2012

1.1. 5
1.2. . 7
1.3. .... 8
1.4. ... 9
1.5. . 9

2.1. - ..

10

2.1.1. .......................

13

2.2.

16

2.3.

19

2.4. ...............

20

2.4.1. ..

20

2.4.1.1. ..........................................

22

2.4.2. .

23

2.4.2.1. ....................................................

26

3.1. .......................................................

27

3.2. Pearson ...............................................................

29

4.1. .......................................................................................................

32

4.2. ............................................................................

33

4.3. .................................................................................................

34

4.4. ..................

36

4.5. ..

37

4.6. ...........................................................................

37

4.7. ................................................

38

5.1. & . .

43

5.2.

46

5.3. .

48

5.3.1. ..

48

5.3.2. ..

50

5.3.3.

53

5.3.4. t ....

56

5.3.5. 2 ..........

56

5.3.6. F .

57

5.3.7. t, 2 F .

57

6.1.

58

6.2. -
.

59

6.2.1. .............................

60

6.2.2.
.....................................

62

7.1. ...........

64

7.2. .

65

7.3. -

65

7.3.1.
............................................................

69

7.4. ............

70

7.5. ....................

75

7.6. ............

76

7.7. ....................................................

79

7.8. x2 ...

80

7.9. ...........

84

7.10. Pearson ........................

86

7.11. ............................................

87

....................

89

1.1.

,



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1.2.

:
1)
:
i.
.
. , ,
cm. 175cm 176cm
181cm 182cm. , 165cm 168cm
176cm 179cm.
ii. ,
.
.
. ,
20gr 10gr
91lt 31lt.
, , , , ,
Kelvin .

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2)

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.
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20 C 25 C 5 C 10 C. ,
30 C 20 C
25 C 20 C. 30 C
( ) 15 C.

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7


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3)
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70kg 80kg , 10kg
.

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10
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3 sec 4 sec .
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1.5.

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sec 6 sec,
,
, . , 6
, (0.5)
, 5.5 6.5. 5.5 6.5 (
) 6,
. 5.5 6.5
. , 6.3 sec
6.25 6.35 (6.5 0.05) 0.1 sec 6.57
6.565 6.575 (6.57 0.005) 0.01 sec ...

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9

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2.1.

( ) .
.
.
1
10 ,
, :
11

12

12

13

15

15

15

16

17

19

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2, 15 3 11, 13, 16, 17, 19
1, .
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(
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n .
2

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n=200 .

f
30
60
100
10
200
10

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,

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3
700
6 . .

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

50
70
80
180
200
80
40
700

n=700 6 ,
.
: 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6. , 50
, 70 , 80
...
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( f )
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n. ,
[0, 1] 1.

11

 , .
100,
(%), 1000, ().
100 1000
.
,

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,
( x 100)
cf x100 .
.
1 , 2,
, (%)
( 100).

1. .

f
30
60
100
10
200

f
0.15
0.30
0.50
0.05
1

f x100
15
30
50
5
100

cf x100
15
45
95
100

30% .
45%
.
2 , 3,
(%) ( 100).

12

 2. (%)
.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

f x100

cf x100

50
70
80
180
200
80
40
700

7.143
10.000
11.429
25.714
28.571
11.429
5.714
100

7.143
17.143
28.572
54.286
82.857
94.286
100

10% 1
28.571 4 .
54.286%
3 .

2.1.1.

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, f.

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(
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. 10 20 .
,
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1.5 () ,

. , 5-8 8.5
4.5. , 6.5-9.4
6.45 9.45 3.12-5.11 3.115 5.115.
13

 . ..
5-8 4, 6.5-9.4 3 3.12-5.11
2.
O
, .
.
( )
.
4
( ) 80
3. 127
71, 57. 12
5
. 70-74, 70
5 , 71.
4 , ,
.

3. 80 .
86
76
111
105
91
96
100
82
118
90

108
96
71
85
105
89
110
121
86
95

95
116
101
82
104
79
110
83
101
100

106
102
91
102
83
100
87
92
101
109

93
102
104
92
113
85
104
106
102
84

112
97
77
123
106
83
87
97
102
103

107
103
99
97
98
127
99
94
93
90

115
81
95
116
98
84
91
108
96
96

14

 4. , , .

70 - 74
75 - 79
80 - 84
85 - 89
90 - 94
95 - 99
100 - 104
105 - 109
110 - 114
115 - 119
120 - 124
125 - 129

69.5 - 74.5
74.5 - 79.5
79.5 - 84.5
84.5 - 89.5
89.5 - 94.5
94.5 - 99.5
99.5 - 104.5
104.5 - 109.5
109.5 - 114.5
114.5 - 119.5
119.5 - 124.5
124.5 - 129.5

f
1
3
8
7
10
14
16
9
5
4
2
1

72
77
82
87
92
97
102
107
112
117
122
127

,
.
,
( ).
,

.
5
.
5. .

70 - 74
75 - 79
80 - 84
85 - 89
90 - 94
95 - 99
100 - 104
105 - 109
110 - 114
115 - 119
120 - 124
125 - 129

f
1
3
8
7
10
14
16
9
5
4
2
1
80

f
0.0125
0.0375
0.1000
0.0875
0.1250
0.1750
0.2000
0.1125
0.0625
0.0500
0.0250
0.0125
1

f x100
1.25
3.75
10.00
8.75
12.50
17.50
20.00
11.25
6.25
5.00
2.50
1 .25
100

cf x100
1.25
5.00
15.00
23.75
36.25
53.75
73.75
85.00
91.25
96.25
98.75
100

15

 ( 100)
12.5% 90 94
5% 115 119. ,
( 100) 53.75%
99 , 15% 84 .
2.2.

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,

( )
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( 1
2).
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3).
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16

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( 5
4).

120
100
80
1

60
40
20
0

250
200
150
2

100
50
0
0

17

18
16
14
12
10
3

8
6
4
2
0
72

77

82

87

92

97

102 107 112 117 122 127

18
16
14
12
10

8
6
4
2
0
72

77

82

87

92

97 102 107 112 117 122 127

18

90
80
70
60
50

40
30
20
10
0
74.5

2.3.

