Lecture - S. Y. B.

Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

STAGES OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:

SOURCE CONVEYANCE

TREATMENT STORAGE
CONVEYANCE DISTRIBUTION DRAINAGE OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT SOURCE
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ELEMENTS AND ACCESSORIES

The elements of a water distribution system include distribution mains, arterial mains, storage reservoirs, and system accessories.
1.

DISTRIBUTION MAINS. Distribution mains are the pipelines that make up the distribution system. Their function is to carry water from the water source or treatment plant to end users

2. ARTERIAL MAINS. Arterial mains are distribution mains of large size. They are interconnected with smaller distribution mains to form a complete gridiron system.
3. STORAGE RESERVOIRS. Storage reservoirs are structures used to store water. They also equalize the supply or pressure in the distribution system.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

4. SYSTEM ACCESSORIES.

System accessories include the following:

BOOSTER STATIONS. Booster stations are used to increase water pressure from storage tanks or low-pressure mains. VALVES. Valves control the flow of water in the distribution system by isolating areas for repair or by regulating system flow or pressure. HYDRANTS. Hydrants are designed to allow water from the distribution system to be used for fire-fighting purposes. METERS. Meters record the flow of water in a part of the distribution system. SERVICE CONNECTIONS. Service connections are used to connect individual buildings or other plumbing systems to the distribution system mains. BACKFLOW PREVENTERS. A cross- connection is any connection between a potable and non-potable water system through which a contaminating flow can occur. Backflow preventers, such as air gaps and vacuum breakers, are used to prevent flow through potential cross-connections.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

LOCATION OF MAINS
In general, mains should be located in such a way that they are clear of other structures should be adjacent and parallel to streets but not within roadways. Mains also should be separated from other utilities to ensure the safety of potable water and to lessen interference with other utilities during maintenance.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

LOCATIONS OF VALVE

The purpose of installing shutoff valves in water mains at various locations within the distribution system is to allow sections of the system to be taken out of service for repairs or maintenance without significantly curtailing service over large areas Valves should be installed at intervals not greater than 5,000 feet in long supply lines and 1,500 foot in main distribution loops or feeders. All branch mains connecting to feeder mains or feeder loops should have valves installed as close to the feeders as practical. In the areas of greatest water demand or when the dependability of the distribution system is particularly important, valve spacing should be of 500 feet. All buried small- and medium-sized valves should be installed in valve boxes. For large shutoff valves (about 30 inches in diameter and larger), it may be necessary to surround the valve operator or entire valve within a vault or manhole to allow repair or replacement.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

LOCATIONS OF FIRE HYDRANTS

Street intersections are the preferred locations for fire hydrants because fire hoses can be laid along any of the radiating streets. Hydrants should be located a minimum of 6 feet and a maximum of 7 feet from the edge of paved roadway surfaces. If they are located more than 7 feet from the edge of a road, then ground stabilizing or paving next to the hydrants may be necessary to accommodate firefighting equipment. Hydrants should not be placed closer than 3 feet to any obstruction and never in front of entranceways.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION LINES

The MINIMUM information that you should show on a water distribution plan is listed as follows: Locations and lengths of mains Sizes and types of piping materials Locations, sizes, and types of all valves Location of fire hydrants; meter pits; outlets on piers; elevated, ground, or underground water storage reservoirs; water wells; pump houses; and valve boxes, vaults, and manholes Capacities and heads of all water pumps in pump houses, including minimum average and maximum residual pressures at points of connection to municipal water systems Exterior sprinklers or fire mains, including indicator and main shutoff valves
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Depending upon their layout and direction of supply, distribution systems are classified as Dead End or Tree System Grid Iron system Circular and Ring System Radial System

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

DEAD END OR TREE SYSTEM

It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite pattern of roads.

Advantages: 1. Relatively cheap. 2. Determination of discharges and pressure easier due to less number of valves.

Disadvantages Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

GRID IRON SYSTEM:

It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout, where the water mains and branches are laid in rectangles.

Advantages: 1. Water is kept in good circulation due to the absence of dead ends. 2. In the cases of a breakdown in some section, water is available from some other direction. Disadvantages: Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is not possible due to provision of valves on all branches.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

CIRCULAR OR RING SYSTEM

The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub mains branch out from the mains. Thus, this system also follows the grid iron system with the flow pattern similar in character to that of dead end system. So, determination of the size of pipes is easy.

Advantages: Water can be supplied to any point from at least two directions.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

RADIAL SYSTEM

The area is divided into different zones. The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle of each zone and the supply pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery

Advantages: 1. It gives quick service. 2. Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

METHODS OF SUPPLYING SYSTEM:

Water can be supplied to the consumers by the following two methods. Continuous System Intermittent System

Continuous System:

This is the best system. Water is supplied for all the 24 hrs. The system is possible when there is adequate quantity of water for supply. Water is always available for fire fighting. Due to constant circulation water always remains fresh.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

Intermittent System:
If plenty of water is not available, the supply of water is divided into zones and each zone is supplied with water for the fixed hours in a day. As the water is supplied after intervals, it is called as intermittent system This system can not continue on long term policy due to following disadvantages: Consumer have to store the water for non supply hrs and stored water may get contaminated, or insufficient quantity of water stored may lead to insanitary conditions. In case of fire during non supply hrs, non availability of water may lead to sewer damage. Consumers leaves their taps open for every time, which causes much wastage of water. Bigger diameter pipes required to supply water required for whole day in limited period.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

