 5
3
= 125
(vi) t
n
=
+
1
n 1
(1 mark)
Sol. t
n
=
1
n 1 +
SCHOOL SECTION 6
t
1
=
1
1 1 +
=
1
2
t
2
=
1
2 1 +
=
1
3
t
3
=
1
3 1 +
=
1
4
t
4
=
1
4 1 +
=
1
5
t
5
=
1
5 1 +
=
1
6
The first five terms of the sequence are
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
4
,
1
5
and
1
6
.
3. Find the first three terms of the sequences for which S
n
is

given below :
(i) S
n
= n
2
(n + 1) (2 marks)
Sol. S
n
= n
2
(n + 1)
S
1
= 1
2
(1 + 1) = 1 (2) = 2
S
2
= 2
2
(2 + 1) = 4 (3) = 12
S
3
= 3
2
(3 + 1) = 9 (4) = 36
We know that,
t
1
= S
1
= 2
t
2
= S
2
S
1
= 12 2 = 10
t
3
= S
3
S
2
= 36 12= 24
The first three terms of the sequence are 2, 10 and 24.
(ii) S
n
=

+
2 2
n (n 1)
4
(2 marks)
Sol. S
n
=
n (n 1)
4
+
2 2
S
1
=
1 (1 1)
4
+
2 2
=
1 (2)
4
2
=
1 4
4
= 1
S
2
=
2 (2 1)
4
+
2 2
=
4 (3)
4
2
= 9
S
3
=
3 (3 1)
4
+
2 2
=
9 4
4
2
= 9 4 = 36
We know that,
t
1
= S
1
= 1
t
2
= S
2
S
1
= 9 1 = 8
t
3
= S
3
S
2
= 36 9 = 27
(iii)
+ + n(n 1) (2n 1)
6
(2 marks)
Sol. S
n
=
n (n 1) (2n 1)
6
+ +
S
1
=
1 (1 1) [2 (1) 1]
6
+ +
=
1 2 3
6

=
6
6
= 1
SCHOOL SECTION 7
S
2
=
2 (2 1) [2 (2) 1]
6
+ +
=
2 3 5
6

=
30
6
= 5
S
3
=
3 (3 1) [2 (3) 1]
6
+ +
=
3 4 7
6

= 14
We know that,
t
1
= S
1
= 1
t
2
= S
2
S
1
= 5 1 = 4
t
3
= S
3
S
2
= 14 5 = 9
o Progression :
Whenever we write some numbers one after the other, keeping a fix relation
between two consecutive terms then we say the numbers are in progression.
e.g. 1, 5, 10, 19, ..........
o Arithmetic Progression :
Arithmetic Progression is a sequence in which the difference between two
consecutive terms is a constant.
e.g. 4, 8, 12, 16, ...........
Here, the difference between any two consecutive terms is 4 which is a
constant. Therefore, the sequence is an A.P.
e.g. 2, 4, 8, 16, ...........
Here, the difference between any two consecutive terms is not a constant.
Therefore, the sequence is not an A.P.
1. Which of the following lists of numbers are Arithmetic Progressions?
Justify.
(i) 1, 3, 6, 10, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 1, t
2
= 3, t
3
= 6, t
4
= 10
t
2
t
1
= 3 1 = 2
t
3
t
2
= 6 3 = 3
t
4
t
3
= 10 6 = 4
The difference between two consecutive terms is not constant.
The sequence is not an A.P.
(ii) 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 3, t
2
= 5, t
3
= 7, t
4
= 9, t
5
= 11
t
2
t
1
= 5 3 = 2
t
3
t
2
= 7 5 = 2
t
4
t
3
= 9 7 = 2
t
5
t
4
= 11 9 = 2
The difference between two consecutive terms is 2 which is constant.
The sequence is an A.P.
(iii) 1, 4, 7, 10, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 1, t
2
= 4, t
3
= 7, t
4
= 10
t
2
t
1
= 4 1 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 7 4 = 3
t
4
t
3
= 10 7 = 3
The difference between two consecutive terms 3 which is constant.
SCHOOL SECTION 8
(iv) 3, 6, 12, 24, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 3, t
2
= 6, t
3
= 12, t
4
= 24
t
2
t
1
= 6 3 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 12 6 = 6
t
4
t
3
= 24 12 = 12
(v) 22, 26, 28, 31, ... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 22, t
2
= 26, t
3
= 28, t
4
= 31
t
2
t
1
= 26 22 = 4
t
3
t
2
= 28 26 = 2
t
4
t
3
= 21 28 = 3
(vi) 0.5, 2, 3.5, 5, ... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 0.5, t
2
= 2, t
3
= 3.5, t
4
= 5
t
2
t
1
= 2 0.5 = 1.5
t
3
t
2
= 3.5 2 = 1.5
t
4
t
3
= 5 3.5 = 1.5
The difference between two consecutive terms is 1.5 which is constant.
(vii) 4, 3, 2, 1, .... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 4, t
2
= 3, t
3
= 2, t
4
= 1,
t
2
t
1
= 3 4 = 1
t
3
t
2
= 2 3 = 1
t
4
t
3
= 1 2 = 1
(viii) 10, 13, 16, 19, ..... (1 mark)
Sol. t
1
= 10, t
2
= 13, t
3
= 16, t
4
= 19
t
2
t
1
= 13 ( 10) = 13 + 10 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 16 ( 13) = 16 + 13 = 3
t
4
t
3
= 19 ( 16) = 19 + 16 = 3
2. Write the first five terms of the following Arithmetic Progressions where,
the common difference d and the first term a are given :
(i) a = 2, d = 2.5 (1 mark)
Sol. a = 2, d = 2.5
Here, t
1
= a = 2
t
2
= t
1
+ d = 2 + 2.5 = 4.5
t
3
= t
2
+ d = 4.5 + 2.5 = 7
t
4
= t
3
+ d = 7 + 2.5 = 9.5
t
5
= t
4
+ d = 9.5 + 2.5 = 12
The first five terms of the A.P. are 2, 4.5, 7, 9.5 and 12.
SCHOOL SECTION 9
(ii) a = 10, d = 3 (1 mark)
Sol. a = 10, d = 3
Here, t
1
= a = 10
t
2
= t
1
+ d = 10 + ( 3) = 10 3 = 7
t
3
= t
2
+ d = 7 + ( 3) = 7 3 = 4
t
4
= t
3
+ d = 4 + ( 3) = 4 3 = 1
t
5
= t
4
+ d = 1 + ( 3) = 1 3 = 2
The first five terms of the A.P. are 10, 7, 4, 1 and 2.
(iii) a = 4, d = 0 (1 mark)
Sol. a = 4, d = 0
Here, t
1
= a = 4
t
2
= t
1
+ d = 4 + 0 = 4
t
3
= t
2
+ d = 4 + 0 = 4
t
4
= t
3
+ d = 4 + 0 = 4
t
5
= t
4
+ d = 4 + 0 = 4
(iv) a = 5, d = 2 (1 mark)
Sol. a = 5, d = 2
Here, t
1
= a = 5
t
2
= t
1
+ d = 5 + 2 = 7
t
3
= t
2
+ d = 7 + 2 = 9
t
4
= t
3
+ d = 9 + 2 = 11
t
5
= t
4
+ d = 11 + 2 = 13
(v) a = 3, d = 4 (1 mark)
Sol. a = 3, d = 4
Here, t
1
= a = 3
t
2
= t
1
+ d = 3 + 4 = 7
t
3
= t
2
+ d = 7 + 4 = 11
t
4
= t
3
+ d = 11 + 4 = 15
t
5
= t
4
+ d = 15 + 4 = 19
(vi) a = 6, d = 6 (1 mark)
Sol. a = 6, d = 6
Here, t
1
= a = 6
t
2
= t
1
+ d = 6 + 6 = 12
t
3
= t
2
+ d = 12 + 6 = 18
t
4
= t
3
+ d = 18 + 6 = 24
t
5
= t
4
+ d = 24 + 6 = 30
The first five terms of A.P. are 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30.
NOTE : NOTE : NOTE : NOTE : NOTE : In an A.P. the difference between two consecutive terms is
constant and it is denoted as d and first term of an A.P. is
denoted as a.
SCHOOL SECTION 10
o General term of an A.P. (t
n
) :
t
1
= a = a + 0d t
1
= a + (1 1) d
t
2
= a + d = a + 1d t
2
= a + (2 1) d
t
3
= a + d + d = a + 2d t
3
= a + (3 1) d
t
4
= a + d + d + d = a + 3d t
4
= a + (4 1) d
t
5
= a + d + d + d + d = a + 4d t
5
= a + (5 1) d
In general n
th
term, of an A.P. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
1. Find the twenty fifth term of the A. P. : 12, 16, 20, 24, ..... (2 marks)
Sol. For the given A.P. 12, 16, 20, 24, .....
Here, a = t
1
= 12
d = t
2
t
1
= 16 12 = 4
We know,
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
25
= a + (25 1) d
t
25
= 12 + 24 (4)
t
25
= 12 + 96
t
25
= 108
The twenty fifth term of A.P. is 108.
2. Find the eighteenth term of the A. P. : 1, 7, 13, 19, ..... (2 marks)
Sol. For the given A.P. 1, 7, 13, 19, .....
Here, a = t
1
= 1
d = t
2
t
1
= 7 1 = 6
We know,
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
18
= a + (18 1) d
t
18
= 1 + 17 (6)
t
18
= 1 + 102
t
18
= 103
Eighteenth term of A.P. is 103.
PROBLEM SET - 1 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 162) :
1. Find t
11
from the following A.P. 4, 9, 14, ..... . (2 marks)
Sol. For the A.P. 4, 9, 14, .....
a = 4, d = 5
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
11
= 4 + (11 1) 5
t
11
= 4 + 50
t
11
= 54
3. Find t
n
for an Arithmetic Progression where t
3
= 22, t
17
= 20. (3 marks)
Given : For an A.P. t
3
= 22 and t
17
= 20
Find : t
n
.
Sol. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
3
= a + (3 1) d
22 = a + 2d
a + 2d = 22 ......(i)
t
17
= a + (17 1) d
20 = a + 16d
a + 16d = 20 ......(ii)
SCHOOL SECTION 11
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
a + 2d = 22
a + 16d = 20
() () (+)
14d = 42
d =
42
14
d = 3
Substituting d = 3 in (i),
a + 2 ( 3) = 22
a 6 = 22
a = 22 + 6
a = 28
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
n
= 28 + (n 1) ( 3)
t
n
= 28 3n + 3
t
n
= 31 3n
4. For an A. P. if t
4
= 12, and d = 10, then find its general term. (3 marks)
Given : For an A.P. t
4
= 12, d = 10
Find : General term { t
n
}
Sol. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
4
= a + (4 1) d
12 = a + 3 ( 10)
a = 12 + 30
a = 42
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
n
= 42 + (n 1) ( 10)
t
n
= 42 10n + 10
t
n
= 52 10n
The general term of A.P. is 52 10n.
5. Given the following sequence, determine whether it is arithmetic or
not. If it is an Arithmetic Progression, find its general term :
5, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, ..... (3 marks)
Sol. 5, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, .....
t
1
= 5, t
2
= 2, t
3
= 9, t
4
= 16, t
5
= 23, t
6
= 30
t
2
t
1
= 2 ( 5) = 2 + 5 = 7
t
3
t
2
= 9 2 = 7
t
4
t
3
= 16 9 = 7
t
5
t
4
= 23 16 = 7
t
6
t
5
= 30 23 = 7
The difference between two consecutive terms is 7 which is a constant.
The sequence is an A.P. with a = t
1
= 5.
Common difference (d) = 7
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
n
= 5 + (n 1) 7
t
n
= 5 + 7n 7
t
n
= 7n 12
The general term of A.P. is 7n 12.
SCHOOL SECTION 12
6. Given the following sequence, determine if it is arithmetic or not. If it
is an Arithmetic Progression, find its general term. (2 marks)
5, 2, 2, 6, 11, .....
Sol. 5, 2, 2, 6, 11, .....
t
1
= 5, t
2
= 2, t
3
= 2, t
4
= 6, t
5
= 11
t
2
t
1
= 2 5 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 2 2 = 4
t
4
t
3
= 6 ( 2) = 6 + 2 = 4
t
5
t
4
= 11 ( 6) = 11 + 6 = 5
The difference between two consecutive terms is not a constant.
7. How many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 4 ? (3 marks)
Sol. The three digit natural numbers that are divisible by 4 are as follows
100, 104, 108, ........ 996.
These numbers form an A.P. with a = t
1
= 100,
d = t
2
t
1
= 104 100 = 4.
Let, t
n
= 996
We know that for an A.P.
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
996 = 100 + (n 1) 4
996 = 100 + 4n 4
996 = 96 + 4n
4n = 996 96
4n = 900
n =
900
4
n = 225
There are 225 three digit natural numbers that are divisible by 4.
7. The sum of first n terms of an A.P. is 3n + n
2
ten (i) find first term and
sum of first two terms. (ii) find second, third and 15
th
term. (3 marks)
Sol. S
n
= 3n + n
2
S
1
= 3(1) + (1)
2
S
1
= 3 + 1
S
1
= 4
S
1
= t
1
= 4
S
2
= 3(2) + (2)
2
S
2
= 6 + 4
S
2
= 10
t
2
= S
2
S
1
t
2
= 10