79.5

84.5

89.5

94.5

99.5

104.5 109.5 114.5 119.5 124.5 129.5

. n ,
x1, x2 , x3 ,, xn 1, 2, 3, ,n
. n
{xi /i=1, 2,n}, i 1 n.
n x1 + x2 + x3 ++ xn
n

x i

i 1

. ,
5

5 x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 :

xi .
i 1

:
n

1.

i1

2.

c x i cx1 cx 2 ... cx n c x i
i1

( x i yi ) x1 y1 x 2 y 2 ... x n y n x i yi
i 1

i 1

i 1

19

 :
n

1.

( x i c) x i nc
i 1

i 1

2.

i1

3.

(x i c)2 x i2 2c x i nc 2
( x i yi )
i 1

i 1

i 1

i 1

x 2i

i 1

i 1

2 x i yi y i2

4.

n
n

xi

x
i n

2 i 1
i 1
x

i n i
n
i 1
i 1

, c .

2.4.

,
.
2.4.1.
,
, :

x1 , x2 ,xn X
n. ( ) n
:

1 n
1
X xi x1 x2 x3 ... xn
n i 1
n
1,
10 :

1
11 12 12 13 15 15 15 16 17 19 145 14.5
10
10

20

 ,
:

1 k
1
f i x i f1x 1 f 2 x 2 ... f k x k

n i 1
n

fi xi k
k

x. ( : n f i ):
i 1

1
11 2 (12 ) 13 3(15 ) 16 17 19 14 .5
10

700 3
:

1
50(0) 70(1) 80( 2) 180(3) 200( 4) 80(5) 40(6) 2210 3.16
700
700

,
fi
i xi i. ,
4 4 :

1
[1(72)+3(77)+8(82)+7(87)+10(92)+14(97)+16(102)+9(107)+5(112)+
80
+4(117)+2(122)+1(127)] =

7840
98
80

, n,
, n
X .

(Mo) x
. ,
. 1, Mo = 15 15
3 3 Mo = 4 4
(200). ,
. ,
4 100 - 104.

21

n , (Md) ,
( ) ,
n 1

n
2
n
n

1 n .
2
2

(
).
1 15, n=10
10
10
5 1 6. 5 15 6 .
2
2
15 15
Md
15. 3,
2
Md = 3.
,
:

Fi 1
2
,
Md x
fi
x
, , fi , n
( ) Fi-1
. 4 ( 4 5)
95 - 99. x=94.5,
=5, n=80, f6=14 F5=29. :

Fi 1
2
94.5 540 29 98.43
Md x
fi
14
2.4.1.1.

.
,
( ).
.
,
22

 .
.
,
.

, :

2.4.2.
( )
.

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:

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. :

1 n
S
xi x2 1 x1 x2 x2 x2 ... xn x2

n 1 i1
n 1
2

n .

0,

.

23

 ,

, :
2
n

i
2

1 n 2 i 1
1 2
x1 x 2 ... x n
2
2
2

S
x i n n 1 x1 x 2 ... x n

n 1 i 1
n

, 1
:
1
1452 1
2159 2102.5 6.28
S2 112 122 12 2 132 ... 192
9
10 9

,
:

S2

1
1
2
2
2
fi x i x
f1 x1 x f 2 x 2 x ... f x x

n 1 i 1
n 1

fi xi

x. n f i .
i 1

fixi
2

1
1 2

f1x1 ... f x
2
2
i 1
2

S
f i x i n n 1 f1x1 ... f x

n 1 i 1
n

3,
.
f1x1 ... f x 2210 .

S2

1
2210 2
1
50(0) 2 70(1) 2 80(2) 2 ... 40(6) 2

8650 6977.29 2.393
699
700 699

24

 ,
,
, fi i xi .
4 ,
:

S2 =

1
[1(72)2 + 3(77)2 + 8(82)2 + 7(87)2 + 10(92)2 + 14 (97)2 + 16(102)2 +
79
+ 9(107)2 + 5(112)2 + 4(117)2 + 2(122)2 + 1(127)2 -

78402
]=
80

1
(778990-768320) 135
79

, n,
, n-1
. ,
S2 2,

S. ,
.
1
3 S 2.393 1.547 .

S 6.28 2.51

,
0.

,
:

S
X

S
100
X

.
, 1
25

2.51
0.173
14.5

1.547
0.489
3.16

2.4.2.1.

.
. ,
sec, sec2.
, ,

(.. sec) .

( ),
.

26

3.1.
()
Y . 6

.
6.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

X
16
5
16
13
10
13
8
15
7
12
11
6
14
7
10
163

Y
18
6
15
18
15
16
10
14
8
10
14
5
16
6
8
179

2
256
25
256
169
100
169
64
225
49
144
121
36
196
49
100
1959

Y2
324
36
225
324
225
256
100
196
64
100
196
25
256
36
64
2427

XY
288
30
240
234
150
208
80
210
56
120
210
30
224
42
80
2146

.
, (xi, yi), i=1,2,,15
xi yi . 6

. 15 .

. , ,
, X Y . ,
X
Y 4 , , . X
10.87 Y 11.93.
27

:
i.

ii. .

,

. , .
iii. , .

.
, ,
Pearson .

,
28


.

.
(
),
( ).

. .
,
. ,

.
3.2. Pearson


, Pearson
Pearson.
r n.
:

1 n
(xi x)(yi y)
n 1 i1
r
1 n
1 n
2
(
x

x
)
(yi y)2

i
n 1 i1
n 1 i1
cov(X,Y)
. :

cov(X, Y )
SXSY

.
, :
n

n
1 n
x i y i ( x i )( y i )

n i 1
i 1
i 1

n
n

x i2
i 1

( x i )2
i 1

( y i )2

y
i 1

2
i

i 1

n
29



(xi x)(yi y)
.
,
. ,

.
( ) ( ).
r
cov,
.
1 +1,

1 r 1
0 r 1
1 r 0 .
+1 -1 r
, , .
r 1 (
).

r 0,
4 ( sx=sy)
( sx>sy sx<sy) s
( ).

30

 ,


. ..
, r .

.


,
( ).
6

1
163 (179 )
15
0 . 86
163 2
179 2
1959
2427
15
15
2146

r=0.86
.

