TASK OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

TITLE : DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

BY:

GRUP I

1. ANDIKA BHAYANGKARA NIM:216 501 005

2. ANDI MUH. EDWARD NIM: 216 501 004
3. ALDI SATRIAWAN NIM:216 501 002
4. CICI CAHYANI NIM:216 501 008
5. ECE TRISNAWATI NIM:216 501 0009
6. EVA YUSTIKA NIM: 216 501 011

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

LAKIDENDE UNIVERSITY

UNAAHA
TA. 2019/2020

CHAPTER I
 PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background.
The term discourse comes from the Sanskrit word meaning speech or speech. The
word discourse is one of the many words mentioned as well as democracy, human rights, and
the environment. As with many words used, sometimes the language user does not know
clearly what the meaning of the word is used. Some interpret discourse as a language unit that
is larger than a sentence. There is also interpreted as a conversation. The word discourse is
also widely used by many groups ranging from the study of language, psychology, sociology,
politics, communication, literature and so on. Discourse discussion is closely related to the
discussion of language skills especially productive language skills, namely speaking and
writing. Both discourse and language skills together use language as a communication tool.

Discourse deals with intralinguistic elements (internal language) and extralinguistic

elements related to communication processes such as social interactions (conversations and
exchanges) and theme development (monologues and paragraphs). The reality of discourse in
this case is the existence of discourse in the form of verbal and nonverbal. The series of
verbal language or language exist (presence of language) with the complete structure of
language, referring to the structure as it is; nonverbal or language likes refers to discourse as
a series of non-languages (a series of signs or meaningful signs). The form of discourse as a
communication medium in the form of a series of spoken and written utterances. As a
medium for oral discourse communication, its form can be in the form of a conversation or
complete dialogue and a fragment of the conversation. Discourse with written communication
media can take the form of a text, a paragraph, and a discourse.

1.2 Problem Formulation.

 1. What is the meaning of discourse?
2. What are the characteristics of discourse?
3. What are the types of discourse?
4. What is the approach to discourse analysis?
5. What is the position of discourse analysis as a scientific discipline?
6. How is the development of discourse analysis?

1.3 Purpose.

1. Describe the meaning of discourse.

2. Explain the characteristics of discourse.
3. Explain the types of discourse.
4. Explain the approach in discourse analysis.
5. Understanding the position of discourse analysis as a scientific discipline.
6. Understanding the development of discourse analysis.

CHAPTER II
 DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Discourse

Discourse is a unit of language above the level of sentences used to communicate in

social contexts. The unit of language can be a series of sentences or utterances. Discourse can
be oral or written.
In verbal communication events, it can be seen that discourse is a process of
communication between greeters and pesapa, while in written communication, discourse is
seen as the result of the expression of greeter ideas. The discipline of science that studies
discourse is called discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is a study that examines or analyzes
the language used naturally, both in written and oral form.
According to Douglas (1976: 266), the term etymologically discourse, "discourse"
comes from Sanskrit wac / wak / vak, meaning 'to say', 'to say'.When viewed from its type,
the word wac in the scope of Sanskrit morphology, including the verb group III
parasmaepada (m) which is active, that is 'doing speech acts'. The word then changes into
discourse. The form of ana that appears behind is suffix (suffix), which means 'to
differentiate' (nominalization). So the word discourse can be interpreted as 'words' or 'speech'.
According to Alwi, et al (2003: 42), discourse is a series of related sentences that form
a harmonious meaning between the sentences. According to Tarigan (in Djajasudarma, 1994:
5), discourse is the most complete and highest language unit in the sentence or clause with
continuous coherence and high cohesion, which is able to have a real beginning and end.

