The Meaning of Proverb in The Indonesian Notebooks Produced by Sidu, Mirage,Vision and Kiky A Proposal Research By Nasrul Afidin

1.1. Background Everything is new when new school year. New classes, new books, new stationery, new uniforms, and a passion to learn even more new. Naturally, those the phenomenon usually occurs in elementary, lower and high school. For students of university , it may be only a small portion that is still attached to the tradition above. Because of the atmosphere and the days of the new school year is no longer thinking about the new school equipment. But think of how the maturation stage of the process itself that leads to the college Tridharma namely teaching, research and community service. Talking about school supplies. According to the researcher, the most important thing is notebooks. Based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) The Indonesian notebook is buku kosong untuk ditulisi (membuat catatan dsb); buku untuk belajar menulis. In Oxpord Dixtionary, The Indonesian notebooks can be called writing paper is paper of good quality used for writing letters by hand. Its function is to record a variety of material presented by the teacher, so that is not easily forgotten. In addition, as the media writes for smooth teaching and learning, and others. In Indonesian, kinds of notebooks are manifold. Each publisher offers many design options ranging from super heroes, cartoon characters and models, landscapes, abstract designs, and designs specifically for users interested in purchasing. Each publisher issued periodically design, depend on the needs of the

market and segmentation. In a pack, usually containing 10 copies to A4 size and 5 copies to the size of the big boss. On the cover or sheet of the books, there are words of motivation or indirectly proverb inspire and encourage owners. Other words are located at the left end of the bottom or are on the front and back cover. As a sample notebook is a brand Vision: on the cover says 'it's time for the vision; these books well designed leading provesional satisfy your vision'. As for the contents of the book include; 'to Prevent is better than cure', 'better try than never', 'no one is too old to learn', 'easy come easy go' and etc.. Actually, these words have meaning that can be motivate and inspire the owner of notebooks, but much of them unconscious. Therefore these words namely proverb. Proverbs are popular sayings which contain advice or state a generally accepted truth. Proverbs function as folk wisdom, general advice about how to act and live. It is used to support arguments, to provide lessons and instruction, and to stress shared values. Meanwhile meaning is something that exists in the mind rather than the words and that it must be more abstract than pictures and that there is more than just features (O Grady, 1996: 275). In other word, proverb implied meaning, which can motivate the reader to do something. Understanding sentence or phrase means in terms of understanding the meaning of a sentence or phrase is semantic. Saeed (1997:3) said semantics is the study of meanings of words and sentences. About meaning, there are many kinds of meaning. according to Longman dictionary, many experts categorize linguistic meaning. Among affective meaning, denotation, akstensi, emotive, grammatical, intentions, special, figuratively, cognitive, connotations, contextual, lexical, locutions, spacious, central, referential, and the public. But in this research, the researcher only focusing to lexical and contextual meaning.

Based on data that collected by the researcher, Notebooks are a staple for students, but very few who pay attention to proverb its cover and content. They just read it without deep meaning contained therein. The researcher use closes the Indonesian notebook produced by Sidu, Mirage,Vision and Kiky as an object of research wrote. Those notebooks are easily obtainable, and manifold. The researcher can speculate that the data processing will be easier and more time efficient. There is who has discussed about semantic. Such as Rendi Andi Kusumah (2012) describe about meaning of English title of television program on Metro TV and CT Channel. Apriliani Eko Susanti (2009) describe about the contextual meaning of cosmetic advertisement language in English magazines. Lusi Lutfiah (2003) describe about semantic analysis of intensifier on John Gris harms novel: The Chamber.

1.2. Statement of Problem Based on the background above, the statement of problems are the user of Indonesian notebooks paying less attention to deep meaning of proverb that wrote in each cover and sheets of it. Semantically, those are lexical and contextual meaning. The question can be formulated as follows: 1. What are the meaning of proverb lexically in the Indonesian notebooks? 2. What are the meaning of proverb contextually in the Indonesian notebooks? 1.3. Research Objective The purpose of this research is as follows: 1. To get to know the meaning of proverb in the Indonesian notebook lexically. 2. To get to know the meaning of proverb in the Indonesian notebook contextually.