31

4.1.
, ,
, .

,

.

.

.
,
.
.
.

.


. r Pearson
,
,

() ()
.


.



.
, ,
.

32

4.2.

= + X
.
5 :

Y
2.3
3.1
3.9
4.7
5.5

X
2
4
6
8
10

= 1.5 = 0.4

= 1.5 + 0.4

= 2
= 1.5 + 0.4(2) = 2.3,
= 4 = 3.1, .

5 :

33


.

.

.
=0 (
) .

1.5.
(0) , 0.
4.3.
,


.

. ,

( )
.

= + X.

n:
i = + Xi + i

i = 1, 2 ,..., n
34


.
.
:
1) i (i = 1, 2, ..., n) 0 (
) 2.
2) (i, j) i j
cov(i, j) = 0 i j.
.

.



n

2
i

i 1

a b ,
, n,

Yi' a bX i

i = 1, 2 ,..., n

. b
a ( ).

.
ei = Yi Yi'
.

35

e = Y-Y

(min):
n

i 1

i1

e2i Yi Yi min


.

4.4.

n

i 1

1 n
X Xi
n i 1
i 1

i 1

i 1

SS XX X i X

2
i

SS XY X i X Yi Y X i Yi

n
1 n
X i Yi

n i 1 i 1

36

SS
b XY
SS XX

X Y n X Y
i

i 1

i 1

Xi2
i 1

i 1

1 n

Xi
n i 1

Y a bX
X , Y
.
a

a Y bX
a b.
4.5.
r Pearson

br

SY
SX

, SX SY .


.

.

.
,
b r .
4.6.

n

SStot Yi Y

i1

37

SSreg Yi' Y

i 1

,
n

SSres Yi Yi'

i 1

SStot SSreg SSres

.

,
.
,
SSres 0 .
( b = 0) SSreg 0 .
n-2
S2res
.

.
4.7.





.

38

'
i

r2

i 1
n

Y Y

SSreg
SStot

i 1

.


.
r Pearson
.
+1 0.
+1
.

() ()
.
Y

79

85

91

96

100

102

105

107

110

116

8.0

7.8

7.5

9.2

11.0

10.5

11.4

10.8

9.7

11.8

, .

.

.

39



. ,

.

, , 2, 2
. 7 .
7.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Y
79
85
91
96
100
102
105
107
110
116
991

X
8.0
7.8
7.5
9.2
11.0
10.5
11.4
10.8
9.7
11.8
97.7

Y2
6241
7225
8281
9216
10000
10404
11025
11449
12100
13456
99397

X2
64.00
60.84
56.25
84.64
121.00
110.25
129.96
116.64
94.09
139.24
976.91

632.0
663.0
682.5
883.2
1100.0
1071.0
1197.0
1155.6
1067.0
1368.8
9820.1

SS XX , SSYY SS XY :
2

1 10
97.7 2
X X i = 976.91
= 22.38
10 i 1
10
i 1
10

SS XX

2
i

40

1 10
9912
Y Yi = 99397
= 1188.9
10 i1
10
i 1
10

SSYY

2
i

10

SS XY

10
1 10
97.7 x991
X i Yi X i Yi = 98201
= 138.03
.
10 i 1 i1
10
i 1

SS XY 138.03
=
= 6.167
SS XX
22.38

.

X

97.7
99
9.77 Y
99.1
10
10

a Y bX = 99.1 - 6.167 x 9.77 = 38.85

= 38.85 + 6.167

41


a 38.85
0 .

* = 10.2, *
* = 38.85 + 6.167(10.2) = 101.75
102 .
r2
Pearson.
n

n
1 n
x
y

(
x
)
(
yi )

i
i i
n i1
i1
i1

i1

2
i

(x i )2

i1

(y i ) 2

y
i1

2
i

SSXY
138.03

0.846
SSXX SSYY 4.73x 34.5

i1

r2 = 0.8462 = 0.716.
71.6%

.

42

5.1. &
( ) ,


, .
,
,
. ,
.
. , ,

.
:
S.
.
:
.
.

1. , :
S={, } , S.
2. : S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
o ={ } ={2, 4, 6}
3. : S={A, K} ,
.
4. ,
:
S1={, , , }
S2={, , , , , , , }

43

 ,
.

.. .
, .
( ) .
( A B )
,
.
( B )
.

.

. .
1 (a priori )
S
, ,
,

S, :

PA

,
.

44


, ={}
1
PA .
2
1
={ 3} PA
, ={
6
3
} PB , 3
6
6.

2 (a posteriori )

. ,
k
n .
, n
, :
P A

lim
n

k
n

300
:

1
2
3
4
5
6

51
54
48
51
49
47
300

51/300 = 0.170
54/300 = .0180
48/300 = 0.160
51/300 = .0170
49/300 = 0.163
47/300 = 0.157
1

={ 3} PA

48
0.16.
300

1
0.1666 1
6

n 300.
45

5.2.
, P(A)

0 P( A) 1
S ()=0 P(S)=1
( )
S ( ).
: = .
,

.
.
: ( = )
A B S.
.
:
P (AC) = 1 - P (A) AC
.
P (A B)= P( A B) PA PB , .

.

, , ,

PA B P A P B P A B

5000 :
.
:

46

2000

1000

3000

1500

500

2000

3500

1500

5000

i. (
).
ii. ( / ).

i. ={ } ={
}. , . :

P(A B) P(A) P(B)

2000 500 2500

0.5
5000 5000 5000

ii. ={} ={/ }.

, .
1000
. ,

P(A B) P(A ) P(B) P(A B)

3000 1500 1000 3500

0.7
5000 5000 5000 5000

.
:

P(A B) P(A B) P(A)P(B)

( )
.

47

, 0.14
Rhesus 0.15,
:

P(A B) P(A B) P(A)P(B) = 0.14 (0.15) = 0.021

Rhesus.

.

5.3.
5.3.1.
3
. = = :
S = {, , , , , , , }
.
: 3 .
0, 1, 2, 3. :
()=0
()=()=()=1
()=()=()=2
()=3
,
() S
{0, 1, 2, 3}.

, S
.
s S s.
.
48


M ( )
.

.

0,1,2,3
S 0, 1,
2, 3.