4
t
2
= 6
Now,
t
1
+ t
2
= 4 + 6
t
1
+ t
2
= 10
a = 4
d = 6 4 = 2
SCHOOL SECTION 13
t
3
= t
2
+ d
t
3
= 6 + 2
t
3
= 8
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
15
= a + (15 1)d
t
15
= a + 14d
t
15
= 4 + 14(2)
t
15
= 4 + 28
t
15
= 32
8. The 11
th
term and the 21
st
term of an A.P. are 16 and 29 respectively, find :
(i) the 1
st
term and the common difference. (2 marks)
Sol. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
11
= a + (11 1) d
16 = a + 10d
a + 10d = 16 .......(i)
t
21
= a + (21 1) d
29 = a + 20d
a + 20d = 29 ......(ii)
a + 10d = 16
a + 20d = 29
() () ()
10d = 13
10d = 13
d =
13
10
d = 1.3
Substituting d = 1.3 in (i),
a + 10 (1.3) = 16
a + 13 = 16
a = 16 13
a = 3
The first term is 3 and the common difference is 1.3
(ii) the 34
th
term (1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
34
= a + (34 1) d
= 3 + 33 (1.3)
= 3 + 42.9
t
34
= 45.9
Thirty fourth term of A.P. is 45.9.
(iii) n such that t
n
= 55. (1 mark)
Sol. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
55 = 3 + (n 1) d
55 = 3 + (n 1) 1.3
55 = 3 + 1.3n 1.3
55 = 1.7 + 1.3n
53.3 = 1.3n
SCHOOL SECTION 14

53.3
1.3
= n
n =
533
13
n = 41
2. Find first negative term from following A.P. 122, 116, 110, ...... .
(Note : find smallest n such that t
n
< 0). (4 marks)
Sol. 122, 116, 110, .............
a = t
1
= 122
d = t
2
t
1
= 116 122 = 6
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
n
= 122 + (n 1) (6)
t
n
= 122 6n + 6
t
n
= 128 6n
when want smallest n such that
t
n
< 0
128 6n < 0
128 < 6n
Dividing both sides by 6

