Centre Theoretical Sciences

TATA INSTITUTE OF F U N DA M E N TA L

International

RESEARCH

PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL FOR ORGANIZING

Approximation methods in general relativity for gravitational-wave astrophysics

P . Ajith International Center for Theoretical Sciences, Bangalore, India

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Lecture 5

PROPOSED DURATION & POSSIBLE DATES

24th Chris Engelbrecht Summer School Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. 15 to 24 January 2013

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 /!2 adiabatic parameter !

Newtonian limit Adiabatic post-Newtonian approximations Non-adiabatic post-Newtonian approximations

Lecture 4: Introduction and overview

components approach the relativistic regime.

Successive levels of approximations start to break down at different levels, when the binary

post-Newtonian parameter

Perturbation theory (for small perturbations of the background geometry). If not, Numerical Relativity

v/c

Lecture 4: Introduction and overview

This lecture: Issues with adiabatic approximation, comparison with numerical relativity
simulations.

Example of a non-adiabatic approximation: effective one-body formalism. Combining perturbative calculations with numerical relativity. EOB-based approaches and
phenomenological approaches.

Coalescence of binary black holes

Inspiral

Merger

Ring down

Post-Newtonian theory

Numerical Relativity

BH perturbation theory

(Pic. K. Thorne)

h(t)

Binary-black-hole parameter space

extreme mass ratios

Black hole perturbation theory

??
mass ratio

PostNewtonian Theory

comparable masses

Numerical Relativity
sp (6 ins D)

orbital frequency slow motions, ultra-relativistic weak elds motions, strong elds

Modeling of compact binaries

Post-Newtonian theory Model the dynamics

Currently known up to (v/c)7 order. Spin effects up to (v/c)6. Effective one-body approach Map the two-body dynamics into one-body dynamics in the presence of an effective metric. PNbased approximation can be extended to closer separations (photon ring ~3M).

orbital separation (y/M)

and waveforms using perturbative expansions in v/c. Suitable for binaries at large separations. Breaks down at close separations.

[Pic. BCV (2002)]

approximation breaks down

orbital separation (x/M)

Modeling of compact binaries

Post-Newtonian theory Model the dynamics

PN

88

and waveforms using perturbative expansions in v/c. Suitable for binaries at large separations. Breaks down at close separations.

Centrella et al.: Black-hole binaries, gravitational waves, and

nd comparisons with PN analytical treatments, longer exactly using numerical methods. ave forms that start many cycles before the merger are sential. Great breakthroughs in recent Binary The Goddard group Baker, McWilliams, et years. al., 2007; 4 aker, van Meter, et al., problem 2007 produced the rst such is black-hole is solved. The field ng wave forms for equal-mass nonspinning black holes going through an explosive stage. arting 7 orbits or 14 gravitational-wave cycles be0 re the merger. They used improved initial conditions Can simulate binaries at arbitrary ith low eccentricity e 0.01 and focused on improving ccuracy whileseparations. the black holes traversed the relatively Computational cost prohibitive at -4 ng inspiral. large They separations. investigated the observability of ack-hole mergers with ground- and space-based avitational-wave detectors Baker, McWilliams, et al., -4 0 4 007 see Sec. VII.A and successfully applied their x/M ng wave forms to comparisons with PN results, focus[Scheel etal (2009)] for the merger of equalFIG. 13. Color online Trajectories g on the wave-form phases Baker, van Meter, et al.,
y/M

Numerical relativity Solve Einsteins equations

NR

mass nonspinning black holes computed by the Caltech-

Modeling of compact binaries

Post-Newtonian theory Model the dynamics

3088

Centrella et al.: Black-hole binaries, gravitational waves, and

and waveforms using perturbative expansions in v/c. Suitable for binaries at large separations. Breaks down at close separations. Numerical relativity Solve Einsteins equations exactly using numerical methods. to black holes die away as exponentially damped sinusoids (quasi-normal modes, QNMs).