1.4. Research Significance

The significance of research, the researcher will be wished as follows: 1. Academically, this research is as an apply and improve to the sub material in linguistics study; semantic study. 2. Practically, this research is as a basic of modal to understand proverb in the notebooks. 3. To give a new knowledge and information about meaning especially in the notebooks. 1.5. Conceptual Framework This reseach talking about semantics study, focusing to lexical and contectual meaning in the proverb. Before analyzing, the researher should be understand what is the proverb and kind of the lexical and contextual theory. 1.5.1 Proverb Proverbs are popular sayings which contain advice or state a generally accepted truth. Proverbs function as folk wisdom, general advice about how to act and live. It is used to support arguments, to provide lessons and instruction, and to stress shared values. Honeck (1997: 26-29) purposes the following functions for the proverbs. The first is literary function and the second is practical function. Literary function, proverb used in prose, poetry and song. Practical function, proverb used practical situations. Futhermore, proverb has characteristic properties that make them useful for everyday purposes. On other hand, funtion of proverb is to foster the learning of societal values, expectations, roles and norms. In addition, proverbs are also considered an appropriate lesson for convey the message in human life. Proverbs are used by person in authority ensures that the following potent social factors will make for their survival and value. The reward function

referencing process of looking for guidance in ambigous situations to certain person, (Small in Honeck 1997:120). 1.5.2 Semantic 1.5.2.1 Semantic and Meaning The term semantic refers to the study of meaning. In addition, semantics refers to the science or study of words phrases, sentences form of language and their meanings and interpretation. 1.5.2.1.1 Definition of Semantic

The word of semantic derives from Greek arranged by two word, sema and samaino. The sema means sign while samaino means to mark. Chaer (2002 : 2) says that sema (verb) means symbol while samaino means symbolize. This term called as linguistic sign or in France language it called as signe linguistique. The twice words absorbed in to Indonesian language become semantik and also absorbed into English become semantics. In some books, the linguist have brought up the definition of semantic. Webster (1997:1648) has definition that semantics is the scientific study of the relation between sign, symbol and what they mean, or denote and of behavior in it psychological and sociological aspect as it is influenced by signn. In addition Semantic study of meaning communicated through language, (Saaed, 1997:3). Chaer (2002 : 2) says that semantics is one the field of study in linguistics which learn about meaning, it means that the meaning of unities of language such as word, phrase, clause, sentence, and speech. Meanwhile Verhaar (1981:9) says that semantics is theory of meaning. Namely part of systemic

languagewhich investigates meaning. Hurdford et al (1983:1) argues that semantics is the study of meaning in language. On the other hand, semantic is assume that language consist structure which show of meaning if be connected with object in human experience. From several devinition, it can be concluded that semantic is the study of meaning covering the structure aspect and function of language in a word, phrase and sentence. Therefore semantic and meaning are related each other. 1.5.2.1.2 Meaning

A meaning is something that exists in the mind rather than the words and that it must be more abstract than pictures and that there is more than just features (O Grady, 1996: 275). Meanwhile Grice and Bollinger (In Aminuddin 2008 : 53) says that meaning is a relationship between language and out of the world conventionally associated by the user of language, so it can be understood each other. On the other hand, Kempson (1977: 11) argues that to construct explanations of meaning in neutral language consist of three main ways. The first is defining the nature of word meaning. The second is by defining the nature of sentences meaning. The third is by explaining the process of communication. 1.5.2.1.2.1 Lexical meaning

This section is concerned with the way in which the forms of English words and meaning element

change. It primarily deals with their written form, but in

more cases the choice between two or more possible written forms is also a choice between the corresponding translation form. According to Lysons (1995: 46) that words may be considered purelyas form, whether spoken or writen, or relativelly, as composite expression, which combines a meaning. For example, that a conprehensive dictionary a given language contains, all of words are the vocabulary of that language. Pateda (2001:74) defines lexical as, Kajian semantik yang lebih memuaskan pada pembahasan sistem makna yang terdapat dalam kata(semantics knowledge which entries at system of critics meaning can be found of the word). While Jackedoff (1985: 110) define a lexical as argued that the meaning of a lexical item of any major syntatic category (noun, verb, adjective, adverb and preposition) is a function of zero or more argument of one of the major ontological. Its arguments aare also conceptual

constituents, and are filled by the readings of major phrasal categories that are the lexical item with high subcategories. According to Saeed (1997:55) our interest in semantics is with lexeme or semantics word, and as we shall see there are a number of ways a lintening these in lexicon. Whereas according to Verhaar (1996: 388) that semantik leksikal menyangkut makna leksikal (lexical

semantics related to the lexical meaning). Based on view

above, obviously, the meaning of word is so much depending on the sentence and in addition, other processes are sometime regarded as part of lexical meaning formation. This list of structure in the grammer is called a lexicon in order to avoid confusion with normal dictionary that list words rather than structure. Lyons (1995:47) defines the lexical structure of a language is the structure of it lexicon, or vovabulary; and the term lexical meaning which has been used as the title of part two, is therefore equivalent to the commenly used, less technical (but ambiguous), term word meaning. It is not all words are lexemes, and converse not all lexeme are word. According to Saeed (1997:63) that there are sevent types of lexical semantics as below : 1. Homonymy Alwasilah (1993:165) defines the homonymy is beberapa kata diucapkan persis sama tapi artinya berbeda (some of words which mentioned same words but different meaning). While according to saeed (1997:63) that Homonymy are unrelated senses of the some