128
6
< n
21.33... < n
First negative term of A.P. is 4.
o Sum of the first n terms of an A.P. :
To find sum of first n terms of an A.P. we use
Gauss technique.
One day Gauss was asked to find sum of all natural
numbers from 1 to 100. He wrote,
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 99 + 100
Again he wrote,
S = 100 + 99 + 98 + ..... + 2 + 1
He added both this statements
2S = (100 + 1) + (99 + 2) + (98 + 3) + .....
+ (2 + 99) + (1 + 100)
2S = 101 + 101 + 101 + ..... + 101 (100 times)
2S = 101 100
2S = 10100
S = 5050
The same technique we use for finding sum of first n terms of an A.P. in
the following manner.
The sum of the first n terms of an A.P. denoted by S
n
.
If a is the first term and d is the common difference, then the terms of
A.P. are a, a + d, a + 2d, ....... a + (n 1) d, .....
Here, t
n
= a + (n 1) d, n N.
Let us denote t
n
by l
The first n terms of the A.P. are a, a + d, a + 2d, ...... l 2d, l d, l
Therefore, sum of the first n terms of the A.P. is
But n is term number
which is a natural number
The first natural number
greater than 21.33... is
22
When n = 21
t
n
= 128 6n
t
21
= 128 6 21
t
21
= 128 126
t
21
= 2
When n = 22
t
n
= 128 6n
t
22
= 128 6 22
t
22
= 128 132
t
22
= 4
SCHOOL SECTION 15
S
n
= a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .... + (l 2d) + (l d) + l
Also,
S
n
= l + (l d) + (l 2d) + .... + (a + 2d) + (a + d) + a
Adding the corresponding terms of the above equations,
2S
n
= (a + l) + (a + l) + (a + l) + ...... + (a + l) + (a + l) + (a + l) { n times }
2S
n
= n (a + l)
S
n
=
n
2
(a + l)
S
n
=
n
2
(t
1
+ t
n
) .......(i) [ a = t
1
and l = t
n
]
Here, t
1
= a and t
n
= [a + (n 1) d]
S
n
=
n
2
[a + { a + (n 1) d }]
S
n
=
n
2
[a + a + (n 1) d]
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n - 1) d] .......(ii)
1. Find the sum of the first n natural numbers and hence find the sum of
first 20 natural numbers. (4 marks)
Sol. The first n natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, ............
These natural number form an A.P. with a = 1, d = 1
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
n
=
n
2
[2 (1) + (n 1) 1]
S
n
=
n
2
[2 + n 1]
S
n
=
n
2
(n + 1)
S
20
=
20
2
(20 + 1)
S
20
= 10 (21)
S
20
= 210
Sum of first twenty natural numbers is 210.
2. Find the sum of all odd natural numbers from 1 to 150. (4 marks)
Sol. The odd natural numbers from 1 to 150 are as follows
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, .........., 149.
These numbers form an A.P. with a = 1, d = 2
Let, 149 be n
th
term of an A.P.
t
n
= 149
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
149 = 1 + (n 1) 2
149 = 1 + 2n 2
149 = 2n 1
149 + 1 = 2n
2n = 150
n = 75
149 is 75
th
term of A.P.
Alternative method :
S
n
=
n
2
[t
1
+ t
n
]
S
20
=
20
2
[t
1
+ t
20
]
= 10 [1 + 20]
= 10 [21]
S
20
= 210
SCHOOL SECTION 16
We have to find sum of 75 terms i.e. S
75
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
75
=
75
2
[2 (1) + (75 1) 2]
S
75
=
75
2
[2 + 74 [2)]
=
75
2
[2 + 148]
=
75
2
(150)
= 75 (75)
S
75
= 5625
Sum of all odd natural from 1 to 150 is 5625.
3. Find the sum of first 11 positive numbers which are multiples of 6.
(2 marks)
Sol. The positive integers which are divisible by 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, ........
The number form an A.P. with a = 6, d = 6.
The sum of first 11 positive integers divisible by 6 is (S
11
)
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
11
=
11
2
[2a + (11 1) d]
=
11
2
[2 (6) + 10 (6)]
=
11
2
[12 + 60]
=
11
2
72
= 11 36
S
n
= 396
Sum of first 11 positive integers which are divisible by 6 is 396.
3. Find S
10
if a = 6 and d = 3. (2 marks)
Sol. For an A.P. a = 6, d = 3
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
10
=
10
2
[2a + (10 1) 1]
S
10
= 5 [2 (6) + 9 (3)]
S
10
= 5 (12 + 27)
S
10
= 5 (39)
S
10
= 195
4. Find the sum of all numbers from 1 to 140 which are divisible by 4.
(4 marks)
Sol. The natural numbers from 1 to 140 that are divisible by 4 are as follows :
4, 8, 12, 16, .............., 140
Alternative method :
S
n
=
n
2
[t
1
+ t
n
]
S
75
=
75
2
[t
1
+ t
75
]
=
75
2
[1 + 149]
=
75
2
[150]
= 75 [75]
S
75
= 5625
SCHOOL SECTION 17
These numbers from an A.P. with a = 4, d = t
2
t
1
= 8 4 = 4
Let, 140 be the n
th
term of A.P.
t
n
= 140
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
140 = 4 + (n 1) 4
140 = 4 + 4n 4
140 = 4n
n =
140
4
n = 35
140 is 35 term of A.P.
35
,
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
35
=
35
2
[2 (4) + (35 1) 4]
S
35
=
35
2
[8 + 34 (4)]
S
35
=
35
2
[8 + 136)
S
35
=
35
2
[144]
S
35
= 2520
Sum of natural numbers from 1 to 140 that are divisible by 4 is 2520.
5. Find the sum of the first n odd natural numbers.
Hence find 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 101. (4 marks)
Sol. The first n odd natural numbers are as follows :
1, 3, 5, 7, ............., n
a = 1, d = t
2
t
1
= 3 1 = 2
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
n
=
n
2
[2 (1) + (n 1) 2]
S
n
=
n
2
[2 + 2n 2]
=
n
2
[2n]
S
n
= n
2
......(i)
1 + 3 + 5 + ........ + 101
Let, 101 be the n
th
term of A.P.
t
n
= 101
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
101 = a + (n 1) d
101 = 1 + (n 1) 2
101 = 1 + 2n 2
101 = 2n 1
101 + 1 = 2n
2n = 102
n = 51
SCHOOL SECTION 18
101 is the 51
st
term of A.P.,
51
,
S
n
= n
2
[From (i)]
S
51
= (51)
2
S
51
= 2601
6. Obtain the sum of the 56 terms of an A. P. whose 19
th
and 38
th
terms are
52 and 148 respectively. (4 marks)
Sol. t
19
= 52, t
38
= 148
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
19
= a + (19 1) d
52 = a + 18d
a + 18d= 52 ......(i)
t
38
= a + (38 1) d
148 = a + 37d
a + 37d= 148 ......(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get,
a + 18d = 52
a + 37d = 148
2a + 55d = 200
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
56
=
56
2
[2a + (56 1) d]
S
56
=
56
2
[2a + 55d]
S
56
=
56
2
[200]
S
56
= 5600
Sum of first 56 terms of A.P. is 5600.
7. The sum of the first 55 terms of an A. P. is 3300. Find the 28
th
term.
(3 marks)
Sol. S
55
= 3300 [Given]
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
55
=
55
2
[2a + (55 1) d]
3300 =
55
2
[2a + 54d]
3300 =
55
2
2
[a + 27d]

3300
55
= a + 27d

300
5
= a + 27d
a + 27d= 60 ......(i)
SCHOOL SECTION 19
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
28
= a + (28 1) d
t
28
= a + 27d
t
28
= 60 [From (i)]
Twenty eighth term of A.P. is 60.
8. Find the sum of the first n even natural numbers. Hence find the sum
of first 20 even natural numbers. (4 marks)
Sol. The first n even natural numbers are as follows
2, 4, 6, 8, ...........
These numbers form an A.P. with a = 2, d = t
2
t
1
= 4 2 = 2
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
n
=
n
2
[2 (2) + (n 1) 2]
S
n
=
n
2
[4 + 2n 2]
S
n
=
n
2
[2n + 2]
S
n
=
n
2
2 (n + 1)
S
n
= n (n + 1)
S
20
= 20 (20 + 1)
S
20
= 20 (21)
S
20
= 420
Sum of first twenty even natural numbers is 420.
8. For an A.P. given below find t
20
and S
10
.
1 1 1
, , , ......
6 4 3
(4 marks)
Sol. For the A.P
1 1 1
, , , ......
6 4 3
a =
1
6
d =
1 1
4 6
d =
3 2
12 12
d =
1
12
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
20
=
1 1
(20 1)
6 12
| |
+
|
\
=
1 19
6 12
+
=
2 19
12 12
+
SCHOOL SECTION 20
=
21
12
t
20
=
7
4
Now, S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
10
=
10
[2a (n 1)d]
2
+
=
1 1
5 2 9
6 12
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ \
=
1 3
5
3 4
(
+
(

=
4 9
5
12
+ (
(

= 5
13
12
(
(

S
10
=
65
12
5. From an A.P. first and last term is 13 and 216 respectively. Common
difference is 7. How many terms are there in that A.P. Find the sum of
all terms. (4 marks)
Sol. for an A.P a = 13
Let last term be t
n
= 216
d = 7
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
n
= 13 + (n 1)7
216 = 13 + 7n 7
216 = 6 + 7n
216 6 =7n
210 = 7n
n = 30
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
30
=
30
2
[2a + (30 1)d]
S
30
= 15 [2(13) + 29 (7)]
S
30
= 15 [26 + 203]
= 15 (229)
S
30
= 3435
Sum of all terms of AP is 3435.
6. Second and fourth term of on A.P. is 12 and 20 respectively. Find the
sum of first 25 terms of that A.P. (4 marks)
Sol. t
2
= 12, t
4
= 20
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
SCHOOL SECTION 21
t
2
= a + (2 1)d
12 = a + d
a +d = 12 .......(i)
t
4
= a + (4 1)d
20 = a + 3d
a + 3d= 20 .......(ii)
a + d = 12
a + 3d = 20
() () ()
2d = 8
d = 4
Substituting d = 4 in (i),
a + 4 = 12
a = 12 4
a = 8
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
25
=
25
2
[2a + (25 1)d]
=
25
2
[2(8) + 24 (4)]
=
25
2
[16 + 96]
=
25
2
[112]
S
25
= 1400
Sum of 25 terms of the A.P is 1400.
4. In the A.P. 7, 14, 21, ....... How many terms are have to consider for
getting sum 5740. (4 marks)
Sol. for the A.P. 7, 14, 21
a = 7, d = 7
S
n
= 5740
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
n
=
n
2
[ 2(7) + (n 1)7]
5740 =
n
2
[ 14 + 7n 7]
5740 =
n
2
[ 7n + 7]
11480 = 7n
2
+ 7n
7n
2
+ 7n 11480 = 0
Dividing through at by 7 we get,
n
2
+ n 1640 = 0
n
2
+ 41n 40n 1640 = 0
n (n + 41) 40 (n + 41) = 0
(n + 41) (n 40) = 0
SCHOOL SECTION 22
n + 41 = 0 or n 40 = 0
n = 41 or n = 40
n = 41 is not acceptable because no of terms cannot be negative
n = 40
For the given sequence 40 terms have to be considered for getting
sum of 5740.
o Properties of an A.P. :
UUUUUUUU - U UUUUUUUU - U UUUUUUUU - U UUUUUUUU - U UUUUUUUU - U
For an A.P. with first term a and the common difference d, if any real number
k is added to each term of an A.P. then the new sequence is also an A.P. with
the first term. a + k and the same common difference d.
For example : For an A.P. 5, 8, 11, 14, ......
a = 5, d = 3
Add any real number k to each term of the A.P. we get
5 + k, 8 + k, 11 + k, 14 + k ......
t
1
= 5 + k
t
2
t
1
= 8 + k (5 + k) = 8 + k 5 k = 3
t
3
t
2
= 11 + k (8 + k) = 11 + k 8 k = 3
t
4
t
3
= 14 + k (11 + k) = 14 + k 11 k = 3
UUUUUUUU - UU UUUUUUUU - UU UUUUUUUU - UU UUUUUUUU - UU UUUUUUUU - UU
For an A.P. with the first term a and the common difference d, if each term
of an A.P. is multiplied by any real number k, then the new sequence is also
an A.P. with the first term ak and the common difference dk.
For example : For an A.P. 5, 8, 11, 14, ......
Multiplying all the terms by any real number k we get,
5k, 8k, 11k, 14k ......
t
1
= 5k
t
2
t
1
= 8k 5k = 3k
t
3
t
2
= 11k 8k = 3k
t
4
t
3
= 14k 11k = 3k
We assume three, four or five consecutive terms in an A.P. in the
following manner :
(i) Three consecutive terms as a d, a, a + d
(ii) Four consecutive terms as a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d
(here note that the common difference is 2d)
(iii) Five consecutive terms as a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d
1. Find four consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 12 and the sum of
3
rd
and 4
th
term is 14. (4 marks)
Sol. Let the four consecutive terms in an A.P. be
a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d
As per the first condition,
a 3d + a d + a + d + a + 3d = 12
4a = 12
a = 3
As per the second condition,
a + d + a + 3d = 14
2a + 4d = 14
2 (3) + 4d = 14
SCHOOL SECTION 23
6 + 4d = 14
4d = 14 6
4d = 8
d = 2
a 3d = 3 3 (2) = 3 6 = 3
a d = 3 2 = 1
a + d = 3 + 2 = 5
a + 3d = 3 + 3 (2) = 9
The four consecutive terms of A.P. are 3, 1, 5 and 9.
2. Find four consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 54 and the sum of
1
st
and 3
rd
term is 30. (4 marks)
Sol. Let the four consecutive terms is an A.P. be a 3d, a d, a + d and a + 3d
As per first condition,
a 3d + a d + a + d + a + 3d = 54
4a = 54
a =
54
4
a =
27
2
a 3d + a + d = 30
2a 2d = 30
2
27
2
| |
|
\
2d = 30
27 2d = 30
2d = 30 + 27
2d = 3
d =
3
2
a 3d =
27
2
3
3
2
| |
|
\
=
27 9
2
=
36
2
= 18
a d =
27 3