Black hole perturbation theory Perturbations

Re(rM ) 4

and comparisons with PN analytical treatments, longer wave forms that start many cycles before the merger are essential. The Goddard group Baker, McWilliams, et al., 2007; Baker, van Meter, et al., 2007 produced the rst such long wave forms for equal-mass nonspinning black holes starting 7 orbits or 14 gravitational-wave cycles before the merger. They used improved initial conditions with low eccentricity e 0.01 and focused on improving accuracy while the black holes traversed the relatively long inspiral. They investigated the observability of black-hole mergers with ground- and space-based gravitational-wave detectors Baker, McWilliams, et al., 2007 see Sec. VII.A and successfully applied their long wave forms to comparisons with PN results, focusing on the wave-form phases Baker, van Meter, et al., 2007.4 Shortly thereafter, the Jena group simulated a binary inspiralling for 9 orbits 18 gravitational-wave cycles before the merger Hannam, Husa, Sperhake, et al., 2008. With this, they made the rst quantitative comparisons with both the PN phase and amplitude and quantied the level of error in the quadrupole approximation. They used higher-order nite differencing Husa, Gonzalez, et al., 2008 and initial binary parameters calculated using the PN approximation to reduce the initial eccentricity signicantly Husa, Hannam, et al., 2008, enabling a precise measurement of the wave-form phase. The Caltech-Cornell group currently holds the record for the longest and most accurate black-hole binary evolution, starting 16 orbits and 32 gravitational-wave cycles before the merger Scheel et al., 2009. Using their spectral code see Sec. IV.G, they begin with a very small initial orbital eccentricity e 5 105 and evolve with very high accuracy through a relatively long inspiral, then merger, and ringdown. The impressive trajectories of their black holes are shown in Fig. 13 and the accompanying gravitational wave forms in Fig. 14. Comparison of wave forms from different groups remains important in the push for higher accuracy and use in gravitational-wave data analysis. The Samurai project Hannam et al., 2009 sets the current state of the art for studying the consistency of black-hole binary wave forms. This effort focuses on comparing wave forms from equal-mass nonspinning binaries, starting with at least 6 orbits or 12 gravitational-wave cycles before the merger and continuing through the ringdown. They focus on comparing the amplitude At and phase t for the = 2, m = 2 mode of r4, dened as

NR

y/M

-4

-4

x/M

FIG. 13. Color online Trajectories for the merger of equalmass nonspinning black holes computed by the CaltechCornell group using their spectral evolution code Scheel et al., 2009. The circles ellipses are the initial nal coordinate locations of the apparent-horizon surfaces and the peanutshaped contour is the common apparent horizon just after it appeared. The black holes complete 16 orbits before merging. From H. Pfeiffer.

BH perturbation

r4,22t = Ateit .

35

The gravitational-wave frequency of this mode is then t. They compare the results from ve indepent = dent numerical codes: the moving puncture codes from the AEI, Goddard, Jena, and Penn State groups and the Caltech-Cornell spectral code. Figure 15 compares the gravitational-wave amplitudes and Fig. 16 the gravitational-wave phases as a function of frequency for the ve wave forms. Qualitatively, the results appear to be quite consistent. Quantitatively, they concluded that these wave forms have sufcient accuracy to be used for detection with all current and planned ground-based detectors.
C. Mergers of unequal-mass nonspinning black holes

hlmn (t)

Early in 2006, numerical relativists took the next step in opening up the parameter space of binary black-hole mergers by simulating nonspinning binaries with unequal masses. This added a new parameter, the mass
0.001 0.05
22

0 -0.05 1000 2000 t/M 3000 4000 4100 4200 t/M

Recall that the PN approximation is an expansion in powers = v2 / c2 and applies when the black holes are far enough apart that the black-hole speeds remain well below the speed of light. We refer to PN results by the order at which the series is truncated. For example, 2 PN means that terms of order 2 = v4 / c4 are retained. See Sec. VI for a deeper discussion of the PN approximation in the context of numerical relativity.

-0.001 0

FIG. 14. Color online Gravitational wave forms from the Caltech-Cornell merger simulation seen in Fig. 13 showing the = 2, m = 2 component of Rer4. The left panel shows a zoom of the inspiral wave form and the right panel shows a zoom of the merger and ringdown. From Scheel et al., 2009.

Modeling of compact binaries

Post-Newtonian theory Model the dynamics

[Berti et al 2009]
frequency of different modes

and waveforms using perturbative expansions in v/c. Suitable for binaries at large separations. Breaks down at close separations. exactly using numerical methods.

Numerical relativity Solve Einsteins equations Black hole perturbation theory Perturbations
to black holes die away as exponentially damped sinusoids (quasi-normal modes, QNMs). Frequencies & damping times of QNMs uniquely determined by BH mass & spin. Extreme-mass ratio inspirals known to (v/c)28 .

BH spin

hlmn (t)

Why analytical templates?

Practically impossible to perform NR simulations over all relevant regions in the parameter space Computational cost scales steeply with orbital separation, mass ratio and spin
Currently available simulations are with moderate orbital separations, mass ratios and spins

10

Constructing inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms for binary black holes

Numerical-relativity (NR) simulations are computationally expensive. Practically impossible to generate sufcient number of NR simulations nely covering the entire parameter space. Solution: combine NR with perturbative calculations to produce analytical waveforms describing the full coalescence.
Effective-one-body-based approaches Phenomenological approaches

The effective one-body +

2 p A ( r ) p r eff 2 H = c A(r) 1 + + D(r) M 2 c2 M 2 c2 r2 1/2 G2 p 4 + 2(4 3 ) 2 8 r 2 . M c r numerical-relativity approach

(II.5)

Map the two-body dynamics into one-body

dynamics in the presence of an effective metric.

and where the radial potential functions A(r) and D(r) appear [Buonanno & Damour] in the effective metric [97] D ( r ) 2 2 dr2 + r2 d 2 + sin2 d 2 . ds2 eff = A(r ) c dt + A(r) (II.6)

deformed Schwarzschild metric

[Buonanno, Damour, Nagar, Pan, ...]