,
( )
.. ,
, sec .

0, 1, 2, 3.
1 :

( 0)

1
,
8

( 1)

3
,
8

( 2)

3
1
, ( 3)
8
8

1 3 3 1
1.
8 8 8 8

, x1, x2, xn ,

(=x1) + P(X=x2) + + P(X=xn) = 1

1.
49


x X (=x)

.

.

X
P X x 0
,
(P(X > x) P(X < x) P(x1 < X < x2)
x.

.

5.3.2.
( )
:
1.

n .

2.

,
.

3.

p,
.

4.

50

 n
,

: 0, 1, 2, 3,., n.
, 10

0, 1, 2,, 10 10
..
10 .

( B(n, p)),

P(X x)

n!
px (1 p)nx , x 0, 1, 2, 3,...,n
x!(n x)!

P(X=x) x n
. n!
n

n! = 1 x 2 x 3 xx n
1, 2, 3,, n. .. 2! = 1 x 2 =
2. 3! = 1 x 2 x 3 = 6. 1! = 1 0! = 1.

0.7. A
10

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

5 7

,
n=10 , p=0.7.
51

10!
10!
0.7 6 (1 0.7)106
0.7 6 (0.34 ) 210(07 6 )(0.34 ) 0.2
6!(10 6)!
6!4!

i.

P(X 6)

ii.

P ( X 9 ) P ( X 9 ) P ( X 10 ).

10!
0.7 9 (0.31 ) 0.121
9! 1!
10!
P(X 10)
0.710 (0.30 ) 0.028
10! 0!
P(X 9) 0.121 0.028 0.149
P(X 9)

iii.

P( X 2 ) P( X 0) P( X 1) P( X 2 ).

P(X 0)

10!
0.7 0 (0.310 ) 0.310 0.0000059
0! 10!

P(X 1)

10!
0.71 (0.39 ) 0.00013778
1! 9!

P( X 2)

10!
0.7 2 (0.38 ) 0.0014467
2 ! 8!

P( 2) 0.0000059 0.00013778 0.0014467 0.00159

iv.

P( 5 X 7 ) P( X 5) P( X 6) P( X 7 ). :

P(X 5)

10!
0.7 5 (0.35 ) 0.103
5!5!

P ( X 6) 0. 2
P ( X 7)

i)

10!
0.7 7 (0.33 ) 0.267
7!3!
P(5 X 7) 0.103 0.2 0.267 0.57

:
= np

2 = np(1-p)

,
: = 10(0.7) = 7 2 = 10(0.7)( 0.3) = 2.1.
, , ,
0, 1, 2,, n.

52

5.3.3.

.
I.Q. . ,

. ,
.


(, ). :

1
y
e
2

( x ) 2
2 2

:
3.14159
e 2.71828

2

.
(, 2).

:

53

1.
x=.
2. x= .
3.
.
4.
1 .

(, 2) .
, x
x1 x2.
.
,
.

= 0 2 = = 1.

, :

(0, 1).
Z (0, 1) (z)
, (Z)
(0, 1) .
, (, 2)
, ,

54

 (0, 1).
(0, 1) -1 .

( mn)
, ,
= 5mn = 1.5mn.
:
i)

4.25mn

ii)

6.5mn

iii)

3.5 7.25mn

i) x=4.25 (5, 1.52)

4.25 5
(0, 1). z
0.5.
1.5
4.25 z
0.5. (0, 1) (, -1)
0.3085. 30.85%
4.25mn.

6.5 5
1. 6.5
1.5
z=1. -1
z=1 0.8413. , z=1 1 - 0.8413 = 0.1587
15.87%.
ii) z

iii) z.

z1

3.5 5
1
1.5

z2

7.25 5
1.5.
1.5
55

 z2=1.5 -1 0.9332
z1=-1 0.1587. ,
z2- z1 = 0.9332-0.1587 = 0.7745 77.45%.

(0,1) z

(, 2)
1.

68.3% .
1 1
.

2.

95.4% 2

3.

99.7% 3

5.3.4. K t
t ( Student) ,
t
( )
.
t 0 > 1,
1.
1 . t
.
t .
> 30.
5.3.5.

0 .
t 2 ,
.
= 2 = 2.
2 (2.4.1.1.).
2 1
.

56

5.3.6.

1 2
.
2 F .
F 1 2
t 2 .

5.3.7. t, 2 F

(
)
, . ,
-2 t , ,
t, 0.10, 0.05,
0.025, 0.01 0.005. -3 2 ,
,
0.10, 0.05, 0.025, 0.01, 0.005 0.001. ,
-4 F , 1 2,
0.05 0.01.
1.

57

6.1.
n.
x1 , x 2
..., x1 , x 2 , x 3
X . X

.
(, 2) X
(, 2/n)
2/n 2
.
/ n .
, ,
,

n.
,
. , X
(, 2/n),

X
/ n

(5.3.3).
,
.
.. .
, .

. p
. n
f1

x1
x
x
, f2 2 , f3 3
n
n
n

. x1, x2, x3

58

. f1, f2, f3
X
X
f . f

n
n
p(1 p)
=p

n
=p
p(1 p)

, n
n
p 0.5.
,
Z

f p
p(1 p)
n

(0, 1).


.
X f p,
.
, , S2,
, 2,
.
6.2. -

( X , S2, f)
(, 2, p)
.
. ,
, 2 p
X , S2 f . , X , S2
f , 2 p.
. ,
,

X
. , ,
n
n,
.

59


.
,
.


. 0.95 0.99.

.
.. 0.99
, 100
,
99 .
p,

.
6.2.1.

.
n. X S
.

. 0.95
1-0.95 = 0.05
. 0.99 1-0.99 = 0.01
.

. , =0.05 =0.01.

:

X t/2

S
n

X t/2

S
n

X t/2

S
n

60

 t/2 t Student (5.3.4.)

/2 n-1 .
, 0.95 = 0.05 /2 = 0.025,
0.99, = 0.01 /2 = 0.005. , t/2
t (-2)
0.025 0.005 .

20 .
x 6.5 s = 1.1.
) 0.95
) 0.99
.

