Definitions of Unit# 2

(1) What are the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0?

The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

and

(2) Define discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is b2 4ac. (3) Describe the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation. i. If b2 4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal. ii. If b2 4ac > 0 and is not a perfect square , then the roots are irrational(real) and unequal. iii. If b2 4ac < 0 , then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugate). iv. If b2 4ac = 0, then the roots are rational (real) and equal. (4) What are the complex cube roots of unity? The complex cube roots of unity are and

Properties of cube roots of unity

(a) Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other.

Solution

The complex cube roots of unity are Then = = = = = Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali

and

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= = = = = = = Thus, If = , then
2

and if

, then

(b)

Prove that the product of the cube roots of unity is one.

Solution

The complex cube roots of unity are Then Product = = = = = = 1 (1) ( )( )

and

Hence, Product of the cube roots of unity is one. Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 2

(c)

prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other.

Solution We know that

3

=
2

1 1

. So,

= thus,

or

each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. (d) Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero.

Solution

The complex cube roots of unity are 1, Sum = = = = = 0 1+ +

and

Hence, the sum of the cube roots of unity is zero (5) What are the roots and co-efficient of a quadratic equation.

Solution

and

are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b

are co-efficient of x2 and x respectively. While c is the constant term.

Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali

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Vii

Relation between roots and co-efficient of a quadratic equation. If Then, Sum of the roots = = = = = Product of the roots = ( )( ) + + = and =

= = = = = Formulas S = = P = = (6)Symmetric functions of the roots of the quadratic equation Symmetric functions are the function in which the roots involved are such that the value of the expression involving them remain unaltered. When roots are interchanged. Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 4

Some symmetric functions of two variables

are.

(i) If ,

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then

= =

Formation of a quadratic equation: Let and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then + = = Dividing (i) with a + x2 + x2 x2 ( + Or x2 (Sum of roots) x +Product of roots = 0 Or x2 S x +P = 0 Where S = + and P = + =0 + =0 + =0 )x+ =0 (i)

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(7) Synthetic Division

Synthetic Division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder , when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. (8) Simultaneous Equation A system of equations having a common solution is called a simultaneous equation. (9)Solution set of simultaneous equation

The set of all the ordered pairs(x, y) which satisfies the system of the equations is called the solution set of the system.

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Unit 3 Variations Definitions 1. Ratio

A relation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio. If a and b are two quantities then the ratio of a and b is written as a : b.

2. Proportion
A proportion is a statement which is expressed as an equivalence of two ratios. Symbolically the proportion of a, b, c and d is written as a : b : : c : d

3. Types of Variations
There are two types of variations (i) Direct Variations (ii) Inverse Variations

4. Direct Variations
If two quantities are related in such a way that increase / decrease in one quantity causes increase / decrease in other quantity then this variation is called direct variation.

5. Inverse Variations
If two quantities are related in a such a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases then this variation is called inverse variation.

6. Third Proportional
If three quantities a, b and c are related as a :b::b:c then c is called the third proportional.

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7. Fourth Proportional
If four quantities a , b, c and d are related as a : b : : c : d, then d is called fourth proportional.

8. Mean Proportional
If three quantities a , b and c are related as a:b::b:c then b is called the mean proportional.

9. Continued Proportion
If three quantities a , b and c are related as a:b::b:c then a, b and c are in continued proportion.

10. Joint Variation

A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables forms joint variations.

11. Define k Method

If a : b : : c : d is a proportion Let = =k =k Then a = bk and c = dk This method is known as k Method. Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 8 =k

12. Theorems on proportions

(1)
Or

Theorem of invertendo

If a : b = c : d , then b : a = d : c

If = , then =

(2)
Or

Theorem of Alternendo

If a : b = c: d then a : c = b : d

If = , then =

(3)
(i) (ii) Or

Theorem of Componendo
a+b:b=c+d:d a:a+b=c:c+d

If a : b = c : d then

If = then (i) = =

(ii) (4)
(i) (ii) Or If = then

Theorem of Dividendo
ab:b=cd:d a:ab=c:cd

If a : b = c ; d then

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(i)

= =

(ii)

(5) Theorem of Componendo Dividendo

If a : b = c : d then (i) (ii) Or If = then (i) (ii) = = a+b:ab=c+d:cd ab:a+b=cd:c+d

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