12

The effective one-body + numerical-relativity approach

2 2 p A ( r ) p r eff 2 2 4 in front of H = c A ( r ) 1 + + =A r where we have neglected the factor D r 2 2 2 2 2 D(r) M c M c r 4 the term pr which would introduce PN terms than (II.5) 1higher /2 2 4 3PN order, but more importantly would cause the EOB G pr 4 3 ) 2 8 2 . gravitational frequency + to2( grow too M quickly c r near merger.

(3)

The real EOB Hamiltonian reads [13]

Map the two-body dynamics into one-body

dynamics in the presence of an effective metric.

andreal where the radial potential real functions A(r) and D(r) appear ^ r; pr ; pmetric H r; pr[Buonanno ; p Hthe  [97] & Damour] in effective

The Taylor approximants to the coefcients Ar and Dr Introduce adjustable parameters. Propose can be written as [13,14]

s   eff H  D ( r ) 2 2 2 2 M: (4) + M 1 2  dr + r2 d 2 + sin ds2 d 2 . eff = A(r ) c dt A(r) 

(II.6)

some ansatz for the mass-ratio (and spin) dependence of these parameters. Tune them against NR.

ai  Ak r ; i i0 r

k 1 X

Dk r

i0

k X di 

ri

(5)

The functionsUp Arto , D r, A Dk rPN; all depend on the k r and k=3, known from symmetric mass ratio  through the -dependent coefterms linear in known at cients ai  and di  [see Eqs. (47) and (48) in Ref. [22]]. all orders from perturbation The functions Ak r and D k r are currently known through theory 3PN order, i.e., k 3. During the last stages of inspiral and plunge, the EOB dynamics can be adjusted closer to the numerical simulations by including in the radial potential Ar a few adjustable parameters of the EOB dynamics. Notably, the 4PN coefcient a5  [20,22,23,2729,44] and even the 5PN coefcient a6  [31].1 To enforce the presence of the EOB innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO), Ref. [14] suggested using the Pade expansion of the function Ar. For Ar we employ the

13

where DL is the luminosity distance. We now summariz fundamentals of the EOB calculation of the trajectory; details can be found in [7986, 97100]. As usual, m1 an are the black hole masses, M = m1 + m2 is the total ma The effective one-body + numerical-relativity the binary, = m1 m2 /approach M is the reduced mass, and h = is the symmetric mass ratio. For a binary with negligible spin effects, the motion is Map the two-body dynamics into one-body conj. momenta ned to a plane and can be described in the center of ma dynamics in the presence of an effective r., The , pconservative r, p polar coordinates ( r , f ) dynamics is metric. coordinates captured by a Hamiltonian H EOB (r, pr , pf ). The trajecto Introduce adjustable parameters. Propose evolved according to Hamiltonseffective equations [98] Hamiltonian some ansatz for the mass-ratio (and spin) EOB dr H dependence of these parameters. Tune = (r, pr , pf ) , ( them against NR. dt pr EOB d f H Compute the EOB Hamiltonian. During = (r, pr , pf ) , ( dt pf inspiral-plunge, evolve the trajectories using Hamiltons equations. d pr H EOB = (r, pr , pf ) , ( dt r d pf = Ff (r, pr , pf ) , ( dt

rad. reaction The inspiral of the binary comesforce about due to the additi 14 equa non-conservative dynamics in the last of Hamiltons via the tangential radiation-reaction force Ff arising fro

The effective one-body + numerical-relativity approach RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

IMPROVED ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION

PHYSICAL REVIEW D [Damour 79, 081503(R) (2009) & Nagar 2009]

TICAL DESCRIPTION OF . . .

Map the two-body dynamics into one-body

dynamics in the presence of an effective metric.

Introduce adjustable parameters. Propose

some ansatz for the mass-ratio (and spin) dependence of these parameters. Tune them against NR.

0, a6 20 (to which correspond, 0:036 347, a2 1:2468). We a time unit. (the real part of) our analytical metric orm EOB 22 = to the corresponding

n NR (black online) and EOB-based (red online) m 2 met

where Q() is the Heaviside step function. The inspiral-plunge EOB waveform at leading-order amp tude in a PN expansion is determined from the trajectory r( f (t ) as [98] Equal-mass case: agreement between NR (black online) and EOB-based (red online) m 2 metric 2/3 Compute the inspiral-plunge waveform from 4GM h GM d f insp-plunge h (t ) cos[2f (t )] , (II. 2 3 c dt r(t) and (t). Lc FIG. 1 (colorDonline). Equal-mass case: a

Compute the EOB Hamiltonian. During inspiral-plunge, evolve the trajectories using Hamiltons equations.