. n=20, x 6.5 s=1.1.
) 0.95, = 0.05 /2 = 0.025.
n - 1 20 1 = 19. -2 19
, 0.025 t/2
t0.025 = 2.093.
To X t / 2

6.5 2.093

1.1
6.5 0.515 5.99.
20

X t / 2

6.5 2.093

S
,
n

1.1
6.5 0.515 7.02
20

, : [ 5.99 , 7.02].
) 0.99, = 0.01 /2 = 0.005.
19 -2 t/2 = t0.005 = 2.861.
To 6.5 2.861

1.1
6.5 0.704 5.80
20

61

 6.5 2.861

1.1
6.5 0.704 7.20.
20

, : [ 5.80 , 7.20].

6.2.2.
,
p .
n x n-x
. ,
x
f . p
n
0.5 x x-n 20.
p
:
f z1 / 2

f 1 f
n

f z 1 / 2

f 1 f
n

f z1 / 2

f (1 f )
n

z1-/2 (0, 1)
1-/2. ,
0.95, =1 - 0.95= 0.05. , 1 - /2 = 1 0.025 =
0.975. -1 (0, 1) z0.975 1.96.
0.99, = 0.01 1 - /2 = 1 0.005 =
0.995. z0.995 2.58.

1000 400
600 .
) 0.95 ) 0.99
p
.

62



x 400
( ) f
0.4. , 1-f = 0.6.
n 1000
x = 400 n-x = 600 p 0.5,
p, f 0.4. ,
.

) 0.95, z1-/2 = 1.96.

:

f z1 / 2

f 1 - f
0.37
n

f z1 / 2

f (1 f )
0.43
n

, : [0.37 , 0.43]
) 0.99 z1-/2=2.58.
:

f z1 / 2

f (1 f )
0.36
n

f z1 / 2

f (1 f )
0.44
n

, :

[0.36 , 0.44]

1) p ,
, p, x f.
2) ,
.

0.95 0.99.
,
,
.

63

7.1.

,
, ,
()
, ,
.

.


.

( ) 0
. , ,
,
0,
.
, ,
. ,

. , ,
,

1 .
()

.

=0.05 =0.01 =0.001.

, t, F, x2
0 . ,
, .
0.
,
0 (
64

 .. SPSS),
( )
( ).
( ) 0
1, 0 .
,
.

7.2.

,
, :

( )
.

. =0.05,
.

( )
.

.

0. , ,
0,
. ,
.
0 1-.

. ,
.

.
7.3.

, n
x .
2 .
65

x ( )
0. , 0 1
:
:

0: = 0

1 : 0

X

/ n
. ,

(6.1.) z

(0, 1). 0
X 0
z

(0, 1).
/ n

. z z1 / 2 0 .
1.
z z1 / 2 z
z/2 z1-/2. 0
. , z
z1-/2 z/2,
0 1. 0
x 0
, 0.
0
=0.
z1-/2 z/2
Z (0, 1) (-1
).
, = 0.05 z1-/2 = z0.975 = 1.96 z/2 = z0.025 = -1.96. , = 0.05
1.96 1.96.

0. 1.96
0.025 1.96 0.025, .

66

 , =0.01, z1-/2=z0.995=2.58 z/2=z0.005=-2.58

(0,1). , 2.58 2.58 =0.01.

1 0
( ).
1 : 0
1: >0 1: <0.


z1- z.. ,
=0.05, z1-=z0.95=1.64 =0.01 z1-=z0.99=2.33
( ). ,
.
1: >0 1: <0.

67



,
, (0,1), :
X 0
z (.. z
) ,
/ n
.
.

0, . :

=0.05

: 1.96

: 1.64

=0.01

: 2.58

: 2.33

=1.2.
6.
, n=100
5.6.
.

=0.05.
. :
0: = 6
1: 6
, 0, :

X 0
5.6 6

3.33
/ n 1.2 / 100

z 3.33 3.33

=0.05 1.96.
3.33 1.96 .
68

 =0.01 2.58. 3.33>2.58,

0.
6 x 5.6
6.
(.. 1: <6) =0.05
1.64 =0.01 2.33.
3.33 , 0
1: <6.

7.3.1.

,
. ( )
,
s .
X
Z t (Student) n-1
s/ n
n .

X 0
s/ n

, t .
t t/2 n-1
. t t
n-1 . t ,
0, 1 .
t (-2
).

,
. ,
n = 20 x 5.8 s = 1.4.

6.

69


= 0.05 .
0: = 6
1: 6

x 0
5.8 6

0.64
s / n 1.4 / 20

t 0.64 0.64.
n -1 = 20 -1 = 19.
19 =0.05, t/2 = t0.025 = 2.093.
-2 t,
19 0.025. 0.64
2.093 0,
= 6. (1: < 6) 0.64
t = t0.05 = 1.729.
19 0.05. 0.64 < 1.729
0 ,
.

n>30

.
(6.1.). (5.3.4.)
30 t
.

7.4.

) , 12 22 ( 12 22 ).
, n1 n2 .

.
1 2 .
0 1 :
70

0: 1= 2
1: 1 2 ( )
0 ,

x1 x 2
1
1 n1 1s12 n 2 1s 22

n1 n 2 2
n1 n 2

t n1+n2-2 . x1 , s12
x 2 , s 22
.

n1 1s12 n 2 1s 22
n1 n 2 2

.
.
t/2. t t / 2 0
1. t t / 2
0. , 1: 1 > 2
1: 1 < 2
t t.

.

10 13 .
.


x1 =6.8 s12 1.1
x 2 6.3 s 22 1 .
= 0.05
.

.
,
. :
71

n1 = 10

n2 = 13

H0: 1 = 2

x 1 6.8

x 2 6.3

1: 1 2

s12 1.1

s 22 1

x1 x 2

1
1 n1 1s12 n 2 1s 22

n1 n 2 2
n1 n 2

0.5

1.163
0.43

6.8 - 6.3
1 10 11.1 13 11
1

10 13 2
10 13

n1 n 2 2 10 + 13 - 2 = 21.
, t/2.
= 0.05 21 ( -2) t/2 = t0.025
= 2.08. 1.163 < 2.08 0.
, ,
.
x1 x2

.