2 2
=
30
2
= 15
a + d =
27 3
2 2
+
=
27 3
2 2
+
=
24
2
= 12
a + 3d =
27 3
3
2 2
| |
+
|
\
=
27 9
2
+
=
27 9
2
+
=
18
2
= 9
The four consecutive terms of an A.P. are 18, 15, 12 and 9.
3. Find three consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 3 and the product
of their cubes is 512. (4 marks)
Sol. Let three consecutive terms in an A.P. be
a d, a, a + d
As per the first given condition,
a d + a + a + d = 3
3a = 3
a = 1
SCHOOL SECTION 24
As per the second given condition,
(a d)
3
a
3
(a + d)
3
= 512
[(a d) a (a + d)]
3
= 512
Taking cube roots on both sides
(a d) a (a + d) =
512
3
(a d) a (a + d) = 8
a (a d) (a + d) = 8
a (a
2
d
2
) = 8
1 [( 1)
2
d
2
] = 8
1 (1 d
2
) = 8
d
2
1 = 8
d
2
= 8 + 1
d
2
= 9
d = +3
If d = 3
a d = 1 3 = 4 a d = 1(3) = 2
a + d = 1 + 3 = 2 a + d = 1 3 = 4
The three consecutive terms of A.P. are 4, 1, 2 or 2, 1, 4
4. In winter, the temperature at a hill station from Monday to Friday is in
A.P. The sum of the temperatures of Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday
is zero and the sum of the temperatures of Thursday and Friday is 15.
Find the temperature of each of the five days. (4 marks)
Sol. Let the temperatures of hill station from Monday to Friday which form
are A.P. be
a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d respectively.
As per the first condition,
a 2d + a d + a = 0
3a 3d = 0
3 (a d) = 0
a d = 0
a = d
a + d + a + 2d = 15
2a + 3d = 15
2a + 3a = 15 [
a = d]
5a = 15
a = 3
d = 3 [
d = a]
a 2d = 3 2 (3) = 3 6 = 3
a d = 3 3 = 0
a + d = 3 + 3 = 6
a + 2d = 3 + 2 (3) = 3 + 6 = 9
The temperatures from Monday to Friday are 3, 0, 3, 6 and 9 respectively.
o WORD PROBLEMS FOR A.P.
1. Mary got a job with a starting salary of Rs. 15000/- per month. She will
get an incentive of Rs. 100/- per month. What will be her salary after
20 months? (4 marks)
Sol. Since Marys salary increases by Rs. 100 every month the successive
salaries are in A.P.
SCHOOL SECTION 25
Starting salary of Marry (a) = Rs. 15000
Monthly incentive in salary (d) = 100
No. of months (n) = 20
Salary after twenty months = t
20
= ?
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
20
= a + (20 1) d
t
20
= 15000 + 19 (100)
t
20
= 15000 + 1900
t
20
= 16900
Marry salary after twenty months is Rs. 16900.
2. The taxi fare is Rs. 14 for the first kilometer and Rs. 2 for each additional
kilometer. What will be fare for 10 kilometers ? (3 marks)
Sol. Since the taxi fare increases by Rs. 2 every kilometer after the
first, the successive taxi fares form an A.P.
The taxi fare for first kilometer (a) = Rs. 14
Increase in taxi fare in every kilometer after first kilometer (d) = 2
No. of kilometers covered by taxi (n) = 10
Taxi fare for 10 kilometers = t
10
= ?
t
n
= a + (n + 1) d
t
10
= a + (10 1) d
t
10
= 14 + 9 (2)
t
10
= 14 + 18
t
10
= 32
Taxi fare for ten kilometers is Rs. 32.
3. Mangala started doing physical exercise 10 minutes for the first day.
She will increase the time of exercise by 5 minutes per day, till she
reaches 45 minutes. How many days are required to reach 45 minutes ?
(3 marks)
Sol. Since the workout time Mangala increases by 5 minutes everyday
after the first day, the successive workout times are in A.P.
Workout time for first day (a) = 10 minutes.
Increases in workout time (d) = 5 minutes
Let No. of days required to reach workout time of 45 minutes be n days.
t
n
= 45
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
45 = 10 + (n 1) 5
45 = 10 + 5n 5
45 = 5 + 5n
45 5 = 5n
5n = 40
n = 8
8 days required to reach work out time of 45 minutes.
4. There is an auditorium with 35 rows of seats. There are 20 seats in the
first row, 22 seats in the second row, 24 seats in the third row, and so
on. Find the number of seats in the twenty fifth row. (3 marks)
Sol. Since the no. of seats in each row of the auditorium are 20, 22, 24, ......
The no. of seats in each row form an A.P.
SCHOOL SECTION 26
No. of seats in first row (a) = 20
Difference in no. of seats in two successive rows is (d) = 2
No. of seats in 25th row = t
25
= ?
t
n
= a + (n + 1) d
t
25
= a + (25 1) d
t
25
= 20 + 24 (2)
t
25
= 20 + 48
t
25
= 68
There are 68 seats in 25
th
row.
5. A village has 4000 literate people in the year 2010 and this number
increases by 400 per year. How many literate people will be there till the
year 2020 ? Find a formula to know the number of literate people after
n years ? (4 marks)
Sol. Since the no. of literate people increases by 400 every year, the
population of literate people every year forms an A.P.
No. of people in the year 2010 (a) = 4000
Increase in population every year (d) = 400
No. of years from 2010-2020 (n) = 10
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
10
= 4000 + (10 1) 400
t
10
= 4000 + 9 (400)
t
10
= 4000 + 3600
t
10
= 7600
There will be 7600 literate people till the year 2020
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
n
= 4000 + (n 1) 400
t
n
= 4000 + 400n 400
t
n
= 3600 + 400n
There will be (3600 + 400n) literate people after n years.
6. Neela saves in a Mahila Bachat gat Rs. 2 on the first day, Rs.4 on the
second day, Rs. 6 on the third day and so on. What will be her saving in
the month of February 2010 ? (4 marks)
Sol. The savings done by Neela on each day is as follows 2, 4, 6, .......
These every day savings form an A.P. with
First day saving (a) = 2
Difference in savings made in two successive days (d) = 2
Total no. of days in the month of February 2010 (n) = 28
Total savings for the month of February (S
28
) = ?
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
28
=
28
2
[2 (2) + (28 1) (2)]
= 14 [4 + 27 (2)]
= 14 [4 + 54]
S
28
= 14 [58]
S
28
= 812
Neela saved Rs. 812 in the month of February.
SCHOOL SECTION 27
7. Babubhai borrows Rs. 4000 and agrees to repay with a total interest of
Rs. 500. in 10 instalments, each instalment being less that the preceding
instalment by Rs. 10. What should be the first and the last instalment?
(4 marks)
Sol. Total money repaid by Babubhai in 10 instalments = (S
10
)
= 4000 + 500
= Rs. 4500
No. of instalments (n) = 10
Difference between two consecutive instalments (d) = 10
First instalment = (a) = ?
Last instalment (t
10
) = ?
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
10
=
10
2
[2a + (10 1) d]
4500 = 5 [2a + 9 ( 10)]