between the moduli is at the 3 103 level; as late as time waveforms. where DL is the luminosity distance. We now summarize t t 3900, which corresponds to 1.5 GW cycles before fundamentals of the EOB calculation of the trajectory; mo 3 merger, thedetails agreement is better than 1 10 . The dis- m and m can be [7986, 97100]. As usual, [Damour &found Nagar in 2009] 151 crepancy between the two moduli starts being visible only are the black hole masses, M = m1 + m2 is the total mass specic values ais reduced 0, a6 mass, at 20 h(to just before the and just after merger (where it remains the 5 the binary, = m1 m2 /M and = w /

are note the black holesignal masses, M = to m1 + m2 is the total mass of the extra relative inspiral-only waveforms. D(r) ! 1 and the metric (II.6) reduces to the Schwarzschild the binary, = m1 m2 /M is the reduced mass, and h = /M metric.]1e-26 These coefcients are currently known through 3PN 100 1000 Fortunately, the recent breakthroughs in numerical relativis the symmetric mass ratio. Frequency (Hz) in [81]. Durorder (i.e., up to k = 3) and can be found ity a(see Sec. I B)negligible have revealed the nature the merger For binary with spin effects, the of motion is con-and ing the last stages of inspiral and plunge, the EOB dynamringdown phases of be BBH coalescences. While is infeasined to a plane and can described in the center ofit mass by ics can be adjusted closer to the numerical simulations by inble to use the NR simulations directly as search templates, inFIG. in 1: the Example the EOBNRv1 waveforms used in this polar coordinates (r, f ). The conservative dynamics is then cluding radial of potential A(r) a IMR pseudo 4PN coefcient sightsby gained from the simulations informed the developRAPID COMMUNICATIONS search for (25 + 25 M binary optimally located and and oriented captured a Hamiltonian H EOB (r, prhave , pf ). The trajectory is a5 (h ) = a5 h ,awith a5 a)constant. Here, we follow [81] x at IMPROVED ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION mentaccording of analytic waveform models. Currently, two main 100 Mpc in the time domain (top panel) and the frequency domain evolved toIMR Hamiltons equations [98] a5 = 60. We refer to this model, the rst NR-adjusted EOB paradigms exist in the construction of IMR waveforms. In the (bottom panel). The solid vertical lines mark the location of the TICAL DESCRIPTION OF . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW D 79, 081503(R) (2009) model implemented for a search of GW data, as EOBNRv1 . [Damour & Nagar 2009] Schwarzschild ISCO, which is the termination point for inspiral-only EOB approach, an effective-one-body description of the twodr H EOB Since [81] was published, more accurate numerical simuMap the two-body dynamics into one-body = with NR (r, p (II.3a) waveforms. r , pf ) , body problem is tuned simulations and then matched dt pr lations became available and moreEOB sophisticated EOB modQNMs to the quasi-normal modes of the BH ringdowns to produce dynamics in the presence of an effective els have been calibrated. This includes a different value of EOB d f H analytical IMR waveforms in time domain. In the phe= (r,the pr , p (II.3b) f), the introduction ofmodel a pseudo 5PN coA. Effective one-body metric. pf the NR waveforms are matched to a5 [8284, 86] and also nomenologicaldt IMR model, efcient a6 (h ) = a6 h [85], with a6 a constant. We refer to EOB PN waveforms to produce hybrid PN-NR waveforms which d pr H the second NR-adjusted EOB model implemented for a search = (r, parameters. pranalytical , pf ) , (II.3c) The EOB approach, originally introduced in [97, 98], proIntroduce adjustable Propose are then parametrized to produce IMR templates dt r of GW data, as EOBNRv2 . This most recent EOB template vides a PN-resummed Hamiltonian which can be used to in the frequency The EOB waveforms are spin) used as family d ansatz pf domain. some for the mass-ratio (and has been developed in through [103]; it its includes theand latest imevolve a binary system inspiral the nal =F , pinjected (II.3d) search templates and also as our de- provements r , pf ) , waveforms to test f (r [8284, 86] to the EOB model and also other redt plunge of the compact objects before they merge. This of these parameters. Tune tection dependence efciency. The phenomenological waveforms are used nements which to match highly-accurate NR (t ) trajectory canare be necessary used to generate a waveform hinsp-plunge injections and provide a check that our search pipeline can Thefor inspiral of the binary comes about due to the addition of them against NR. waveforms forbe a broad range ofamass ratios.hmerger-RD (t ) describwhich can matched onto waveform detect waveforms which are slightly different than our search non-conservative dynamics in the last of Hamiltons equations In order to assure the presence of a horizon in the effective ing the merger and ringdown of the resulting black hole, made templates. The next two subsections describe each of these via the tangential radiation-reaction force F arising from the f metric (II.6), a zero needs to be factored out from A ( r ). This Compute the Hamiltonian. During up of a superposition of the black holes quasi-normal modes. families of analytic IMR waveforms. basic PN expression of theEOB energy ux. Here we use a Keis obtained by applying a Pad e resummation [99]. The Pad e The two pieces are combined at a suitably chosen matching plerian Pad e resummation [101] of thethe energy ux as given inspiral-plunge, evolve trajectories usingresummations of A(r) and D(r) at pseudo 4PN order are deSince EOB waveforms are generated in the time domain, time1 tmatch to 0produce an inspiral-plungemerger-ringdown by Eq. (15) of [81]. More recent models have used more sonoted A4 (r) and D4 (r) [122], and the explicit form used in this Hamiltons equations. the presence of an abrupt starting point at a given low freEOB waveform [98] (red online) m 2 metric phisticated uxes, such as the r -resummation [102] and non-online) Equal-mass case: agreement between NR (black and EOB-based paper can be read from [81]. quencyux can models result spurious high frequency power. To mitigate Keplerian which describe non-quasi-circular efinsp-plunge merger-RD The merger-ringdown waveform in the EOB approach is) , these effects a tapering window was applied to the beginning h ( t ) = h ( t ) Q ( t t ) + h Q ( t t match match Compute the inspiral-plunge waveform from fects [82, 83, 85, 86]. built as a superposition of quasi-normal modes, [79, 98, 104] of the generated EOB waveforms [96]. (II.1) The form of the EOB (resummed) Hamiltonian is [97] r(t) and (t). FIG. 1 (color online). Equal-mass case: a N 1 s merger-RD i s ( t t ) n match , eff between the moduli is h at the (3 t) = 10 A3 (II.8) ne 0, a6 20 (to which correspond, level; as late as time waveforms. H EOB 2 n=0 Match the calibrated EOB inspiral-plunge H ( r , p , p ) = Mc 1 + 2 h 1 , t (II.4) r f , a 1:2468). 2 3900 , which corresponds to 1.5 GW cycles before 0:036 347 We 2 c where n is the overtone number of the Kerr quasi-normal

