MATUTUM VIEW ACADEMY

(The School of Faith)

Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato
Email Address: mvajshs@gmail.com

Mathematics 10
FIRST QUARTER LEARNING
MODULE

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Sequences and Series
A number sequence is a list of numbers having a first number, a second number, a third number, and so on called the
terms of the sequence. A sequence having a finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. A sequence that has an
infinite number of terms is called an infinite sequence.

List all the indicated terms of each finite sequence: a n=3 n2−1 for 1 ≤n ≤ 5.
2 2
a. a 1=3 (1 ) −1=3−1=2 d. a 4=3 ( 4 ) −1=48−1=47
2 2
b. a 2=3 ( 2 ) −1=12−1=11 e. a 5=3 ( 5 ) −1=75−1=74
2
c. a 3=3 ( 3 ) −1=27−1=26
Activity 2:

Find the first 5 terms of the sequence given the nth term.

1. an  n  4
2. an  2n 1
3. an  12  3n
4. an  3n
5. an   2n
Arithmetic Sequence
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where every term after the first is obtained by adding a constant
called the common difference. The sequences 1, 4, 7, 10, ... and 15, 11, 7, 3, ... are examples of arithmetic
sequences since each one has a common difference of 3 and -4, respectively.

Formula:
The nth term an of an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common difference d is given by
a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) d
where n=number of terms, d (common difference) = a 2−a1=a3−a2, a1 = first term and an = nth term.

A. Find the missing terms in each arithmetic sequence.

1. 3, 12, 21, __, __, __

2. 8, 3, 2, __, __
3. 5, 12, __, 26, __
4. 2, __, 20, 29, __
5. __, 4, 10, 16, __
6. 17, 14, __, __, 5
7. 4, __, __, 19, 24, ...
8. __, __, __, 8, 12, 16
9. 1, __, __, __, 31, 39
10. 13, __, __, __, 11, 17
Find the 10th term of the arithmetic sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, 14?

What is the 25th term of the arithmetic sequence -3, 0, 3, 6, . . .?

The 25th term of an arithmetic sequence is 38 and the common difference is 2. What is the 15th term of
the sequence?
Arithmetic Means
The terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence are known as arithmetic
means.
Find the five arithmetic means between -11 and 19.
Solution:
-11, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, 19. a1=-11, n=7, a7=19. Solve for d. (Use the formula for finding the nth
term in an arithmetic sequence)

Give four arithmetic means between each given pair of numbers.

5 and 15
2 and 72
140 and 165
9 and 34

Arithmetic Series

What is the sum of the terms of each finite sequence below?

1. 1, 4, 7, 10
2. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
3. 10, 5, 0, -5, -10, -15
4. 81, 64, 47, 30, 13, -4
5. -2, -5, -8, -11, -14, -17

It is the indicated sum of an arithmetic sequence.

Arithmetic Sequence Arithmetic Series
5, 9, 13, 17, 21 5+9+13+17+21
-8, -2, 4, 10 -8+(-2)+4+10

The sum Sn of the first n terms of an arithmetic series is:

n ( a 1 + an )
Sn = , where n=number of terms, a1=first term and an=nth term
2
n [ 2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d ]
Sn= , n=number of terms, a1=first term and d=common difference
2
Example:
Find the sum of the first 100 counting numbers. (1+2+3+. . .+98+99+100)
n=100, a1=1, a100=100, S100=?
n ( a 1 + an )
Sn =
2
100 ( 1+100 )
S100 = =5050.
2
Therefore, the sum of the first 100 counting numbers is 5050.

A. Find the sum of each of the following.

1. integers from 1 to 50
2. odd integers from 1 to 100
3. even integers between 1 and 101
4. first 25 terms of the arithmetic sequence 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, ...
5. multiples of 3 from 15 to 45
6. numbers between 1 and 81 which are divisible by 4
7. first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence –16, –20, –24, …

B. The sum of the first 10 terms of an arithmetic sequence is 530. What is the first term if the last term is
80? What is the common difference?
C. The third term of an arithmetic sequence is –12 and the seventh term is 8. What is the sum of the first
10 terms?

D. Find the sum of the first 25 multiples of 8.

Geometric Sequence
A geometric sequence is a sequence where each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the
preceding term by a nonzero constant called the common ratio.
Formula:
The nth term an of n geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r is given by
a n=a1 ( r )n−1
a2 a3
where n=number of terms, a1=first term, r(common ratio)= = , and an=nth term of a geometric
a1 a2
sequence.

A. Find the missing terms in each geometric sequence.

1. 3 , 12, 48, __, __

...
2. __, __, 32, 64, 128,
__
3. 120, 60, 30, __, __,
__
4. 5 , __, 20, 40, __,
__,
5. __, 4 , 12, 36, __

6. –2, __, __, – 1 6 – 3 2 – 6 4

Geometric Means
Inserting a certain number of terms between two given terms of a geometric sequence is an interesting
activity in studying geometric sequences. We call the terms between any two given terms of a geometric
sequence the geometric means.
Find three geometric means between 4 and 324. (a1=4, n=5, a=324, r=?)
a n=a1 ( r )n−1
5−1
324=4 ( r )
324=4 ( r )4
4
81= ( r )
4
√4 81= √r 4
r =±3
Find three geometric means between the given pair of numbers.
11 and 172
2 and 1250
1 and 48
8 and 124

Geometric Series
The indicated sum of a geometric sequence.
Formula
a 1 ( 1−r n )
Sn= ,
1−r
where a1=first term, r=common ratio, n=number of terms and S n=sum of all geometric sequence.
Geometric Sequence Geometric Series
2, 4, 8, 16, 32 2+4+8+16+32
6, 18, 48, 144 6+18+48+144
Find the sum of the first five terms of a geometric series whose first term is 8 and common ratio is ½.
(a1=8, r=1/2, n=5, Sn=?)
a 1 ( 1−r n )
Sn =
1−r
1 5

S5=
( ( ))
8 1−
2
1
1−
2
S5=7812

Find the number of terms in each geometric series

1. a1=-2, r=5, Sn=-250
2. a1=-3, r=4, Sn=-4095
3. -2, -8, -32, -128, . . ., Sn=-2730

Polynomials
Synthetic Division
Use synthetic division to find the quotient of (x4 + 8x2 – 5x3 – 2 + 15x) ÷ (x-3). x = 3.
Solution:
By inspection, the dividend is not in standard form, so there is a need to rearrange the terms of the
polynomial,
Thus, x4 + 8x2 – 5x3 – 2 + 15x = x4 – 5x3 + 8x2 + 15x – 2.