4500
5
= 2a 90
900 = 2a 90
900 + 90 = 2a
990 = 2a

990
2
= a
a = 495
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
10
= a + (10 1) d
t
10
= 495 + 9 ( 10)
t
10
= 495 90
t
10
= 405
First instalment is Rs. 495 and last instalment is Rs.405.
8. A meeting hall has 20 seats in the first row, 24 seats in the second row,
28 seats in the third row, and so on and has in all 30 rows. How many
seats are there in the meeting hall ? (4 marks)
Sol. The no. of seats in each row are as follows 20, 24, 28, .........
The no. of seats in each row form an A.P. with
First term (a) = 20
Difference between the no. of seats in two successive rows (d) = 4
Total no. of rows (n) = 30
Total no. of seats in 30 rows (S
30
) = ?
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
30
=
30
2
[2 (20) + (30 1) 4]
S
30
= 15 [40 + 116]
S
30
= 15 (156)
S
30
= 2340
Total no. of seats in the meeting hall is 2340.
SCHOOL SECTION 28
9. Vijay invests some amount in National saving certificate. For the 1
st
year
he invests Rs. 500, for the 2
nd
year he invests Rs. 700, for the 3
rd
year
he invests Rs. 900, and so on. How much amount he has invested in
12 years ? (4 marks)
Sol. Yearly investments of Vijay are as follows 500, 700, 900, .......
The yearly investments form an A.P. with first year investment (a) = 500
Difference between investment done in two successive years (d) = 200.
No. of years (n) = 12
Total investment done in 12 years = (S
12
) = ?
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
12
=
12
2
[2 (500) + (12 1) 200]
S
12
= 6 [1000 + 11 (200)]
S
12
= 6 [1000 + 2200]
S
12
= 6 [3200]
S
12
= 19200
Total investment done in 12 years is Rs. 19200.
10. In a school, a plantation program was arranged on the occasion
of world environment day, on a ground of triangular shape.
The trees are to be planted as shown in the figure. One plant
in the first row, two in the second row, three in the third row
and so on. If there are 25 rows then find the total number of
plants to be planted. (4 marks)
Sol. The number of trees in each row upto the 25th row areas follows :
1, 2, 3, 4, ...........
These no. of trees planted in each row forms an A.P. with
No. of trees in first row (a) = 1
Difference between no. of trees planted in two successive rows (d) = 1
No. of rows (n) = 25
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
S
25
=
25
2
[2 (1) + (25 1) 1]
S
25
=
25
2
[2 + 24]
S
25
=
25
2
(26)
S
25
= 25 (13)
S
25
= 325
325 trees were planted in 25 rows.
o GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION :
Geometric progression is a sequence such that the given first termeach term
so obtained by multiplying a non-zero constant r to the preceeding term.
Also it is a sequence in which the ratio of to two consecutive terms in the
progression is constant.
Consider, 2, 4, 8, 16, ......
We have
t 4
t 2
=
2
1
= 2,
t 8
2
t 4
= =
3
2
,
t 16
2
t 8
= =
4
3
and so on.

SCHOOL SECTION 29
Here for a G.P. first term is denoted as a and common ratio is denoted as r.
General term of a G.P.
Thus in general any G. P. can be expressed as a, ar, ar
2
, ar
3
, a is first
term and r is the common ratio.
The n
th
term of a G.P.
Consider a G.P. whose first term is a and the common ratio is r
t
1
, t
2
, t
3
, t
4
, .......
Then, t
1
= a, t
2
= ar, t
3
= ar
2
, t
4
= ar
3
t
t
2
1
= r,
t
t
3
2
= r, .......,
t
t
n
n1
= r
Multiplying all (n 1) ratios we get,
t t t t
......
t t t t

2 3 4 n
1 2 3 n1
= r r r r r r ..... (n 1) times
t
t
n
1
= r
(n1)
i.e.
t
a
n
= r
(n1)
, t
n
= ar
(n1)
Hence in general tn = ar
n1
Thus the nth term of a G.P. with the first term a and the common ratio r is
t
n
= ar
n1
1. Find the ninth term of the G.P. 3, 6, 12, 24, .... (3 marks)
Sol. For the G.P.
3, 6, 12, 24, ........
a = 3
r =
t
t
2
1
=
6
3
= 2
t
n
= ar
n 1
t
9
= 3 (2)
9 1
t
9
= 3 (2)
8
t
9
= 3 (256)
t
9
= 768
The ninth term of the G.P. is 768.
2. Write down the first five terms of the geometric progression which has
first term 1 and common ratio 4. (2 marks)
Sol. For the G.P.
The first term (a) = 1
Common ratio (r) = 4
t
1
= a = 1
t
2
= ar = 1 4 = 4
t
3
= ar
2
= 1 (4)
2
= 16
t
4
= ar
3
= 1 (4)
3
= 64
t
5
= ar
4
= 1 (4)
4
= 256
The first five terms of the G.P. are 1, 4, 16, 64 and 256.
3. Find the 4th and 9th terms of the G.P. with first term 4 and common ratio
2. (3 marks)
Sol. For the G.P.
Common ratio (r) = 2
SCHOOL SECTION 30
t
n
= ar
n 1
t
4
= ar
4 1
t
4
= ar
3
t
4
= 4 (2)
3
t
4
= 4 (8)
t
4
= 32
t
9
= ar
9 1
t
9
= ar
8
t
9
= 4 (2)
8
t
9
= 1024
The fourth and ninth term of the G.P. are 32 and 1024 respectively.
4. Find the common ratio and the 7
th
term of the G.P. 2, 6, 18, .... (2 marks)
Sol. For the G.P. 2, 6, 18, ........
Common ratio (r) =
6
2
= 3
Seventh term t
7
= ?
t
n
= ar
n 1
t
7
= ar
7 1
t
7
= ar
6
t
7
= 3 (3)
6
t
7
= 2 (729)
t
7
= 1458
The common ratio of the G.P. is 3 and the seventh term is 1458.
5. Find the 69
th
term of the G.P. 1, 1, 1, 1, .... (2 marks)
Sol. For the G.P. 1, 1, 1, 1
First term (a) = 1
Common ratio (r) =
1
1
= 1
t
n
= ar
n 1
t
69
= ar
69 1
t
69
= ar
68
t
69
= 1 ( 1)
68
t
69
= 1 1
t
69
= 1
Sixtyninth term of G.P. is 1.
6. Find the 15th term of the G.P. 3, 12, 48, 192, ... (2 marks)
Sol. For the G.P. 3, 12, 48, 192, ........
First term (a) = 3
Common ratio (r) =
12
3
= 4
t
n
= ar
n 1
t
15
= ar
15 1
t
15
= ar
14
t
15
= 3 (4)
14
t
15
= 3 4
14
Fifteenth term of G.P. is 3 4
14
.
SCHOOL SECTION 31
o Sum of first n terms of a G.P. :
Suppose that we want to find the sum of the first n terms of a geometric
progression a, ar, ar
2
, ar
3
...... where r 1.
Let, S
n
= a + ar + ar
2
+ ar
3
+ ..... + ar
(n1)
......(i)
Multiplying the above equation by r we get,
rS
n
= ar + ar
2
+ ar
3
+ ..... + ar
(n1)
+ ar
n
.....(ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i) we get,
S
n
rS
n
= a ar
n
So that, S
n
(1 r) = a (1 r
n
)
Dividing by (1 r) (since r 1) we get,
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
[We use this if r < 1]
This can also be written as
S
n
=
a (r 1)
r 1
n
[We use this if r > 1]
NOTE : NOTE : NOTE : NOTE : NOTE : When the common ratio r = 1, the G.P. becomes a, a, a, a, .....
In this case clearly, the sum of the n terms is a + a + a + .....,
n times = na.
1. Find the indicated sums for the following Geometric Progressions.
(i) 2, 6, 18, ... Find S
7
. (2 marks)
Sol. 2, 6, 18, .........
a = 2
r =
6
2
= 3
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
7
=
a (1 r )
1 r
7
S
7
=
2 (1 3 )
1 3
7
S
7
=
2 (1 3 )
2
7
S
7
= 1 (1 3
7
)
S
7
= 3
7
1
S
7
= 2187 1
S
7
= 2186
(ii) 2, 4, 8, 16, ... Find S
9
and S
12
.
(3 marks)
Sol. For the G.P. 2, 4, 8, 16, .......
a = 2
r =
4
2
= 2
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
9
=
a (1 r )
1 r
9
S
9
=
2 (1 ( 2) )
1 ( 2)
9
S
9
=
2 (1 ( 512))
1 2 +
S
9
=
2 (1 512)
3
+
S
9
=
1026
3
S
9
= 342
S
12
=
a (1 r )
1 r
12
S
12
=
2 (1 ( 2) )
1 ( 2)
12
S
12
=
2 (1 4096)
3
S
12
=
2 ( 4095)
3
S
12
= 2 ( 1365)
S
12
= 2730
SCHOOL SECTION 32
(iii) 1,
1
2
,
2
1
2
,
3
1
2
, ... Find S
6
.
(2 marks)
Sol. a = 1
r =
1
2
1
=
1
2
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
6
=
1
1 1
2
1
1
2
| |
| |
|
|
|
\
\
6
S
6
=
1
1
64
1
2
S
6
=
64 1 1
64 2
S
6
=
63 2
64 1
S
6
=
63
32
(iv) 1,
2
, 2, ... Find S
10
. (3 marks)
Sol. For the G.P.
a = 5
r =
2
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
10
=
( )
a 1 r
1 r
10
S
10
=
( )
1 1 2
1 2
| |
|
\
10
S
10
=
1 2
1 2
| |
|
|
\
10
1
2
S
10
=
1 2
1 2
5
S
10
=
1 32
1 2
S
10
=
31
1 2
S
10
=
( )
( ) ( )
31 1 2
1 2 1 2
+
+
S
10
=
( )
( )
31 1 2
1 2
+
2
2
S
10
=
( )
31 1 2
1 2
+
S
10
=
( )
31 1 2
1
+
S
10
= ( )
31 1 2 +
2. If in a G.P. r = 2 and t
8
= 64 then find a and S
6
. (3 marks)
Sol. For a G.P.
r = 2
t
8
= 64
t
n
= ar
n 1
t
8
= ar
8 1
64 = ar
7
64 = a (2)
7
64 = a (128)
64
128
= a
SCHOOL SECTION 33
a =
1
2
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
6
=
( )
a 1 r
1 r
6
S
6
=
1
(1 2 )
2
1 2
6
S
6
=
1
(1 64)
2
1
S
6
=
1
( 63)
2
1
S
6
=
63
2
a =
1
2
and S
6
=
63
2
.
3. If S
3
= 31 and S
6
= 3906 then find a and r. (4 marks)
Sol. For a G.P.
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
3
=
a (1 r )
1 r
3
But,
S
3
= 31 [Given]