phonological word, some author distinguishes between homographs, senses of the same writer, words,

homophones, senses of the same spoken words. Based on view above, ofcourse variations in pronounciation mean that not all speakers have the set of homonyms,

some English speakers, for example, pronounce the pairs click and clique, or talk and torque, in the some way, making these homonyms which are spelled differently. For example: (1) Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and with the same spelling. E.g. lap circuit of a course and lap part of body when sitting down (2) Of the same category, but with different spelling. E.g. the verbs ring and wring. (3) Of different categories, but with the same spelling: e.g. the verb keep and noun keep (4) Of the diiferent categories, and with the different spelling: e.g. not;knot Of course variations in pronounciation mean that not all speakers hace the same set of homonyms, some English speakers for example, pronounciation the pair click and clique, or talk and torque, in the same way, making the homonyms, which are spelled differently. 2. Polysemy Saeed (1997:64) defines the polysemy is an important distinction for lexicographers in the design of their dictionaries, because polysemous senses are listed under the some lexical entry, while homonymous sense are given separate entries. According to Alwasilah (1993:164) Satu kata mempunyai lebih dari satu arti, atau lebih tepat kita katakan satu leksim (lexeme) mempunyai beberapa

makna (arti)(one word which has ambiguity of meaning or its can say that one (lexeme) has some of (meaning) . based on view above, speakers may differ in their intuition, and worse, historical fact and speaker intuitions may contradict each other, for example : most engllish speakers seem to feel that the two words sole bottom of the foot and sole flatfish are unrelated, and should be given separate lexical entries as case of homonymy. A more recent example is the adjective gay with two meaning lively, light-heart, bright and homosexual. 3. Synonymy Saeed (1997: 65)defines the synonymy is different phonological words which have same or vary similar meaning. While according to Gannon (1980:47) for synonymy to exist, two different words have to share exactly the same contexts. Whereas Alwasilah (1993:164) express the synonymy is beberapa kata yang berbeda mempunyai arti yang sama (some of different words but have same of meaning). For example: 1. She called out to young lad 2. She called out to the young boy In other contexts, however, the words lad and boy have different connotations; 4. Antonymy Saeed (1997:66) defines the antonymy, in traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in

meaning. According to Alwasilah (1993:164) that antonymy is beberapa pasang kata mempunyai arti yang berlawanan (The set of word with contradictive meaning). Whereas Gannon (1980:52) express that antonymy covers a number of relations which seem to involve words which are at the sometime related in meaning contrasting. Examples would include: i) ii) iii) Dead /a live (of e.g. animals) Pass / fail (a test) Hit / miss (a target)

So using these words literary dead implies not a live, e.t.c which explains the semantics oddness of sentences like: My pet phyton is dead but luckily its still a live of course speaker can creatively altar these two term clasifications for special effect; people can speak of someonee being half dead; or someone know that in horror films the undead are the not alive in the normal sense. 5. Hyponymy Saeed (1997:67) defines the hyponymy, is relation is inclusion. While according to Gannon (1980:50) that, hyponymy is one such relation is hyponym the relation of a more specific item to a more general item. For example: 1. Dog and cat are hyponyms of animal

2. Sister and mother are hyponyms of woman 6. Meronymy Saeed (1997:68) defines the meronymy is term used to describes a part wwhole relationship between lexical items. For example: thus cover and page are meronyms of book. Someone can identify this relationship by using sentences frames like X is part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is part of book, or book has page. 1.5.2.1.2.2 Contextual meaning The Definition of Contextual

1.5.2.1.2.2.1

In this research, the researcher uses contextual meaning as the instrument to analyze the proverb of the Indonesian notebook.

Contextual meaning is the unity of semantics field as the study about meaning. Its means that

contextual meaning is a part of semantics. In Kamus Linguirtik, Kridalaksana defines that context are: 1. The physical environment aspects or social which is related to each other pronouncement. 2. The knowledge which is owed by the speaker and listener until the listener will understand what the speaker means. We feel difficult to understand the meaning, if we do not know about the context performance of pronouncements. To understand

the pronouncement, we have to look at the situation context. Based on the context analyze, we can solve the aspects of be meaningful language, so linguistics and non linguistics aspect can be corrlated (Pateda: 1994:104). While Alwasilah (1993: 158) says that meaning is the thing is conveyed especially by language, the thing one intends to covey espcecially by language, significant quality;