3 1 –5 8 15 –2
3 –6 6 63
1 –2 2 21 61

Therefore, Activity 4: is (x3 – 2x2 + 2x + 21) and the remainder is 61.

the quotient
Identify the divisor, dividend, and quotient in each item below. Write your
answers in your notebook.
1.
1 5 0 3 – 8
5 5 8
5 5 8 0
Answer: Divisor D iv id e n d Quotient

2.
–2 1 5 2 7 30
–2 –6 8 –30
1 3 –4 15 0
Answer: Divisor D iv id e n d Quotient

Use synthetic division to find the quotient and remainder in each of the
following. Write your complete solutions on a separate sheet of paper.
3 2
1 . ( 3 x + x – 22x – 25)  (x – 2) Q u o tie n t:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
R e m a in d e r :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3 2
2 . (x + 4x – x – 25)  (x + 5) Q u o tie n t:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
R e m a in d e r :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Remainder Theorem
If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
Find the remainder when x3-2x2+3x-9 is divided by x-3.
Solution: Let f(x) = x3-2x2+3x-9 and x=3
f(3) = (3)3-2(3)2+3(3)-9
f(3) = 9. The remainder is 9.

The Factor Theorem

The polynomial P(x) has x – r as a factor if and only if P(r) = 0. If the remainder is 0, then the divisor is a
factor. If the remainder is not equal to zero, then the divisor is not a factor of the given dividend.
Determine whether x +3 is a factor of x 3−2 x 2−11 x+12.
Solution: Let P ( x ) =x3 −2 x 2−11 x +12
Determine the real root(s) of each (−3 )3−2 (−3 )3−11 (−3 )+12
P (−3 )=equation.
P (−3 )=−27−18+33+ 12
1. x – 2 = 0 P (−3 )=0
2. x + 3 = 0
3. x(x – 4) = 0
4. (x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
5. x2 + x – 2 = 0

Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether or not the first polynomial is a
factor of the second. Then, give the remainder if the second polynomial is
divided by the first polynomial.

1. x – 1; x2 + 2x + 5

2. x – 1; x3 – x – 2

3. x – 4; 2x3 – 9x2 + 9x – 20

4. a – 1; a3 – 2a2 + a – 2

Polynomial Equations
If a number is substituted to the variable in a polynomial equation and it will be equal to zero, then that
number is a Root of the polynomial equation.
Given: ( x +3 )3 x 2 ( x−1 ).
Solution: Degree = 3; Real Roots of Equation = -3(3 times), 0, and 1; Number of Roots = 6.

Some polynomial equations are given below. Complete the table and answer the questions that follow. (If
a root occurs twice, count it twice; if thrice, count it three times, and so on. The first one is done for you)

Polynomial Equation Degree Real Roots of Number of

an Equation Real Roots
2 3 –1 (2 times); 5 3
1. (x + 1) (x – 5) = 0
2. x – 8 = 0
 3. (x + 2) (x – 2) = 0
4. (x – 3) (x + 1) (x – 1) = 0
5. x (x – 4) (x + 5) (x – 1) = 0

Finding Polynomial Equation

Find a third-degree polynomial function which zeroes are -4, 2 and 2/3.

( 23 )
Solution: A polynomial function can be expressed as P ( x ) =( x+ 4 )( x−2 ) x−

( 23 )
P ( x ) =( x+ 4 )( x−2 ) x−
P ( x ) =( x+ 4 )( x−2 ) ( 3 x−2 )
Find the product of the linear factors.
P ( x ) =( x 2+ 2 x−8 ) ( 3 x−2 )
P ( x ) =3 x3 + 4 x 2−28 x+16
Thus, the polynomial function which zeroes are -4, 2 and 2/3 is the third-degree polynomial function
P ( x ) =3 x3 + 4 x 2−28 x+16

Factor each polynomial completely using any method. Enjoy working with
your seatmate using the Think-Pair-Share strategy.
1. (x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 6)
Use 2. (x2 + xto–factor
any method
2
6) (xcompletely
– 6x + 9)
the given polynomials.
2
3. (2x – 5x + 3) (x – 3)

By inspection, determine the number of real roots of each polynomial equation.

Roots of multiplicity n are counted n times.

1. (x – 4)(x + 3)2(x – 1)3 = 0, number of roots = 1+2+3 = 6.

2. x2 (x3 – 1) = 0

3. x(x + 3)(x – 6)2 = 0

4. 3x (x3 – 1)2 = 0

The solutions to a polynomial function are called ZEROES of the function. They also served as the x –
intercepts on a graph.

x – intercepts: the values of x that will make y = 0.

y – intercepts: the values of y that will make x = 0.
Determine the x-intercept/s and the y-intercept of each given polynomial function. To obtain other
points on the graph, find the value of y that corresponds to each value of x in the table.
1. y = (x+4)(x+2)(x-1)(x-3)
x -5 -3 0 2 4 x – intercepts/s
Y y – intercept/s