The effective one-body + numerical-relativity approach

3 . The diswaveforms with several QNM modes. merger, the agreement is better than 1 10 a time unit. mode, N is the number of overtones included in our model, 16 eff is the effective Hamiltonian [97, 99] where H (the real part of) our analytical metric crepancy between two amplitudes moduli starts being visible only and An are the complex to be determined by a match" specic values a5We dene 0, a ing procedure described below. sn wn i20 an , (to orm EOB just before and just after merger (where it remains at the 6 22 = to the corresponding 2 p2

n NR (black online) and EOB-based (red online) m 2 met

Phenomenological approach

Construct hybrid PN-NR waveforms by matching PN

and NR in a region where both calculations are expected to be valid.

PN

NR

17

computing the overlaps between hybrid waveforms structed with different matching regions. If the overlaps very high, this can be taken as an indication of the ustness of the matching procedure. A preliminary illuson of Phenomenological this can be found in Ref. [92], and a more approach iled discussion will be presented in [93].
0.3

C. Parametrizing the hybrid waveforms We propose a phenomenological parametrization to the hybrid waveforms in the Fourier domain. Template waveforms in the Fourier domain are of particular preference because (i) a search employing Fourier domain templates is computationally inexpensive compared

Construct hybrid PN-NR waveforms by matching PN

0.2 NR and in( a=region where both calculations are AEI 0.25) 0.1 expected to be valid. 0 0.1 0.2 2000 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 2000 0.2 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000
Time [M]
+

excellent agreement between PN and NR!

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400
PN Jena ( =NR 0.25) Hybrid

[P. Ajith 200 et al (2008)] 0

t1

matching region

t2

800

600

400

200

Z t2 the wave-zone it can be written in te umerical0.1 and post-Newtonian waveforms, and is crucial PN NR strain or comparison and matching. h ( t ) h ( t ) min dt, h = h+ ih as [65], Least square tting: t0 , '0 0 t1 are chosen to 18 The initial momenta of the black holes GW polarizations 0.1 t t orrespond approximately to quasi-circular (low eccenh
+

Jena ( = 0.22)

Phenomenological approach

Construct hybrid PN-NR waveforms by matching PN

and NR in a region where both calculations are expected to be valid.

Such hybrid waveforms can be constructed for each

mass ratio and spin, where NR simulations are available. [Ajith et al (2007), Ajith et al (2008), Ajith (2008)]