If more water stored during non-supply period it is thrown off causing wastage of water. During non-supply period, the pressure in water mains falls below atmospheric pressure, thus create vacuum, which may induce suction of soil particles in through joints. Large no. of valves are required in maintaining this system, because they are to be properly operated while closing for maintenance This is system causes great inconvenience to the consumers, as they have to remain alert to collect the water during supply periods, especially from street stand posts or taps, where long queues is formed for this. This system dose not save water as required In this system water can be supplied in the high level localities with adequate pressure, by dividing cities into zone. The repair work can be easily done in the non supply hours.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

Advantages:

PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

When water enters in the distribution mains, the water head is lost due to friction in pipe, at the entrance of the reducers, due to valves, bends and meters etc. till it reach to the consumers tap. The effective head available at the service connection to a building is very important , because the height upto which the water can rise in the building will depend on this available head only. In multistory structures the following pressures are considered satisfactory. Upto three storey: 2.1kg/cm2 From 3 to 6 storeys: 2.1 to 4.2 kg/cm2 From 6 to 10 storeys: 4.2 to 5.27 kg/cm2 Above 10 storeys: 5.27 to 7 kg/cm2
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

While designing Distribution systems the following points should be considered

The main line should be designed to carry 3 times the average demand of the city The service pipes should be able to carry twice the average demand. The water demand at various points should be noted. The lengths and sizes of each pipe should be clearly marked on the site plan along with the hydrants, valves, meters etc. The pressure drops at the end of each line should be calculated and marked Min velocity of pipe should not less than 0.6m/sec and max velocity should not be more than 3m/sec
Diameter of Pipe o 10cm o 15cm o 25cm o 40cm Velocity 0.9m/sec 1.20m/sec 1.52m/sec 1.82m/sec
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF WATER STORAGE TANKS

To store the treated water till it is distributed to the city To absorb the hourly variations in the water demand and thus allowing the treatment units and pumps to work at the average constant rate. This will reduce operation & maintenance cost of treatment as well as improve their efficiency For meeting the water demands during fires In case of breakdown of pumps, repair the storage reservoir will provide water

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

STORAGE OF WATER IN BUILDINGS

In the buildings, the storage of water is required for the following purposes 1. For supplying the water to the consumers during non-supply hours 2. For reducing the maximum rate of demand on the water mains 3. For storage of watering during interruption due to damage, repair etc of the water mains 4. When the available head is insufficient to supply the water in each storey in multi storey buildings
The storage of water in buildings are constructed of cast Iron, wrought iron, galvanized mild steel plates or R.C.C. storage tanks. Storage tanks may be kept on the roof of the building or on the ground and should be water-tight. The tank should be provided with overflow pipe and drain pipe near the bottom to clean the tank. The storage tanks are provided with outlet pipes to draw the water.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

ESTIMATING STORAGE CAPACITY

The quantity of water to be stored depends on the following factors. a) Rate of supply of water from water works b) Type of building such as residential, public or industrial c) Whether water supply is continuous or intermittent d) Frequency of replacement of overhead tanks, during the 24 hours

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

As per IS 2065-1963 the storage capacities are given in the tables below:

Flushing Storage Capacity

Domestic Storage Capacities

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

STORAGE RESERVOIRS:
Underground Water Tanks:

Storing and distributing clear water. Constructed in stones, bricks, Plain or Reinforced cement concrete. Side walls are designed to take the water pressure when reservoir is full and take earth pressure when the reservoir is free. To obtain water tightness bituminous compounds are used in all construction joints. Should provide with RCC roofs. For aeration in water and going inside for inspection, pipes and stairs are provided respectively.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

6/21/2011

Overhead Tanks: When water is to be distributed at very high pressure. RCC elevated water tanks are very popular, because of

long life. Requires less maintenance Decent Appearance

Pre-stressed water tanks are economical. All tanks are provided with inlet, outlet, drain pipe, overflow pipe, water level indicator, manhole, ladder, lightening conductor. About 60 to 100cm wide balcony is provided around the tank for inspection and maintenance of the tank.

Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

ACCESSORIES OF RESERVOIRS:
Following are the various accessories which are commonly provided in the reservoirs

Inlet pipe - for the entry of water Outlet pipe - for the withdrawal of water Overflow pipe to prevent wastage of water the overflow pipe will be connected to drain. Float switch - to stop the pump when the tank is full Float gauge - to show the depth of water in the tank Wash out pipe - for washing out the suspended impurities in the tank Manhole for providing entry in the water tank Ladder to reach the top and bottom of the tank Vent pipe with steel mesh to allow fresh air circulation preventing the entry of birds.
Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011

TYPES OF TANKS
a) R.C.C TANKS: R.C.C tanks are very popular because 1) They have long life 2) Very little maintenance 3) decent appearance b) G.I. TANKS: G.I. tanks are generally rectangular or square in shape. Now a days G.I. tanks are not preferred because 1) Life of the tank is short 2) Corrosion 3) maintenance cost is more c) HDPE (High-density polyethylene) TANKS: Now a days HDPE tanks are very popular for storing less quantity of water and hence useful for residential purpose. The following are the advantages of HDPE tanks 1) Handling is easy because of light weight 2) Cheap in cost 3) Maintenance cost is low 4) Cleaning of tanks are easy Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID) 6/21/2011