, ttest,
.
: n1 + n2 > 30. ,

( 12 22 ) . , ,
, n1=n2.
) )
21 22 , 12 22 .
, n1, n2 >30

x1 x 2
s12 s22

n1 n2
72

 (0,1). ,
z , 0
1. z
0 .
(7.3.).

, n1 = 40 n2 = 60
,
.
x 1 2.3 sec s12 0.8
x 22 3.5 sec s 22 1.9 .

= 0.01.

.

12 22 . ,

(). 30,
().
0: 1=2
1: 1 2 ( )

x1 x 2
s12 s 22

n1 n 2

2.3 - 3.5
- 1.2

-5.28
0.8 1.9 0.227

40 60

=0.01 , 2.58.

z 5.28 5.28 2.58

.
.
) )
21 22 ( 12 22 )
73

 .
,

x1 x2
s12 s22

n1 n2

t-
,

s12 s 22

n n
2
1
2

1 s12
1 s 22

n1 1 n1 n 2 1 n 2

n1 = 10 n2 = 15.

x1 x2
s12 s22

n1 n2

2.3- 3.5
- 1.2

-2.64
0.8 1.9 0.455

10 15

:
2

2
s12 s 22
0.8 1.9

n1 n 2
10 15

22.99
2
2
2
2
1 0.8
1 1.9
1 s12
1 s 22

9 10 14 15
n 1 1 n 1 n 2 1 n 2

23 23.
= 0.01 23
, 2.807 ( -2).
t 2.64 2.64 2.807 ,
.

74

 = 0.05, 2.069.
2.637 > 2.069
, 1 2.

7.5.

. n1, n2 s12 ,
s 22 .

12 22
.
0
0:

12 = 22

0 ,

s12
s 22

(n1-1) (n2-1) .
,

s12
s 22

1.
,
F

s 2A
s 2B

s 2A s12
s 22 s 2B .
F 1.
. F>F
0, . F
-4 F nA-1 nB-1 nA
s 2A nB
s 2B .
.

75



. , ,
.

.
.
10 11

. 1.3 2.1
. To =0.05.

0:

12 = 22

7.6.

s 2A 2.1

1.615
s 2B 1.3

=0.05 (10, 9)
F0.05 -4 3.1.
1.615 < 3.1
0.

.

7.4.

.

.
() ,
, I.Q., .
n
.
.
,
( n),
. ,
,
-
- .

76

.
() ()
.

,
,
.
(xi, yi) (i=1,2,,n)
di = xi-yi. x y xi yi d
di. : d = x - y .
1 2
d . : = 1 - 2.
d , ,
.
sd di.
: 0: 1 = 2 1-2=0,
:
0: =0
, ,
(7.3.) d. ,
0 ,

d
sd
n

t- n-1 .
. (0: 0) t/2.
t t / 2 0. t t /2
0 1. (1: >0
1: <0) t.

. 7
77

 . ,
.
:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

12
7
11
14
9
10
8

11
5
9
10
9
9
6

d = -
1
2
2
4
0
1
2

.
di
:

1
1 2 2 4 0 1 2 12
di

1.714

n
7
7

d
1
s
d2

n 1
n

2
d

1 2
12 2
1 2 2 2 2 4 2 0 2 12 2 2
1.57
6
7

, sd= 1,57 1.253

0: =0

1: 0 ( )

= 1 - 2 1 2.

d
1 . 714

3 .6
sd
1 . 253
7
n

78

 = 0.05 n - 1 = 7 - 1 = 6 ,
t/2 = t0.025 = 2.447 ( -2).
3.6 > 2.447 0 . ,

,

.
, .

7.7.

.
.
. ,
, .
n x
.
p
p 0 .
: 0: p p 0
0 ,

x 0.5 np
np 1 p0

(0,1).
(x+0.5) x < np0 (x - 0.5) x > np0.
z (

) 0 , .

p0 1/2
n > 25. p0 0 1 np 0 1 p 0 9 .

79


1000
. 1000 460
. = 0.05

.

p
. q q = 1-p.
p = 0.5 q = 1-p = 0.5.
:
0: p=0.5
1: p 0.5

x 0.5 np
np 1 p 0

460 0.5 1000(0.5) 2.5

1000(0.5)(0.5)

= 0.05, 1.96.
z 2.5 2.5 1.96 0.
0.5
0.5. ,
.
x+0.5 p x < np0. ,
x = 460 np0 =1000(0.5) = 500.

( ) 0.5 x
.

7.8. x2

.
.
, , .
80

 n ,
.

. i (i=1,2,,)
j (j=1,2,.. ,), (i, j), ij
, i j.
, ij
n ij . , (i)
ij

() i (j)
() j. , (i)
i (j)
j.
n (i) n ( j) .
j

ij ( ) .

---------------------------- ij ----------------------------

(i)

(j)

pij
i j. pi
i pj j.
(
5.2. ):

p ij p i p j

81

 . pi
(i)
( j)

pj

n
n
.
( ) ij
i j
.
( )

ij

(i)( j)
n

, ,
ij ij
.

x
ij

ij

ij

ij

0
1 .
0 (

ij

(i)( j)
) , x2
n

2 (-1)(1) ,
, .
, x 2 .
=0.05 =0.01 -3
2. x2 x 2
0 1. 0
.

x2
5.
, 5
20% 1.

82


500
: ) ()
)
. ,
, , .
:

KOE

50

53

49

II

90

91

89

III

17

21

40

=0.05
.

. , ,

.

50 (47.73)

53 (50.16)

49 (54.11)

152

II

90 (84.78)

91 (89.10)

89 (96.12)

270

III

17 (24.50)

21 (25.74)

40 (27.77)

78

157

165

178

500

83

. ..
152 x157
47.73
, 50.16
500
152 x165

.
500
:
0:
1:

x2 :
2

x
ij

ij 50 47.732 53 50.162 49 54.112

ij
47.73
50.16
54.11
2

ij

90 84.782 91 89.102 89 96.122

84.78
89.10
96.12
2
2
2

17 24.50 21 25.74 40 27.77

10.19
24.50
25.74
27.77
=0.05 (-1)(1)=(3-1)(3-1) = 4, -3
x 20.05 9.488 . 10.19 > 9.488
0
.
.
, ,
.

5.