According to Syamsuddin (1992: 5) explains the notion of discourse as a series of

words or a series of speech acts that express a matter (subject) which is presented regularly,
systematically, in a coherent whole, formed from segmental and non-segmental elements of
language.
According to Poerwadarminta (1976: 1144), Discourse comes from Sanskrit, namely
vacana, which means reading. Furthermore, the word discourse (vacana) entered into Old
Javanese and New Javanese, which means to speak, words and sayings'. Then, the word
discourse in the New Javanese language was absorbed into Indonesian into discourse, which
means speech, conversation, lecture '.
 According to Kridalaksana (1978: 23), that in the context of grammar, discourse is the
highest or largest grammatical unit. That is, the discourse includes sentences, paragraphs or
paragraphs, fragments of discourse, and whole discourse. This is also confirmed by
Djajasudarma (1994: 3), that discourse is realized in the form of a complete composition
(novels, encyclopedia series books, etc.), paragraphs, sentences, phrases, even words that
carry a complete mandate. Thus, it can be said that a discourse in its realization is always a
set of sentences. Sentences can be formed from a set of clauses, phrases, words, morphemes,
phonemes, and phonas. In this connection, the language used to form a discourse must be
cohesive and coherent, or closely interwoven, arranged regularly and systematically in a
series of sentences, both in oral and written form.

2.2 Characteristics of Discourse.

Discourse is a medium of verbal communication that can be assumed with the
presence of greeters (speakers and writers) and pesapa (listeners and readers).

1. Characteristics of Discourse
a. Based on the explanation above, we can get the characteristics or characteristics of a
discourse. The characteristics of the discourse are as follows:

• Grammatical unit
• The largest, highest, or most complete unit
• The string of sentences
• Having a proposition relationship
• Having a continuity, continuous relationship
• Having a coherence relationship
• Having a cohesion relationship
• A record of the full linguistic communication event
• Can be transactional also interactional
• Medium can be oral or written
In accordance with the context Syamsuddin (1992: 5) explains the characteristics and nature
of a discourse as follows:
• Discourse can be a series of oral and written word sentences or a series of speech
acts
 • Discourse reveals a thing ( subject)
• Regular, systematic, coherent presentation, complete with all supporting situations
• Having a unity of mission in the series
• Formed by segmental and nonsegmental elements

2. Forming Elements of Discourse

Discourse deals with intralinguistic elements (internal language) and extralinguistic
elements related to communication processes such as social interactions (conversations and
exchanges) and theme development (monologues and paragraphs).

3. Context and Co-texts

Discourse is a semantic building that is formed from semantic relations between
language units in a unified and bound to the context. There are various contexts in the
discourse. Oral discourse is a unitary language that is bound by the context of the speaker's
situation. The context for language (sentences) in written discourse is another sentence before
and after it, which is often called co-text.

4. Text
Fairdough (in Eriyanto, 2008: 289) sees texts at various levels. A text not only
displays how an object is described but also how the relationships between objects are
defined. Every text basically, according to Firdough can be described and analyzed from the
three elements.

5. Representation
How events, people, groups, situations, circumstances, or whatever is displayed and
described in text.

6. Relations
How the relationship between journalists, audiences, and news participants is
displayed and described in the text.

7. Identity
 How the identity of journalists, audiences, and news participants is displayed and
described in the text.

2.3 Types of Discourse

1. Types of discourse based on the number of participants.

In this discourse who are involved in conversation in communication. There are three
types of discourse based on the discourse on the number of participants taking part in the
discussion, namely monologues, dialogues, and polilogues.

a. Monologue Discourse.
In monologue discourse, the listener does not give a direct response to the speaker's
speech. The speaker has the freedom to use his time, without being interrupted by his speech
partner. Examples of monologue discourse are lectures, speeches.

b. Dialogue Discourse.
Then, if there are two participants in the communication and there is a change of role
(from conversation to listener or vice versa), the discourse that is formed is called
dialogue. An example of a dialogue discourse, is between two people who are having a
conversation at school. The situation can be official and informal.

c. Polilog Discourse.
As if the participants in the communication were more than two people and there was
a change of role, the resulting discourse was called polilog.

An example is the conversation between several people and they have the role of
conversation and listener. The situation can be official and informal.

2. Types of discourse based on the purpose of communicating.

Discourse based on the purpose of communicating, including discourse on
argumentation, persuasion, exposition, description, and narration. For more details, the
following explanation of the five discourse.
a. Argumentation Discourse.