especially implication of a hidden or special significance, the logical connotation of a word or phrase. So, to face the trouble, he arranges many theories, they are: 1. Conceptual Theory 2. Reference and Correspondence Theory 3. Contextual Theory 4. Field Theory 5. Componentional Theory 6. Combinational Semantics 7. Generative Semantics Contextual theory is the one theory which tries to explain the meaning of the words by collocation that can be found. Aminuddin says that meaning, which appears in communication because of the connectionof social context and situational by pronouncement

form, is called contextual meaning (1988:92). Afterward, the meaning can be fixed by user of the context. It can be formed as social contect or situational, conforms to appearing of

pronouncement in using or communicating the action. Contextual theory has signal that a word or one the pronouncement symbol has not the meaning if it is far from context. The context itself is the situation which is formed by setting, activity, and relation. If the interaction of three components is happened, so context will be formed. Setting, according to Parera (2004: 228), occures the time, place, and the situation when it is done. Commonly, parts of setting are: 1. The material elements which exist around event of language interaction. 2. The place, it manages the thing and people. 3. The time, it manages the time of event of language interaction. The interaction is all of the connection between the speaker and speech. That connection can be fixed by gender, age, position, a family relaationship, and the public service relationship.

Accoording to Chaer that contextual meaning is the meaning of a word in one context where it isi connected with the condition such as the place, time, and environment (1995:290). 1.6. Research Method 1.6.1 Research Design Based on the problem of this research focusing lexical and contextual meaning, it is the unity of semantics field as the study about meaning. it can be clue that is research is linguistics study. The reseacher uses qualitative method caused the data used is word. So, the researcher takes words, phrases, sentences in the Indonesian notebooks that related to lexical and contextual categories. 1.6.2 Sample of Data The researcher use one of sample of data on Indonesian notebooks produced by Vision; a. On the cover is written its time for the vision; these well designed leading books satisfy your provesional vision. b. On the sheets of notebooks, include: o to prevent is better than cure o better try than never o no one is too old to learn o easy come easy go 1.6.3 Sorce of data The researcher will use 4 brand from indonesian notebooks. Include: 1. Brand Kiky 2. Brand Sidu

3. Brand Mirage 4. Brand Vision 1.6.4 Technique of Collecting Data The researcher uses the Indonesian notebook produced by Kiky, Sidu, Mirage, Vision survey for collection data. This technique allows the researcher to cite source partly or wholly. It means the researcher read the proverb that on the cover and on the sheets of notebooks repeatedly and punctiliously cites a mark for word, phrase, and sentence. After giving mark, the researcher classifier it based on the problem that is explored such lexeme and context meaning. 1.6.5 Technique of Analyzing Data The technique for analyzing data is identifying, categorizing, and interpreting and it is explained by descriptive method. Therefore, this research basically built in that technique but in order to analyze, it treats different each other depending on data. 1.6.5.1 The Lexical Meaning 1.6.5.1.1 Identifying

The researcher identified the proverb automatically. 1.6.5.1.2 Categorizing

After identifying data, the researcher rearranges it into some categories. The data that identified as Homonymy, Polysemy, Synonymy, Antonym, Hyponymy, Meronymy. 1.6.5.1.3 Interpreting

The data identified and categorized is interpreted as the Saeeds Perspective. In this case the theory that is relevant is type of Lexical Semantics.

1.6.5.1.4

Concluding

After interpreting the data, the problems is described and analyzed using supporting argument. Then, the conclusion of analyzing is presented in the end of explanation that is called inductive concluding. 1.6.5.2 Contextual meaning 1.6.5.2.1 Identifying

The researcher identified the proverb automatically. 1.6.5.2.2 Interpreting

The data identified and categorized is interpreted as the Parera Perspective. In this case the context itself appropriate to the situation which is formed by setting activity, and relation. 1.6.5.2.3 Concluding

After interpreting the data, it is concluded that the proverb has describe and analyzed using supporting argument in inductive concluding.

Work Cites Alwasilah, A.Chaedar. 1993. Linguistik Suatu Pengantar. Bandung. Angkasa Gannon, Peter and Czerniewska, Pam. 1980. Using Linguistics an Educational Focus. Great Britain. The Chaucer Press Jackendoff, Ray. 1985. Semantics and Cognition.London. The MIT Press Lysons. Jhon. 1995. Linguistics Semantics, An Introduction. London. Cambridge University Press Pateda, Mansoer. 1994. Linguistik Sebuah Pengantar. Bandung. Angkasa --------------------- 2001. Semantik Leksikal. Jakarta. Rineka Cipta Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Britain. Thrinry College Dublin Verhaar, J.W.M. 1977. Pengantar Linguistik. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press Verhaar, Verhaar, J.W.M. 1996. Asas-asas Linguistic Umum. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada University Press