7.9.
n1 n2 f1 f2
. p1 p2

,
.
:

84

0: p1 = p2
1: p1 p2 ( )
0 :

f1 f 2

1
1
p(1 p)
n1 n 2
(0,1)

n 1 f1 n 2 f2
n1 n2

(p1=p2=p)
.
.
(7.3.) =0.05, =0.01
. z ,
0, .


:
n1p 5,

n2p 5,

n1(1-p) 5,

n2(1-p) 5

, ,
200 300
. 20 37
.
=0.05
.

85


0: p1 = p2
1:

p1 p2 ( )

f1

20
0.100
200

f2

37
0.123
300

n1f1 n 2f 2 200(0.100) 300(0.123)

20 37

0.114 (1 - p) 0.886
n1 n 2
200 300
200 300

0.100 0.123
0.79

1
1
0.114(0.886)

200
300

=0.05. 1.96.
z 0.79 0.79 1.96 0 .
.
200(0.114) 5, 300(0.114) 5, 200(0.886) 5
300(0.886) 5.

7.10. Pearson
,
n
. r Pearson (3.2.)
.
,
,
0: = 0
,
-5 = 0.05 = 0.01,
,
. n-2 n
.

86

 r ,
,
, .
3.1.
r = 0.86 n = 15. = 0.05 15-2 =
13 , -5 (
0.025) 0.514. 0.86 > 0.514


1 : 0.

7.11.



0 : = 0

.


i (i = 1, 2, ..., n).

b
Sb

, , t
n-2 .
Sb

Sb

S2res
SSXX

( 4)

SSYY

S2res =

SS
XY

SSXX
n2

138.032
1188.9
22.38 = 42.20.
=
10 2

87

S2res
Sb
=
SSXX

42.20
= 1886
.
= 1.37
22.38

t
t

b
6167
.
=
= 4.5
Sb
137
.

= 0.05 n-2 = 10-2 = 8

, -2
2.306. 4.5 > 2.306


.

88

89

 -1. . z.
z
-3.5
-3.4
-3.3
-3.2
-3.1
-3.0
-2.9
-2.8
-2.7
-2.6
-2.5
-2.4
-2.3
-2.2
-2.1
-2.0
-1.9
-1.8
-1.7
-1.6
-1.5
-1.4
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0

0.00
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0026
0.0035
0.0047
0.0062
0.0082
0.0107
0.0139
0.0179
0.0228
0.0287
0.0359
0.0446
0.0548
0.0668
0.0808
0.0968
0.1151
0.1357
0.1587
0.1841
0.2119
0.2420
0.2743
0.3085
0.3446
0.3821
0.4207
0.4602
0.5000

0.01
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0013
0.0018
0.0025
0.0034
0.0045
0.0060
0.0080
0.0104
0.0136
0.0174
0.0222
0.0281
0.0352
0.0436
0.0537
0.0655
0.0793
0.0951
0.1131
0.1335
0.1562
0.1814
0.2090
0.2389
0.2709
0.3050
0.3409
0.3783
0.4168
0.4562
0.4960

0.02
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0017
0.0024
0.0033
0.0044
0.0059
0.0078
0.0102
0.0132
0.0170
0.0217
0.0274
0.0344
0.0427
0.0526
0.0643
0.0778
0.0934
0.1112
0.1314
0.1539
0.1788
0.2061
0.2358
0.2676
0.3015
0.3372
0.3745
0.4129
0.4522
0.4920

0.03
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0012
0.0017
0.0023
0.0032
0.0043
0.0057
0.0075
0.0099
0.0129
0.0166
0.0212
0.0268
0.0336
0.0418
0.0516
0.0630
0.0764
0.0918
0.1093
0.1292
0.1515
0.1762
0.2033
0.2327
0.2643
0.2981
0.3336
0.3707
0.4090
0.4483
0.4880

0.04
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0012
0.0016
0.0023
0.0031
0.0041
0.0055
0.0073
0.0096
0.0125
0.0162
0.0207
0.0262
0.0329
0.0409
0.0505
0.0618
0.0749
0.0901
0.1075
0.1271
0.1492
0.1736
0.2005
0.2296
0.2611
0.2946
0.3300
0.3669
0.4052
0.4443
0.4840

0.05
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011
0.0016
0.0022
0.0030
0.0040
0.0054
0.0071
0.0094
0.0122
0.0158
0.0202
0.0256
0.0322
0.0401
0.0495
0.0606
0.0735
0.0885
0.1056
0.1251
0.1469
0.1711
0.1977
0.2266
0.2578
0.2912
0.3264
0.3632
0.4013
0.4404
0.4801

0.06
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0011
0.0015
0.0021
0.0029
0.0039
0.0052
0.0069
0.0091
0.0119
0.0154
0.0197
0.0250
0.0314
0.0392
0.0485
0.0594
0.0722
0.0869
0.1038
0.1230
0.1446
0.1685
0.1949
0.2236
0.2546
0.2877
0.3228
0.3594
0.3974
0.4364
0.4761

0.07
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0006
0.0009
0.0011
0.0015
0.0021
0.0028
0.0038
0.0051
0.0068
0.0089
0.0116
0.0150
0.0192
0.0244
0.0307
0.0384
0.0475
0.0582
0.0708
0.0853
0.1020
0.1210
0.1423
0.1660
0.1922
0.2206
0.2514
0.2843
0.3192
0.3557
0.3936
0.4325
0.4721

0.08
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0009
0.0010
0.0014
0.0020
0.0027
0.0037
0.0049
0.0066
0.0087
0.0113
0.0146
0.0188
0.0239
0.0301
0.0375
0.0465
0.0571
0.0694
0.0838
0.1003
0.1190
0.1401
0.1635
0.1894
0.2177
0.2483
0.2810
0.3156
0.3520
0.3897
0.4286
0.4681

0.09
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0010
0.0014
0.0019
0.0026
0.0036
0.0048
0.0064
0.0084
0.0110
0.0143
0.0183
0.0233
0.0294
0.0367
0.0455
0.0559
0.0681
0.0823
0.0985
0.1170
0.1379
0.1611
0.1867
0.2148
0.2451
0.2776
0.3121
0.3483
0.3859
0.4247
0.4641