a (1 r )
1 r
3
= 31 .......(i)
Similarly,
S
6
=
a (1 r )
1 r
6
But,
S
6
= 3906 [Given]

a (1 r )
1 r
6
= 3906 ......(ii)
Dividing (ii) by (i),
a (1 r ) 1 r
1 r a (1 r )
6
3
=
3906
31

1 r
1 r
6
3
= 126

1 (r )
1 r
3 2
3
= 126

(1 r ) (1 r )
1 r
+
3 3
3
= 126
SCHOOL SECTION 34
1 + r
3
= 126
r
3
= 126 1
r
3
= 125
Taking cube roots on both sides,
r = 5
Substituting r = 5 in (i),
a (1 5 )
1 5
3
= 31

a (1 125)
4
= 31
a ( 124) = 31 4
124a = 124
a =
124
124
a = 1
a = 1 and r = 5.
4. If S
6
= 126 and S
3
= 14 then find a and r. (4 marks)
Sol. For a G.P.
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
6
=
a (1 r )
1 r
6
But, S
6
= 126 [Given]

a (1 r )
1 r
6
= 126 .....(i)
Similarly,
S
3
=
a (1 r )
1 r
3
But, S
3
= 14 [Given]

a (1 r )
1 r
3
= 14 .....(ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii),
a (1 r ) a (1 r )
1 r 1 r
( (
( (

6 3
=
126
14

a (1 r ) 1 r
1 r a (1 r )
6
3
= 9

1 r
1 r
6
3
= 9

1 (r )
1 r
2 3 2
3
= 9

(1 r ) (1 r )
1 r
+
3 3
3
= 9
1 + r
3
= 9
r
3
= 9 1
r
3
= 8
Taking cube roots on both sides
r = 2
SCHOOL SECTION 35
Substituting r = 2 in (ii), we get,
a (1 2 )
1 2
3
= 14

a (1 8)
1
= 14

a ( 7)
1
= 14
7a = 14
a = 2
a = 2, r = 2.
5. If the n
th
, (2n)
th
, (3n)
th
terms of a G.P. are a, b, c respectively then show
that b
2
= ac. (4 marks)
Sol. For the G.P.
Let first term be A
Common ratio be r
t
n
= Ar
n 1
But,t
n
= a [Given]
Ar
n 1
= a ......(i)
t
2n
= Ar
2n 1
But,
t
2n
= b [Given]
Ar
2n 1
= b ......(ii)
t
3n
= Ar
3 1
But,
t
3n
= c [Given]
Ar
3n 1
= c .....(iii)
b = Ar
2n 1
[From (ii)]
Squaring both sides,
b
2
= (Ar
2n 1
)
2
b
2
= A
2
(r
2n 1
)
2
b
2
= A
2
r
4n 2
......(iv)
Multiplying (i) and (iii) we get,
ac = Ar
n 1
. Ar
3n 1
ac = A
2
r
n 1 + 3n 1
ac = A
2
r
4n 2
.....(v)
From (iv) and (v) we get,
b
2
= ac
9. In a school, tree plantation on Independence day was arranged. Every
student from I standard will plant 2 trees, II standard students will plant
4 trees each, III standard students will plant 8 trees each etc. If there are
5 standard, how many trees are planted by the student of that school?
(4 marks)
Sol. No of trees planted by a student from 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
standards are 2, 4,
8 respectively
The no. of trees planted by each student form a G.P with
a = 2 , r =
4
2
= 2
There are 5 standards.
Total no. of trees planted by the student of that school is S
5
SCHOOL SECTION 36
S
n
=
a (1 r )
1 r
n
S
5
=
( )
2 1 (x)
1 2
5
S
5
=
2 (1 32)
1 2
S
5
=
2 ( 31)
1
S
5
= 62
Total no of trees planted by student of school is 62 trees.
o ARITHMETIC MEAN :
If three numbers x, y, z are in A.P. then y is called the Arithmetic mean
between x and z.
To find the Arithmetic mean between any two numbers x and y.
Suppose x and y are any two numbers. Let the Arithmetic mean between x
and y be A. Then x, A, y are in A.P.
A x = y A
2A = x + y
A =
x y
2
+
Thus the arithmetic mean A between any two numbers x and y is given by
A =
x y
2
+
o GEOMETRIC MEAN :
If three numbers x, y, z are in G.P. then y is called the geometric mean
between x and z.
The find the geometric mean between any two numbers x and y.
Suppose x and y are any two numbers with the same sign. Let the Geometric
mean between x and y be G, Then x, G, y are in G.P.

G
x
=
y
G
G
2
= xy
G = xy
Thus Geometric mean G between any two numbers x and y is given by
G = xy
1. Find three consecutive terms in a G.P. such that the sum of the first
two terms is 9 and the product of all the three is 216. (4 marks)
Sol. Let three consecutive terms of G.P. be
a
r
, a, ar
As per first given condition,
a
r
+ a = 9 ......(i)
SCHOOL SECTION 37
As per second condition,
a
r
a ar = 216
a
3
= 216
Taking cube roots on both side,
a =
216
3
a = 6
Substituting a = 6 in (i),
6
r
+ 6 = 9

6 6r
r
+
= 9
6 + 6r = 9r
6 = 9r 6r
3r = 6
r = 2

a
r
=
6
2
= 3
ar = 6 2 = 12
The three consecutive terms of G.P. are 3, 6, 12.
2. Find three consecutive terms in a G.P. such that the sum of the 2nd
and 3rd term is 60 and the product of all the three is 8000. (4 marks)
Sol. Let three consecutive terms of G.P. be
a
r
, a, ar.
As per first condition,
a + ar = 60 ......(i)
As per second condition,
a
r
a ar = 8000
a
3
= 8000
Taking cube roots on both side,
a =
8000
3
a = 20 20 20
3
a = 20
Substituting a = 20 in (i),
20 + 20r = 60
20r = 60 20
20r = 60 20
20r = 40
r =
40
20
r = 2

a
r
=
20
2
= 10
ar = 20 2 .
ar = 40
The three consecutive terms of the G.P. are 10, 20, 40.
SCHOOL SECTION 38
3. Sachin, Sehwag and Dhoni together scored 228 runs. Their individual
scores are in G.P. Sehwag and Dhoni together scored 12 runs more than
Sachin. Find their Individual scores. (5 marks)
Sol. Let individual scores of Sachin, Sehwag and Dhoni be
a
r
, a and ar
As per the first given condition,
a
r
+ a + ar = 228 .....(i)
As per second given condition,
a + ar = 12 +
a
r
......(ii)
Substituting (ii) in (i),
a
r
+ 12 +
a
r
= 228
12 +
2a
r
= 228

2a
r
= 228 12

2a
r
= 216

a
r
=
216
2

a
r
= 108 .....(iii)
a = 108r
Substituting (iii) in (i),
108r
r
+ 108r + (108 r)r = 228
a
108 , a 108r
r
(
= =
(

Multiplying throughout by r,
108 + 108r + 108r
2
= 228
108r
2
+ 108r + 108 228 = 0
108r
2
+ 108r 120 = 0
Dividing throughout by 12 we get,
9r
2
+ 9r 10 = 0
9r
2
+ 15r 6r 10 = 0
3r (3r 5) 2 (3r 5) = 0
(3r 5) (3r 2) = 0
3r 5 = 0 or 3r 2 = 0
3r = 5 or 3r = 2
r =
5
3
or r =
2
3
If r =
5
3
If r =
2
3
a = 108r a = 108r
a = 108
5
3
a = 108
2
3
a = 36 5 a = 36 2
a = 180 a = 72
ar = 180
5
3
ar = 72
2
3
ar = 300 ar = 48
SCHOOL SECTION 39
r =
5
3
is not acceptable because ar (individual score) cannot be 300
as the sum of the scores is 228.
ar = 48
The runs scored by Sachin, Sehwag and Dhoni are 108 runs,
72 runs and 48 runs.
4. If 25 is the arithmetic mean between x and 46, then find x. (2 marks)
Sol.

