Water is a necessity. It is conveyed from the source to the household through a system of pipes.

This is known as Water distribution systems.

The water distribution system is the network of pipes and fittings for conveying water to the
plumbing fixtures while the system of pipes and fittings for carrying off wastes is referred to as
sanitary installation
Water distribution systems for residential and commercial buildings are conveyed thru pipes, a PVC,
Cast Iron, or G.I. pipe. Hot and cold water is supplied to the buildings by a series of pipes connected
from the source under pressure to the building fixtures through a water line distribution system.
There are two classifications of piping: industrial and residential
Industrial piping is used to carry liquids and gases used in the manufacture of products. Steel
pipe with welded or threaded connections and fittings is used in heavy construction.
Residential piping is called plumbing and carries fresh water, gas, or liquid and solid waste. The
pipe used in plumbing is made of copper, plastic, galvanized steel, or cast iron

Pipes used for water line distribution systems may be classified as:
1. Steel and wrought iron pipe
2. Cast iron pipe
3. Seamless brass and copper pipe
4. Copper tubing
5. Special pipes such as PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), Aluminum and stainless-Steel pipes, and
CPV’C (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe, and PPR pipes.
Water main refers to the public sewer system along the streets or laid underground where the service to the
household is connected.
Connection of Pipes. Pipes are connected by methods dependent upon the material and the demands of
service. Steel, brass, or bronze pipes are normally threaded and screwed into coupling and fitting. Fittings are
used to join adjacent. lengths of pipes and to provide changes of direction, and branch connections at any
angle and to effect a change in size
Connections
1. Threaded connections
2. Soldered fittings
3. Connection by folded flanges
4. Solvent cement weld connections
Common types of fittings
5. Screwed fittings
6. Welded fittings
7. Flanged joints
8. Solvent cement weld connections
Valves
9. Gate valves
10. Globe valves
11. Check valves
12. Pressure reducing valves
13. Safety valves are valve specified by giving nominal size, material, and ride.
Kinds of pipe fittings
Elbow- are used to change direction of a pipeline to either 90 degrees or 45 degrees.
Tee- is used to connects three pipes.
Cross tee- is used to connect 4 pipes.
Coupling- are used to connect straight section pipes.
Reducer - used to connect straight section pipes of different sizes.
Nipples- are short pieces of pipes threaded on both ends and classified as close nipples and short nipples.
Plug- is used to close an opening in a fitting.
Cap- is used to close the end of a pipe.
Bushing- is used to reduce the size of an opening.
Union- are used to close systems and to connect pipes that are to be disassembled occasionally
Gate Valve - is usually chosen for locations where it is left completely open most of the time because it
offers the least resistance to the flow of water.
Check valve- are generally installed in pipelines to prevent backflow. A check valve is basically a one-way
valve, in which the flow can run freely one way, but if the flow turns the valve will close to protect the piping,
other valves, pumps et
Wye- is used to connect a horizontal drainpipe to a vertical one. It reduces the entrained solid at the
junction. It is also used to split branch lines. With a Wye, a line can be divided into two equal lines in two
different directions.