90

 -1 (). .
z.
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9278
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998

91

 -2. t

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807

24

1.318

1.711

2.064

2.492

2.797

25

1.316

1.708

2.060

2.485

2.787

26

1.315

1.706

2.056

2.479

2.779

27

1.314

1.703

2.052

2.473

2.771

28

1.313

1.701

2.048

2.467

2.763

29

1.311

1.699

2.045

2.462

2.756

30

1.310

1.697

2.042

2.457

2.750

40

1.303

1.684

2.021

2.423

2.704

60

1.296

1.671

2.000

2.390

2.660

80

1.292

1.664

1.990

2.374

2.639

100

1.290

1.660

1.984

2.364

2.626

150

1.287

1.655

1.976

2.351

2.609

200

1.286

1.653

1.972

2.345

2.601

1.282

1.645

1.960

2.326

2.576
92

 -3. 2

0.10

1
2.706
2
4.605
3
6.251
4
7.779
5
9.236
6
10.645
7
12.017
8
13.362
9
14.684
10
15.987
11
17.275
12
18.549
13
19.812
14
21.064
15
22.307
16
23.542
17
24.769
18
25.989
19
27.204
20
28.412
21
29.615
22
30.813
23
32.007
24
33.196
25
34.382
26
35.563
27
36.741
28
37.916
29
39.087
30
40.256
40
51.805
60
74.397
80
96.578
100
118.498

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.001

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.070
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307
19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410
32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773
55.758
79.082
101.879
124.342

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483
21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170
35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
41.923
43.195
44.461
45.722
46.979
59.342
83.298
106.629
129.561

6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209
24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566
38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892
63.691
88.379
112.329
135.807

7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188
26.757
28.300
29.819
31.319
32.801
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997
41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928
48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672
66.766
91.952
116.321
140.169

10.828
13.816
16.266
18.467
20.515
22.458
24.322
26.124
27.877
29.588
31.264
32.909
34.528
36.123
37.697
39.252
40.790
42.312
43.820
45.315
46.797
48.268
49.728
51.179
52.620
54.052
55.476
56.892
58.301
59.703
73.402
99.607
124.839
149.449

93

 -4.

F ( = 0.05)

: (1).
: (2).

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

161
18.
10.
7.7
6.6
5.9
5.5
5.3
5.1
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8

200
19.
9.5
6.9
5.7
5.1
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0

216
19.
9.2
6.5
5.4
4.7
4.3
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.6

225
19.
9.1
6.3
5.1
4.5
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3

230
19.
9.0
6.2
5.0
4.3
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2

234
19.
8.9
6.1
4.9
4.2
3.8
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1

237
19.
8.8
6.0
4.8
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0

239
19.
8.8
6.0
4.8
4.1
3.7
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.9

241
19.
8.8
6.0
4.7
4.1
3.6
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8

10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
242 244 246 248 249 250 251 252 253 254
19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19.
8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6
4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3
4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6
3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2
3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9
3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7
2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5
2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4
2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3
2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2
2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2 2.2 2.1 2.1
2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0
2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0
2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9
2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8
2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8
2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8
2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 l.94 1.8 1.8 1.7
2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7
2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7
2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7
2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6
2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6
2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6
2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6
2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6
2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3
1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0

94

 -4 (). F ( = 0.01)
: (1).
: (2).
1

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60 120

1 405 500 540 562 576 585 592 598 602 605 610 615 620 623 626 628 631 633 636
2
98. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99. 99.
3
34. 30. 29. 28. 28. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 26. 26. 26. 26. 26. 26. 26. 26.
4
21. 18. 16. 16. 15. 15. 15. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13. 13.
5
16. 13. 12. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.0
6
13. 10. 9.7 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.8
7
12. 9.5 8.4 7.8 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6
8
11. 8.6 7.5 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8
9
10. 8.0 6.9 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3
10 10. 7.5 6.5 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9
11 9.6 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6
12 9.3 6.9 5.9 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3
13 9.0 6.7 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
14 8.8 6.5 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0
15 8.6 6.3 5.4 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8
16 8.5 6.2 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7
17 8.4 6.1 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6
18 8.2 6.0 5.0 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5
19 8.1 5.9 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4
20 8.1 5.8 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4
21 8.0 5.7 4.8 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3
22 7.9 5.7 4.8 4.3 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3
23 7.8 5.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2
24 7.8 5.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2
25 7.7 5.5 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
26 7.7 5.5 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
27 7.6 5.4 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1
28 7.6 5.4 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
29 7.6 5.4 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
30 7.5 5.3 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
40 7.3 5.1 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8
60 7.0 4.9 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6
120 6.8 4.7 3.9 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3
6.6 4.6 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.0

95

 -5.
Pearson

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.988
0.900
0.805
0.729
0.669
0.621
0.582
0.549
0.521
0.497
0.476
0.457
0.441
0.426
0.412
0.400
0.389
0.378
0.369
0.360
0.352
0.344
0.337
0.330
0.323
0.317
0.311
0.306
0.301
0.296
0.257
0.231
0.211
0.195
0.183
0.173
0.164

0.997
0.950
0.878
0.811
0.755
0.707
0.666
0.632
0.602
0.576
0.553
0.532
0.514
0.497
0.482
0.468
0.456
0.444
0.433
0.423
0.413
0.404
0.396
0.388
0.381
0.374
0.367
0.361
0.355
0.349
0.304
0.273
0.250
0.232
0.217
0.205
0.195

1.000
0.980
0.934
0.882
0.833
0.789
0.750
0.715
0.685
0.658
0.634
0.612
0.592
0.574
0.558
0.542
0.529
0.515
0.503
0.492
0.482
0.472
0.462
0.453
0.445
0.437
0.430
0.423
0.416
0.409
0.358
0.322
0.295
0.274
0.257
0.242
0.230

1.000
0.990
0.959
0.917
0.875
0.834
0.798
0.765
0.735
0.708
0.684
0.661
0.641
0.623
0.606
0.590
0.575
0.561
0.549
0.537
0.526
0.515
0.505
0.496
0.487
0.479
0.471
0.463
0.456
0.449
0.393
0.354
0.325
0.302
0.283
0.267
0.254
96

97