fully re-scalable with the total mass of the binary

19

ctor athe that reduces the23]. PN-NR amplitude di er- cormost robust [22, We include the 3PN amplitude cientsrange of a test-particle inspira parameter where current to the dominant quadrupole mode [30] and the 2PN test-mass-limit wavefor e NR rections waveforms are combined with the bestof this, The and the inclusion of spin-dependent corrections [29], which greatly improved the 1) we assume that the evolutio waveforms in the following way: hhyb (t) these and waveforms are expected agreement between PN and NR waveforms. For precessing ringdown is a continuation PN (1 Phenomenological ( t )) h t), and where h(tmomenta ) = h+ ( t) evolved ihof ) parameterization hybrid waveforms (taccording nals than the propos waveforms, ( spin angular are and 2) in templates the absence of a reli inearly from zero to one for t [t1 , t2 ]. to [28, 31]. the amplitude of the plu limit. imate However, since the para [P. Ajith et althe (2008)] P. AJITH et a al. We for match the PN waveform and NR binaries. waveforms by doing leastNevertheless, in templates non-precessing The Inspiral-merger-ringdown simulations is limited,test-mass we rec in the Fourier domain square t over time- and phase shifts between the waveforms, be dominated by the inspiral, veforms that we construct are written in the = 0.25 be used only in the regime q 10 and a scale factor ia that reduces the PN-NR amplitude di ermodelled by our waveforms. = 0.22 (f) in as h ( f ) A ( f ) e , where Also, tion these areappropriate meant mod ence [5]. The NR waveforms are combined with the best = 0.19to of the test-ma hyb matched PN waveforms in the following way: h (t) and ring ensures that the ar down ( Mwaveforms fGW > 10 3 i 7 / 6 vh) if f <h( ft1) = h+ (t) ih (t) parameter range where current f (t) hNR(1 + PN i i = 2 a ( t ) + (1 ( t )) ( t ), where 2 fring range where merger-ringdow 7/ 6 2/ 3 i 10 w (1 + ifrom izero v ) to ifone f1 <[t1f,2t2 ]. and linearly for f t2 Modelling the amplitude: m franges of this, and the inclusion of f = 1 merg apart from inspiral. wWaveform templates for non-precessing binaries. The these waveforms are expected if f2 f < f3 , r L( f , f2 , ) amplitude have examined the fai analyticalinspiral waveforms that we construct are written in the Wenals than the templates propos with PN corrections 7 i (f) Fourier domain , where plates in reproducing the hybr 3 as h( f ) A(kf ) e limit. However, since the para 10 t0 + 0 + 8 0 7/65 1 + (1) P3 v i k . R) simulations is limited, we rec N match (noise-weighted inner p ( > f v (1 + i=2 i v ) if f < fmerg 128 > r > k=2 > ge be used only in the regime q > r > e of the SNR due to the mism > m > P < 10 2 Also, these are meant 10 to mode 03 2/3 i 1 / A ( f ) / w f (1 + v ) if f f < f > m merg ring fM i4547 =1 i > the true signal is determined / f1 , v ( M f ) , = 1 . 1 . 8897 , = > 1 2 > and ring down ( M fGW > 10 H > B ( > > wn range > o on) template the whole bank cal 6557 (estimated from hybrid waveforms), C is a : w L( i d where merger-ringdow t 0 a g f , f , ) if f f n b r ring ring ri rtur apart from inspiral. pe dard criteria for templates use nstant whose value depends on the sky-location, 7the fai X We have examined 3 d the masses, = 323/224 + 451 /168 and which corresponds to a loss 50 k of Lorentzian2 (amplitude ( f ) 2 f t0 + '0 +in reproducing 1 + the v hybr (1) k . plates 5 of the dominant QNM) 128 v of the 20 Match and FF analyt 11 /6) are the PN corrections to the Fourier k =2 match (noise-weighted inner p 100 wavefo tude Above, of the f(0 = f2 2 mode) of the spin SNR hybrid due to the misma /,fm = , v ( M f )1/3PN , wave= 1 .4547 (unequal-)
2

A(fM)

sp ir

in

al (

PN
4

(fM)