Essay argumentation is one form of discourse that seeks to influence the reader or
listener to accept statements that are defended, both based on logical and emotional
considerations (Rottenberg, 1988: 9). Argumentation is a kind of discourse that tries to prove
a truth. Furthermore, an argument tries to influence and change the attitudes and opinions of
others to accept a truth by submitting evidence about the object being argued. (Gorys Keraf,
1995: 10) viewed from the perspective of the process of thinking is an action to form
reasoning and lower conclusions.

An example of an argumentation argument is: However, what worries me is a negative effect

due to excessive doses of vitamins and minerals consumed, especially by those who have a
healthy body condition. A number of studies reveal that multivitamins are not proven to
prevent the onset of a disease and vitamin supplements also can not suddenly improve poor
nutrition due to careless eating. Even taking high doses of vitamins and minerals for a long
time can trigger the risk of certain diseases. (Reader's Digest Indonesia, October 2004).

b. Exposition Discourse.
Exposition discourse aims to explain something to the recipient (reader) so that
concerned understand it. Exposition is a form of discourse that seeks to decipher an object so
as to broaden the view or knowledge of the reader. This discourse is used to explain the form
and nature of an object, for example to explain the notion of culture, communication,
technological developments, economic growth to the reader.
This discourse also presents an accurate and coherent explanation of complex topics,
such as the structure of the state or government, theories about the emergence of a disease. It
is also used to explain the occurrence of something, the operation of a device and so on.

Examples of exposition discourse: In order to obtain maximum results, it should be noted the
following matters: Before doing teeth whitening, patients need to be diagnosed with the
condition of their teeth, such as tooth enamel must be good because the whitening process
takes place on tooth enamel. It also considers whether the tooth is still active or not. After
cleaning your teeth, the doctor will direct you to choose the product that is suitable for use
("Show White Tooth Glow", Dewi No.5 / XIII Magazine).
c. Persuasion Discourse
Persuasion discourse is a discourse that aims to influence the speech partners to carry
out the actions expected by the speakers. To influence the reader, all efforts are usually used
that affect the speech partner. To achieve this goal, the discourse of persuasion sometimes
uses irrational reasons. Persuasion is actually a deviation from argumentation, and
specifically trying to influence other people or readers. In order for the listener or reader to do
something for the person who made the persuasion, even though the person who was
persuaded actually did not really believe what he said. Persuasion prefers to use or utilize
psychological aspects to influence others. The most common types of persuasion discourse
we encounter are campaigns and advertisements.

Examples of advertising discourse as follows: "Use Daia, forget the others. With this
cheap price, cleaning your pile of dirty clothes will be more brilliant.

d. Discourse Description
Description discourse is a form of discourse that seeks to present an object or thing in
such a way that the object, it seems, can be seen, imagined by the reader, as if the reader can
see for himself. Descriptions have the function of making the reader seem to see the items or
objects. A description of the house is expected to present many individual appearances and
characteristics of the house, and several aspects that can be analyzed, such as its size,
construction material, and architectural design.

In brief the description aims to make the reader aware of what the writer is absorbing through
his five senses, stimulating the reader's feelings about what is portrayed, presenting a quality
of direct experience. The object described may be something that can be captured with our
five senses, a green expanse of rice fields and beautiful scenery, city streets, sewer rats, the
face of a beautiful, beautiful person or someone who is sad, someone playing music or
thunder and so.

Example: In the first rapids the big boat turns direction, then enters the third rapids with the
stern first, until finally ... brak! The boat hit a 4 x 3 meter large rock, and stuck to the rock in
a tilted state. ("Death rapids," Reader's Digest Indonesia¸October 2004).
e. Narrative Discourse
Narrative discourse is a type of discourse that contains stories. In the narrative
discourse there are important story elements, such as time, actors, events.The emotional
aspect felt by the reader or receiver. Through narration, the reader or recipient of the message
can form an image or imagination.