25 is the arithmetic mean between x and 46
25 =
x 46
2
+
50 = x + 46
x = 50 46
x = 4
5. If x + 3 is the geometric mean between x + 1 and x + 6 then find x. (2 marks)
Sol.

x + 3 is the geometric mean between x + 1 and x + 6.
(x + 3)
2
= (x + 1) (x + 6)
x
2
+ 6x + 9 = x
2
+ 6x + x + 6
9 = x + 6
9 6 = x
x = 3
6. Find the geometric mean of 82 1 and 82 +1. (2 marks)
Sol. Let G be the geometric mean of 82 1 and 82 1 +
G
2
= ( ) ( )
82 1 82 1 +
G
2
=
( )
82
2
1
2
G
2
= 82 1
G
2
= 81
Taking square roots on both sides,
G =
81
G = +9
The geometric mean of 81 1 and 81 1 + is 9 or 9
7. If the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean of two numbers are in
the ratio 5 : 4 and the sum of the two numbers is 30 then find these
numbers. (4 marks)
Sol. Let the two numbers be x and y
Let Arithmetic mean of x and y be denoted as A and geometric
mean of x and y be G.
A =
x y
2
+
......(i)
G = + xy .....(ii)
x + y = 30 .....(iii) [Given]
SCHOOL SECTION 40
Substituting (iii) in (i),
A =
30
2
A = 15
A
G
=
5
4
[Given]

15
G
=
5
4

4
15
5
= G
G = 12
xy = 12
Squaring both sides,
xy = 144
y =
144
x
......(iv)
Substituting (iv) in (iii), we get,
x +
144
x
= 30
Multiplying throughout by x we get,
x
2
+ 144 = 30x
x
2
30x + 144 = 0
x
2
24x 6x + 144 = 0
x (x 24) 6 (x 24) = 0
(x 24) (x 6) = 0
x 24 = 0 or x 6 = 0
x = 24 or x = 6
If x = 24 If x = 6
y =
144
x
y =
144
x
y =
144
24
y =
144
6
y = 6 y = 24
The two numbers are 6 and 24.
MCQs
1. Select the correct sequence of that numbers satisfies for an G.P.
(a) 1, 3, 6, 10, .... (b) 3, 6, 12, 24
(c) 10, 17, 16, 19 (d) 22, 26, 28, 31
2. Select the correct sequence of that numbers not satisfies for an A.P.
(a) 0.5, 2, 3.5, 5 (b) 22, 26, 28, 31
(c) 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 (d) 1, 4, 7, 10
3. For an A.P. 4, 9, 14, ............. then t
11
= ............. .
(a) 49 (b) 54
(c) 59 (d) 44
4. The 18th term of an A.P. 1, 7, 13, 19, ............. is
(a) 103 (b) 109
(c) 97 (d) 115
SCHOOL SECTION 41
5. The general term of an A.P. is t
n
............. .
(a) a (n 1) d (b) a + (n 1) d
(c) a (n + 1) d (d) a + (n + 1) d
6. Sum of 1st n terms of an A.P. S
n
= ............. .
(a)
n
[a (n 1)d]
2
+
(b)
n
[2a (n 1)d]
2
+ +
(c)
n
[2a (n 1)d]
2
+
(d)
n
[a (n 1)d]
2
+ +
7. If a = 6 and d = 3. S
10
= ?
(a) 192 (b) 195
(c) 198 (d) 201
8. The general form of an G.P. t
n
= ............. .
(a)
a
r
n1
(b)
r
a
n1
(c) ar
n 1
(d) ra
n
1
9. The 9
th
term of an G.P. 3, 6, 12, 24 is ............. .
(a) 384 (b) 768
(c) 1536 (d) 192
10. The 7
th
term of G.P. 2, 6, 18 is ............. .
(a) 1458 (b) 1458
(c) 486 (d) 486
11. Sum for 1
st
in terms of G.P. for r > 1 is S
n
= ............. .
(a)
a(r 1)
r 1
n
(b)
a(r )
1 r
n 1
(c)
a (r 1)
r 1
+
+
n
(d)
a (r 1)
r
n1
12. Three consecutive numbers are an G.P. and their product is 1000 then the
second term a is ............. .
(a)
1
10
(b) 1
(c) 10 (d) 100
13. The 9
th
term of an G.P. 3, 6, 12, 24, ..... is ............. .
(a) 3(2)
8
(b) 3(2)
9
(c)
1
3
2
| |
|
\
8
(d)
1
3
2
| |
|
\
9
14. If (x + 3) is geometric mean of (x + 1) and (x + 6) then x = ............. .
(a) 9 (b) 6
(c) 15 (d) 3
15. If 25 is arithmetic mean of x and x + 46 then x = ............. .
(a) 36 (b) 2
(c) 46 (d) 50
SCHOOL SECTION 42
16. Arithmetic mean A between any two number is given by A = ............. .
(a)
x y
2
(b)
x y
2
+
(c) 2 (x + y) (d)
2
x y +
17. If G is the geometric mean (GM) of two numbers x, y then ............. .
(a) G
2
= xy (b) G = xy
(c)
x y
G
2
+
=
(d)
xy
G
2
=
18. Three consecutive numbers are in A.P. such that the sum of the first and
the last is 8, so that the second term a is ............. .
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 2
19. The sum of first 10 natural numbers is ............. .
(a) 55 (b) 155
(c) 310 (d) 210
20. In G.P. 4 consecutive term is ............. .
(a)
a a
, , ar, ar
r r
2
2
(b)
a a
, , ar, ar
r r
3
3
(c)
a a
, ar, +ar,
r r
(d)
a a a
, , + , ar
r r r
+
3
3
: ANSWERS :
1. (b) 3, 6, 12, 24 2. (b) 22, 26, 28, 31
3. (b) 54 4. (a) 103
5. (b) a + (n 1) d 6. (c)
n
[2a (n 1)d]
2
+
7. (b) 195 8. (c) ar
n 1
9. (b) 768 10. (b) 1458
11. (a)
a(r 1)
r 1
n
12. (c) 10
13. (a) 3 (2)
8
14. (d) 3
15. (b) 2 16. (b)
x y
2
+
17. (a) G
2
= xy 18. (a) 4
19. (a) 55 20. (b)
a a
, , ar, ar
r r
3
3
Open End Questions
1. Write first four terms of a G.P. whose first term is 3.
Sol. For a G.P.
a = 3
Let us take r = 2
t
1
= a = 3
t
2
= ar = 3 2 = 6
t
3
= ar
2
= 3 2 2 = 12
SCHOOL SECTION 43
t
4
= ar
3
= 3 2 2 2 = 24
The first four terms of G.P. one of the possibility is 3, 6, 12, 24.
2. Write first four terms of a G.P. whose common ratio is 2.
Sol. For a G.P.
r = 2
Let us take a = 2
t
1
= a = 1
t
2
= ar = 2 ( 2) = 4
t
3
= ar
2
= 2 ( 2)
2
= 2 4 = 8
t
4
= ar
3
= 2 ( 2)
3
= 2 ( 8) = 16
One of the possible ways of writing the first form terms of G.P.
could be 2, 4, 8 and 16.
3. Write first four terms of an A.P. whose first term is 10.
Sol. For an A.P. a = 10
Let us take d = 5
t
1
= a = 10
t
2
= a + d = 10 + 5 = 15
t
3
= a + 2d = 10 + 2 (5) = 10 + 10 = 20
t
4
= a + 3d = 10 + 3 (5) = 10 + 15 = 25
One of the possible ways of writing the first four terms of A.P.
could be 10, 15, 20, 25.
4. Write first three terms of A.P. whose common difference in 3.
Sol. For an A.P. d = 3
Let us take a = 5
t
1
= a = 5
t
2
= a + d = 5 + ( 3) = 5 3 = 2
t
3
= a + 2d = 5 + 2 ( 3) = 5 6 = 1
One of the possible ways of writing first three terms of A.P. could
be 5, 2, 1.
HOTS PROBLEMS
(Problems for developing Higher Order Thinking Skill)
1. If the sum of p terms of an A. P. is equal to the sum of q terms then
show that the sum of its p + q terms is zero. (5 marks)
Given : S
p
= S
q
Prove : S
p+q
= 0
Proof : S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1)d]
S
p
=
p
2
[2a + (p 1) d] ......(i)
Similarly,
S
q
=
q
2
[2a + (q 1) d] .....(ii)
Similarly,
S
p+q
=
p q
2
+
[2a + (p + q 1) d] .....(iii)
S
p
= S
q
[Given]
SCHOOL SECTION 44