[28, 31]. ctor a to that reduces the PN-NR amplitude diermodelled by our waveforms. parameter range where current We match the PN and NR waveforms by doing a leasttionand of the appropriate test-mas e NR waveforms are combined with the bestof this, the inclusion of square t over time- and phase shifts between the waveforms, hyb ensures that the waveforms are waveforms in the following way: h ( t ) these parameter waveforms are expected 10 and a scale factor a that reduces the PN-NR amplitude dierrange where current PN (1 Phenomenological (t))[5]. h The (t), NR where h(t) are = combined h+ (t) i hof ) bestparameterization hybrid waveforms (t ence waveforms with the nals than the templates propos of this, and the inclusion of t hyb matched PN waveforms way: h (t) limit. inearly from zero to one forint the[tfollowing , t ]. these waveforms are expected 1 2 10 However, since the 10 para NR PN a(t) h ) + (1 waveform (t)) h (t), where h(t) = h ih (t) fM [P.the Ajithtemplates et al (2008)] + (t) nals than propose templates for (tnon-precessing binaries. The Inspiral-merger-ringdown simulations is limited, we rec and ranges linearly from zero to one for t 2 [ t , t ]. in the Fourier domain 1 2 limit. However, since the param veformsWaveform that we construct are written binaries. in the 0 be used only in the regime q templates for non-precessing The simulations is limited, we reco in as hanalytical ( f ) A(waveforms f ) e i ( f ) ,that where we construct are written in the Also, be these to mod used are onlymeant in the regime q i (f) Fourier domain as h ( f ) A ( f ) e , where 50 3 Also,down these are meant to > mode 7/6 and ring ( M f 10 i GW ) P3 if f < f1 f (1 + i8 i /v and ring down ( M fGW > 10 = 2 0 7 6 i > f (1 + v ) if f < f range where merger-ringdow 7/ 6 i merg > 2 2/ 3 i i = 2 > Pf range where merger-ringdown w f (1 v ) if 7/+ 6 < i=10 2 21 if < f2 100 / 3 Modelling the phase: m i A( f ) C fmerg > wm f (1 + i=1 i v ) if fmerg f < apart fring from inspiral. > w > apart from inspiral. , r L( f , f2 , ): wr L( f , fring , if 3 ) f2 f < if ff f < f , ring cut We have examined fai We have examinedthe the faith 150 8 7 X plates in reproducing the hybr hybrid 3 k plates in reproducing the 3 = 0.25 k k . f) 1 + v (1) 5 t0 + 0 (+ 1 + v . (1) match (noise-weighted = 0.22 inner p k 128 v 5 match (noise-weighted inner p k =2 128 v = the 0.19 misma 200 of the SNR due to k=2 0 SNR due to the mismb Above, f f / fmerg , v ( M f )1/3 , 1 = 1.4547 of the the true signal is determined 10 10 Newtonian phasing 1 / 3 fM 1 .8897 , 2f= .8153 .6557 (estimated from the whole template bank calle the true signal is determined / f1 , v(Quadrupole ( M ) 1, =+ 11 .4547 1.8897 , hybrid 2 = waveformula) 1 PN-like series. Coefficients forms), C is a numerical constant whose value depends on the dard criteria for templates used the whole template bank cal 6557 (estimated from hybrid waveforms), C is a FIG. 3 (color online). Fourier domain magnitude (top) and determined from the hybrid sky-location, orientation and the masses, 323/224 which corresponds to a loss of 2 = (bottom) phase of + the (normalized) hybrid waveforms. The waveforms dard criteria for templates use nstant whose value depends on the sky-location, constant phase term and the term linear in time frequency) 451 /168 and 3 = (27/8 11 /6) are the PN corrections Match and FF (and of the analyti have subtracted from the phase. Symmetric mass d the masses, = 323 /224 + 451 168 and which corresponds to awaveform loss of to the Fourier amplitude of the ( `/ = 2, malready = 2 been mode) (unequal-) spin hybrid 2 domain ratio  of each waveform is shown in the legends. These 21 PN waveform t0 is the time to of arrival of the signal at Match using the Initial LIGO design n FF 3.5PN of the analyt 11 /6) are the [29], PN corrections the waveforms Fourier are constructed by and matching waveforms thethe detector and L ( f, fring , ) a the analytical waveform family with the long NR waveforms produced by hybrid the Jena group. 0 the (unequal-) spin wavefo tude of ( = 2' ,m =corresponding 2 mode) phase, PN wave4 2 1

(fM)

Map the phenomenological parameters in to the with spins written in terms physical parameter space:of the physical parameters of the binary as: ma ss d (7) were NR+PN rat 3 N 3 N io P P (i j) i j P P (i j) i j lim 0 0 (6) with it xk symm. mass , ratio M k = k + yk , (2) k = k + i=1 j=0 i=1 j=0 cted emphenomenological params n o sets (4) fmerg , fring , , k = f (m, , ) (i j) (i j) where N min(3 i, 2) while xk and yk are tabulated in inst more reduced spin Table I. total mass aveforms 0 0 f and f are the frequencies of the last stable We match these waveforms to 2PN accurate adiabatic inmass, nonLSO QNM spiral waveforms in the test-mass ! limit, where the recessing and the dominant quasi-normal mode, and( Q0 is0) the n such that, in the extreme-mass-ratio limit: reduce to: phenomenological parameters quality factor [33] FIG. of a Kerr BH with mass M and 1: Phenomenological parameters 2 and f2 computed fro e a set0 of 0 0phasing 0(dots), 0 analytical ts given hile are the (2PN) Fourier domain coe equal-spin hybrid waveforms and f ! f , f ! f , ! , ! k merg ring k ISCO QNM k . (3) umericaltest-particle inspiralling into the Kerr Test-mass BH [29]. limit is indicated by black traces. Eq. (2) (surfaces). e interval PN phasing coefficients and M the to ISCO frequencyis of a Kerr BH the symmetric mass ratio, the spin parameter, Freq & damping time of the t-mass-limit waveforms su er from two limitations: in the test-mass limit et signals with appropr. mass & spin dominant QNM mass. me that of the GWfmerg phase at hoose the the evolution , fring , the , kmerger acy, is with own a continuation of the adiabatic inspiral phase, 22 0 0 d by PNAbove, f and f are the frequencies of the last stable the absence of a reliable model, we approxLSO plunge QNM
n
tre ex e m

tch these waveforms to 2PN accurate adiabatic inveforms in the test-mass ( ! 0) limit, where the nological parameters reduce to: Phenomenological parameterization of hybrid waveforms 2 0 0 0 fISCO , fring ! fQNM , ! 0 , ! . (3) k k

m fring

IMPLICATIONS

Improved distance reach for massive binaries

[More in I. Mandels lectures]
SNR = 8 in Adv LIGO

0.2 0.1

h+

0 IMR Inspiral 200 400 600 t/M 800 1000

0.1 0.2

Significant improvement in the distance

reach for high-mass binaries.
[P. Ajith et al (2008)]