Examples of narrative discourse: As I sat in the crowded courtroom, waiting for my case to
be heard, I wondered how many people here today felt, like what I felt was confused, broken
hearted, and very lonely. I felt as if I carried a heavy burden all over the world on my
shoulders.

3. Types of discourse based on the form of channels used Channels used in communication,
can be divided into oral discourse and written discourse.

a.Writing discourse is a series of sentences that are transcribed from recorded oral
language. Examples of oral discourse, such as conversations, sermons (spontaneous), and live
broadcast on radio or TV.

b. Write discourse is text in the form of a series of sentences that use written variety. We can
find written discourse in the form of books, newspaper news, articles, papers.

2.4 Approaches in Discourse Analysis.

Discourse analysis is a general term that is widely used from various disciplines and with
various paradigms. There are three paradigms about discourse analysis, among others: formal
paradigms / views (emphasizing structure), functional paradigms (highlighting use in context)
and formal and functional (dialectic) paradigms.

1. Based on Formal Views .

Tarigan (1993: 25) states that discourse is a language unit; most complete, largest, and
highest; above the sentence / clause; regular; sustainable in; oral and written and have a real
beginning and end. Thus the notion of discourse in this context refers to a complete
paragraph. As a paragraph that is considered a discourse of course the paragraph has a main
idea (main ideas) and supporting ideas (supporting ideas). Both of them collaborate on
composing messages. In this way, the message conveyed in a discourse is well packaged so
that it is easy to understand and this view is understood as more directed towards a formal
view.

2. Based on Functional Views .

The functional approach is not well documented, and even attempts to give common
labeling tools to the main functions of language facilitate analysis.The function of language
involved in expressing social relationships and personal attitudes that interact interactively
(Gillian Brown and George Yule, 1996: 1). Oral discourse is very easy and is found in
everyday life. Oral discourse is formed through a combination of verbal and nonverbal
elements. The two combined into one building a discourse. When a person talks, body parts
such as hands, head, eyes and even feet will move to follow the tone of speech and
psychological situation in speech. Each is a part that is not a form of communication
(Octavian, 2006: 45).

3. Based on Formal and Functional Views (Dialectics)

Edmonson (1981: 4) suggests that discourse is a structured event that is realized
through linguistic behavior (language). Human daily life is always colored by various
activities and events both routine and incidental. Ngaben (corpse burning ceremony in Bali),
Tiwah (part of the corpse burning ceremony in the Nganju Dayak community in Kalimantan.
Batagak pangulu (Minangkabau), Mengket Rumah (ceremony up the traditional house in
Batak karo, see build, 1966: 117) are some examples structured events in human life.This is
in the form of discourse whose manifestations can be observed in the form of texts (Octavian,
2006: 29).

Discourse is a complete linguistic record of communication events, both oral and

written. Discourse can be said as a series of interrelated sentences (connecting one
proposition with another) and forming a unity of meaning. Purwo (1993: 4) defines discourse
as a speech event, that is, what happens between speaker and receiver. While Schiffrin (1994:
18) defines discourse as a language that has a certain system that is used in accordance with
the context (in Arifin).

2.5 Position of Discourse Analysis as a Discipline of Science .

Discourse analysis interprets the meaning of an utterance by paying attention to
context, because context determines the meaning of utterance.Contexts include; linguistic
context and entographic context. The linguistic context is a series of words that precede or
follow it, while the ethnographic context takes the form of a set of ethnographic factors which
surround it, for example the cultural factors of the language user community. The benefits of
conducting discourse analysis activities are understanding the nature of language,
understanding the language learning process, and language behavior.

The discipline of science that studies discourse is called discourse analysis. Discourse
analysis is a study that examines or analyzes the language used naturally, both in written and
oral form. This understanding is in accordance with the functional view that views discourse
as language in use. Discourse analysis can be said as a long-standing scientific discipline and
its development is still considered new (Rosidi, 2009). In literature studies and speeches, the
origins of discourse analysis can be traced back to 2000 years ago. This can be seen in
rhetoric. Classical rhetoric is one of the prominent scientific disciplines at the time. Classical
rhetoric is the art of good speech, including planning, compiling, and presenting public
speeches in the political and legal fields (Dikj, in Rosidi, 2009). In Europe, discourse research
is known as the elucidation of textlinguistics or grammar texts .