p
2
[2a + (p 1) d] =
q
2
[2a + (q 1) d]
Multiplying both sides by 2,
p [2a + (p 1) d] = q [2a + (q 1) d]
p [2a + pd d] = q [2a + qd d]
2ap + p
2
d pd = 2aq + q
2
d qd
2ap + p
2
d pd 2aq q
2
d + qd = 0
2ap 2aq + p
2
d q
2
d pd + qd = 0
2a (p q) + d (p
2
q
2
) d (p q) = 0
2a (p q) + d (p + q) (p q) d (p q) = 0
Dividing throughout by p q we get,
2a + d (p + q) d = 0
2a + d [p + q 1] = 0 ......(iv)
Substituting (iv) in (iii) we get,
S
p+q
=
p q
2
+
[0]
S
p+q
= 0
Hence proved.
2. How many two digit numbers leave the remainder 1 when divided by 5 ?
(3 marks)
Sol. The two digit numbers that leave a remainder of 1 when divided by
5 are as follows
11, 16, 21, 26, 31, ............, 96.
These numbers form an A.P.
With a = 11, d = 5
Let, t
n
= 96
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
96 = 11 + (n 1) 5
96 = 11 + 5n 5
96 = 6 + 5n
96 6 = 5n
5n = 90
n =
90
5
n = 18
There are 18 two digit numbers leaving a remainder of 1 when divided by 5.
3. How many terms of the A. P. 16, 14, 12, ..... are needed to given the
sum 60 ? Explain why we get double answer? (4 marks)
Sol. For the A.P. 16, 14, 12, .........
a = 16
d = 14 16 = 2
Let, S
n
= 60
S
n
=
n
2
[2a + (n 1) d]
60 =
n
2
[2 (16) + (n 1) ( 2)]
120 = n [32 2n + 2]
120 = n [34 2n]
20 = 34n 2n
2
2n
2
34n + 120 = 0
Dividing throughout by 2,
SCHOOL SECTION 45
n
2
17n + 60 = 0
n
2
12n 5n + 60 = 0
n (n 12) 5 (n 12) = 0
(n 12) (n 5) = 0
n 12 = 0 or n 5 = 0
n = 12 or n = 5
The no. of terms required to give a sum of 60 are 12 or 5.
The reason for getting double answers is the common difference is
2 and the progression is towards the negative side.
The A.P. is as follows :
16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, 6 ....
S
5
= 16 + 14 + 12 + 10 + 8 = 60
S
12
= 16 + 14 + 12 + 8 + 6 + 4 + 2 + 0 2 4 6 = 60
4. If the 9th term of an A. P. is zero then prove that the 29th term is double
the 19th term. (4 marks)
Given : t
9
= 0
Prove : t
29
= 2t
19
Proof : t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
9
= a + (9 1) d
0 = a + 8d
a + 8d = 0 .......(i)
t
29
= a + (29 1) d
t
29
= a + 28d
t
29
= a + 8d + 20d
t
29
= 0 + 20d [From (i)]
t
29
= 20d .......(ii)
Similarly, t
19
= a + (19 1)d
t
19
= a + 18d
t
19
= a + 8d + 10d
t
19
= 0 + 10d [From (i)]
t
19
= 10d ......(iii)
Dividing (ii) by (iii),
t
t
29
19
=
20d
10d

t
t
29
19
= 2
t
29
= 2t
19
Hence proved.
5. If A and G are the A. M. and G. M. between two numbers then prove
that the numbers are A + + (A G) (A G) . (5 marks)
Sol. Let the two number be x and y.
A and G are A.M. and G.M. of x and y

A =
x + y
2
.... (i)
G = xy
G
2
= xy
y =
G
x
2
.... (ii)
Now, 2A = x + y
SCHOOL SECTION 46
2A x = y ....(iii)

G
x
2
= 2A x
G
2
= 2Ax x
2
x
2
2Ax

G
2
= 0
Comparing with ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 we get, a = 1, b = 2A, c = G
2
b
2
4ac = (2A)
2
4 (1) G
2
b
2
4ac = 4A
2
4G
2
= 4 (A
2
G
2
)
= 4 (A + G) (A G)
x =
b b 4ac
2a
2
x =
( 2A) 4 (A + G) (A G)
2 1
x =
2A 2 (A + G) (A G)
2
x =
( )
2 A (A G) (A G)
2
+
x = A + (A + G) (A G) ......(iv)
Substituting (iv) in (iii),
y = 2A [A (A + G) (A G) ]
y = 2A A (A + G) (A G)
y = A (A + G) (A G)
The two numbers are A (A + G) (A G)
6. Find the sum of all terms given in a sequence 1, 2 + x, 3x
2
,4 + x
3
, ...., n + x
n1
.
(5 marks)
Sol. For the given sequence 1, 2 + x, 3 + x
2
, 4 + x
3
......, n + x
n1
Sum of all terms of sequence
S = 1 + 2 + x + 3 + x
2
+ 4 + x
3
+ ...... + n + x
n1
S = (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n) + (x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ...... + x
n1
)
Consider 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n
These terms are in A.P. with a = 1, d = 1, t
n
= n
Sum of all terms of A.P. with n terms
=
n
2
[t
1
+ t
n
]
=
n
2
[1 + n]
=
n n
2
+
2
......(i)
Consider, x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ..... + x
n1
These terms form a G.P. with a = x, r = x
Sum of all terms of G.P. with n 1 terms
=
( )
a r 1
r 1
n 1
=
( )
x x 1
x 1
n 1
SCHOOL SECTION 47
Sum of all terms of given sequence
= Sum of all terms of A.P. + sum of all terms of G.P.
=
n n x (x 1)
2 x 1
+
+
2 n1
7. If m times the mth term of an A. P. is equal to n times its nth term then
show that the (m + n)
th

term of the A. P. is zero. (4 marks)
Given : mt
m
= nt
n
Prove : t
m+ n
= 0
Proof : t
n
= a + (n 1) d .... (i)
Similarly t
m
= a + (m 1) d .... (ii)
Similarly t
m+ n
= a + (m + n 1) d .... (iii)
m [a + (m 1) d] = n [a + (n 1) d]
m [a + md d] = n [a + nd d]
am + m
2
d md = an + n
2
d nd
am an + m
2
d n
2
d md + nd = 0
a (m n) + d (m
2
n
2
) d (m n) = 0
a (m n) + d (m + n) (m n) d (m n) = 0
Dividing through at by m n, we get
a + d (m + n) = d = 0
a + d [m + n 1] = 0
a + (m + n 1) d = 0
t
m+n
+ n = 0 [From (iii)]
Hence proved.
8. For a sequence S
n
= n(3n + 2), find t
n
Examine whether the sequence is
A. P or G. P. (4 marks)
Sol. S
n
= n (3n + 2)
S
1
= 1 (3 (1) + 2) = 1(5) = 5
S
2
= 2 (3 (2) + 2) = 2 (8) = 16
S
3
= 3 (3 (3) + 2) = 3 (11) = 33
S
4
= 4 (3 (4) + 2) = 4 (14) = 56
t
1
= S
1
= 5
t
2
= S
2
S
1
= 16 5 = 11
t
3
= S
3
S
2
= 33 16 = 17
t
4
= S
4
S
3
= 56 33 = 23
Now,
t
2
t
1
= 11 5 = 6
t
3
t
2
= 17 11 = 6
t
4
t
3
= 23 17 = 6
The difference between two consecutive terms is 6 which is a

constant, the sequence is an A.P.with a = 5, d = 6
We know for A.P. t
n
= a + (n 1) d
t
n
= 5 + (n 1) 6
t
n
= 5 + 6n 6
t
n
= 6n 1
9. For a sequence S
n
=
n n
n
4 3
3
, find t
n
Examine whether the sequence is
A. P or G. P. (5 marks)
Sol. S
n
=
4 3
3
n n
n
S
1
=
4 3
3
1 1
1
=
4 3
3
=
1
3
SCHOOL SECTION 48
S
2
=
4 3
3
2 2
2
=
16 9
9
=
7
9
S
3
=
4 3
3
3 3
3
=
64 27
27
=
37
27
t
1
= S
1
=
1
3
t
2
= S
2
S
1
=
7
9
=
1
3
t
2
=
7
9

3
9
t
2
=
4
9
t
3
= S
3
S
2
=
37
27

7
9
t
3
=
37
27

21
27
t
3
=
16
27
Now,
t
t
2
1
=
4
9

1
3

t
t
2
1
=
4
9

3
1

t
t
2
1
=
4
3
t
t
3
2
=
16
27

4
9

t
t
3
2
=
16
27

9
4

t
t
3
2
=
4
3
The ratio of two consecutive terms is
4
3
which is a constant, the
sequence is a G.P. with a =
1
3
r =
4
3
We know for G.P.
t
n
= ar
n1
t
n
=
1
3

4
3
| |
|
\
n1

Ch. 1 - Arithmetic Progression and

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Ch. 1 - Arithmetic Progression and

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SCHOOL SECTION 1

A and G are A.M. and G.M. of x and y

The difference between two consecutive terms is 6 which is a

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