Reynolds Transport Theorem

To help our understanding, picture a lump of fluid (red blob in figure below) as it flows. It always consists of the same particles of fluid, even though it may distort. It is not easy to track the dynamics of this material volume. If we were to follow this red blob as a free body in the flow, we would be attempting a Lagrangian analysis. This can be difficult, so we need to develop a manageable, tractable means of analysis equivalent to the Lagrangian analysis. Eulerian analysis is such a method.

Choose a fixed volume called the control volume (CV) in the flow, which coincides with the lump completely at an instant of time t. The CV at t now contains the same fluid particles that comprise the lump. At t+dt the lump moves along carrying with it its member particles. The CV now loses some of its old particles and some new particles flow into it in the region vacated by the lump.

Regions I, II and III represent the attributes of their contents. In the description below a red outline will indicate that the lump is being considered. The Free Body of the lump (FB) at t is I + II (both I & II are red at instant t, III is black at t) The Control Volume (CV) at t is also I + II FB at t+dt is II + III (both II & III are red at t+dt; I is black at t+dt) IIIt+t is the region occupied by those particles of the lump that have flown through the surface ACB of the CV. It+t is the region now filled by new particles moving into the CV through the surface ADB. ACBDA is the full control surface CS. Let M be the mass of the matter comprising the lump.

DM Dt

FB

= lim

t 0

( II + III ) t + t ( I + II ) t t

We can add and subtract the same thing from an equation without changing its value:

DM Dt

FB

= lim

( II t + t + III t + t ) ( I t + II t ) + I t + t I t + t t 0 t

By grouping items appropriately, we now have:

DM Dt

FB

= lim

( I t + t + II t + t ) ( I t + II t ) ( III t + t I t + t ) + lim t 0 t 0 t t

This equation represents:

DM Dt = Rate of change of the contents within the CV + Flux through the CS

FB

More specifically when speaking of Mass:

DM Dt = M within CV + flux through ACB + flux through ADB t

FB

where: flux through ACB will be positive since the vectors are essentially in the same direction v v [n v ] is positive flux through ADB will be negative since the vectors are essentially in opposing directions v v [n v ] is negative Therefore the equation can be written as:

DM Dt

FB

v v dV + u n dA t CV CS

Now, because mass is conserved:

DM Dt =0

FB

the resulting equation is:

0=

v v dV + u dA t CV CS

For 1-D Pipe flow:

CV is region 1 to 2

If no mass is created within the CV

dV = 0 t CV
and 0=

CS

u dA = u

S 2 u1 S1

Therefore

u1 S1 = u 2 S 2

or 1 u1 S1 = 2 u 2 S 2 if flow is compressible

Momentum
For momentum analysis, using the same derivation as above but substituting momentum for mass.

external

D ( Momentum ) Dt

FB

external

r r v v ( u ) dV + ( u ) u n dA t CV CS

For steady flows t is zero

2 p1 S1 R p 2 S 2 = u 2 S 2 u12 S1

There are similar equations for the y and z directions if there are contributions from flux and forces in these directions. Considering no shaft work, heat addition, and no losses.
( p1 S1 )u1 ( p 2 S 2 )u 2 = 1 1 3 u2 S 2 u13 S1 + S 2 u 2 g z 2 S1 u1 g z1 2 2

Simplifying the above equation using S1 u1 = S 2 u 2

p1 p 2 =

1 1 2 u2 u12 + g z 2 g z1 2 2
p1 + 1 1 2 u12 + g z1 = p 2 + u 2 + g z2 2 2

per unit volume

p1
per unit mass per unit volume

u12 p u2 + g z1 = 2 + 2 + g z 2 2 2

p1

2 u12 p2 u 2 + +z = + +z 2g 1 2g 2

each term has dimensions of height or head

Energy

For compressible flow:

& 1 S1 u1 = 2 S 2 u 2 = m
2 u2 u12 & & & & + g z 2 e1 + + g z1 Q + Ws + W pressure forces = m e2 + 2 2

where e is the internal energy per unit mass

& W pressure forces =

p1 S1 u1 p 2 S 2 u 2 or

& p1 m

& p2 m

2 p2 u 2 p1 u12 & +W & =m & Q e g z e + + + + + + g z1 2 s 2 1 2 2 1 2

Because Enthalpy H= E + pV and specific enthalpy h = e + p V specific or h = e + p

2 u2 u12 & +W & =m & Q h g z h + + + + g z1 2 s 2 1 2 2

Energy equation (assuming no losses)

& = DE & +Q W Dt

FB