2.6 Development of Discourse Analysis.

The origins of modern discourse analysis can be traced to the 1960s. Analysis of the
structure of discourse, analysis of stories, analysis of films to analysis of photographs of print
media, at that time began to be published in France. Along with that, Dell Haymes, in the
United States also published a very influential work, namely Language in Culture and
Society. The early works of discourse analysis from two parts of the world are based on the
same principle, namely marrying between linguistic and structuralist (structural linguistic)
and anthropology, which emphasizes the analysis of the use of language, forms of discourse,
and forms of communication. In the 1960s too many other works were published which
began the emergence of discourse analysis.

There are several conclusions that can be drawn in observing developmental symptoms
discourse analysis, including:

1) Initially, discourse analysis is a study of structural and descriptive language within

linguistic and anthropological boundaries;
2) The study of discourse analysis is more directed to the analysis of various popular
discourse, such as folklore, myths, fables, and forms of ritual interaction;
3) Functional sentence structure or discourse analysis is separated from the generative
transformational grammar paradigm which also influenced the language analysis method at
that time (Dijk, in Rosidi, 2009).

In contrast to the 1960s which was the period in which various studies of text and
communication events were born, the 1970s actually strengthened the development of
systematic discourse analysis as a separate field of study on the basis of several scientific
disciplines.

The development of systematic discourse analysis occurs in three stages. The three stages are:
1) theoretical and methodological developments; In discourse analysis, theory and
methodology are also influenced by paradigm changes in the study of language, for example
sociolinguistics became steady in the late 1960s with the works of Joshua Fisman. In
addition, in 1972, Lavob published the results of his research on the use of English by black
people, which according to the analysis of inter-teenage conversations and also the analysis
of one's personal experience;

2) the discovery of linguistics by the philosophers Austin, Grise, Searle about speech acts in
the 1970s. This approach views verbal utterances not only as sentences, but also as a form of
social action. If sentences are used in a particular context, they can also carry out functions,
namely illocutionary functions which must be explained according to the speaker's intentions,
beliefs, or evaluations, or according to the relationship of the speaker and listener. That way,
what can be analyzed is not only the nature of the context, but also the relationship between
utterances as abstract linguistic objects and utterances which are seen as forms of social
interaction. This is different from sociolinguistics which emphasizes the role of language
variation and social context;

3) the emergence of studies on pronominal and other cohesive markers, coherence,

prepositions, topics, and comments, as well as structure in general, the characteristics of texts
understood as a series of sentences begin to be studied in linguistics with new and integrated
views. The approach began to show its performance by examining the structure of language
use with the emergence of studies on texts and discourse. in the study of discourse, we must
not only study parts of language as sentence elements, but also must consider sentence
elements as part of complete unity.
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion Discourse is a unit of language above the level of sentences used to
communicate in social contexts. The unit of language can be a series of sentences or
utterances. Discourse can be in the form of oral or written form.

In verbal communication events, it can be seen that discourse is a process of

communication between greeters and pesapa, while in written communication, discourse is
seen as the result of the expression of greeter ideas. The discipline of science that studies
discourse is called discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is a study that examines or analyzes
the language used naturally, both in written and oral form.

REFERENCES

Douglas, Mc. 1976. Sanskrit Dictionary. New York: Columbia University.

Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1978. The Integrity of Discourse in Language and Literature. Year
IV No. 1 Jakarta: PPPB. Poerwadarminta, WJS 1976. Indonesian General Dictionary. Jakarta:
Balai Pustaka. Syamsuddin AR 1992. Discourse Study: Theory-Analysis of
Teaching. Bandung: FPBS IKIP Bandung. Tarigan, HG Teaching Discourse. Bandung: Space.