23

IMPLICATIONS
0.2 0.1

Improved parameter estimation

[More in I. Mandels lectures]

h+

0 IMR Inspiral 200 400 600 t/M 800 1000

0.1 0.2

Inspiral-merger-ringdown search helps to disentangle the correlation between different parameters.

24

M/M

IMPLICATIONS
10
0.2 0.1 0 IMR Inspiral 200 400

Improved
10

10

10

10

10 [More in I. Mandels lectures]

10
1

0.1 0.2

M/M x 100

Inspiral-merger-ringdown search helps to disentangle the correlation between different parameters. 3

10

1010

3 0

/ x 100
0

t0 (s)

t0 (s)

600 t/M

800

1000

deff/deff x 100

10

= 0.25 = 0.222 = 0.16

h+

10
10
2

= 0.25 = 0.222 = 0.16

10

10

10
1

10
2

10

10

10

10
1 2

10

10 10

10

M/M

sun

FIG. 2 (color online). Errors in estimating = 0.25 the total mass M 1 error in measuring the total mass of distance (bottom left), and effective d time of arrival t0 FIG. 2 (color online). Errors inright), estimating the total mass M (top left), symmetric mass = 0.222 2 BBHs 10 located at 1 Gpc (Adv LIGO) plotted against the total mass ofd the binary. errors ofthe M, cas , M (bottom right) in right), time of arrival t0 (bottom left), and effective distance = 0.16The eff value of the symmetric mass  is shown in the legends. The [Ajith &of Bose plotted against the total mass of the binary. The errors M(2009)] ,ratio , M 25 c , and deff are in percentag 33 p the dashed lines correspond to a search using 3.5 PN-accurate value of the symmetric mass ratio  is shown in the legends. The solid lines correspond to a ISCO. The binary is placed optimally oriented at an effective d
t0 (s)

10

[15.51] ms, and deff =deff 1:36 [5.24]%. Th 0 10 estimating the same parameters using Initial Enhanced LIGO detectors are plotted in Figs. 3 0 10 The rate of variation in the errors in different 0 parameter estimation 10 the parameter space can be understood by st

IMPLICATIONS
0.2 0.1

Improved parameter estimation [More in I. Mandels lectures]

dL = 1 Gpc
(10,10) M
1.5
Prob. density

(50,50) M
2 1.5

h+

0 IMR Inspiral 200 400 600 t/M 800 1000

0.1 0.2

1 1 0.5 0.5 0 2 10 10 ! " [sq. degree]

2

Inspiral-merger-ringdown search helps to disentangle the correlation between different parameters.

IMR

0 2 10

10

10

10

Adv LIGO - Adv Virgo Network:

Inspiral

Sky-averaged errors on sky-position and luminosity distance dL for equal-mass binaries producing SNR 10 (left) / located at 1Gpc (right).

[Ajith & Bose (2009)]

26

IMPLICATIONS

Tests of General Relativity

mg < 1.6 10

[More in I. Mandels lectures]

23

Constraining the mass of graviton Massive graviton will propagate with (frequency-dependent) speed < c, producing an observable signature in the GW signal.

eV

dL = 1 Gpc

7.8 1013 km (2.5pc)

IMR Inspiral

h(f ) = A(f ) e

i[

GR (f )

]
solar system bound

Compton wavelength of graviton

D 2 (1 + Z ) g

[Keppel & Ajith (2010)]

27

IMPLICATIONS Cosmology

[More in I. Mandels lectures]

Tracing structure formation

Properties of the first generation of BH seeds distinguish different models of structure formation in the early Universe. The proposed 3G detectors (ET / BBO / DESIGO) will be able to observe mergers of seed BHs ( 102 103 M ) at high red shifts z 10 . Unique information on the evolution of structures in the corresponding era.

[Sesana et al (2009)]

28

Summary

First direct detection of GW is expected in the near future. In order to make the first detections CBCs are among the most promising sources. Tw-body problem in GR. We can find different
levels of approximation to the problem that work at different levels. When the binary becomes more and more relativistic, approximations need to be replaced by more complex ones. (Newtonian gravity linearized GR post-Newtonian gravity BH perturbation theory & numerical relativity). calculations with numerical relativity. An area of active research.

as well as to understand the physics and astrophysics of GW sources, we need good theoretical models.

It is possible to compute accurate models of the expected signals by combining perturbative

29