The problem of anger Gautama Buddha said on anger:

An angry person is ugly & sleeps poorly. Gaining a profit, he turns it into a loss, having done damage with word & deed. A person overwhelmed with anger destroys his wealth. Maddened with anger, he destroys his status. Relatives, friends, & colleagues avoid him. Anger brings loss. Anger inflames the mind. He doesn't realize that his danger is born from within. An angry person doesn't know his own benefit. An angry person doesn't see the Dharma. A man conquered by anger is in a mass of darkness. He takes pleasure in bad deeds as if they were good, but later, when his anger is gone, he suffers as if burned with fire. He is spoiled, blotted out, like fire enveloped in smoke. When anger spreads, when a man becomes angry, he has no shame, no fear of evil, is not respectful in speech. For a person overcome with anger, nothing gives light.("Kodhana Sutta: An Angry Person"(AN 7.60), translated from the Pali by

Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger)

to

Insight,

June

8,

2010

Anger, one of the core feelings, is a natural emotion that every human and many nonhuman animals experience. Gentle forms of human anger may include unhappiness, impatience or dislike. When we react to frustration, criticism or a threat in an appropriate way, though we become angry, it seems to be a healthy response. When anger becomes a full-blown rage or aggression and inappropriately expressed, our judgment and thinking can become impaired and we are more likely to react unreasonably and irrationally. Inappropriate expression of anger leads to many problems including violence in the society and at home. It may severe relationships between husband and wife, parents and children and in the society at large. The researcher intends to study the issue of anger that creates disharmony in the family situation and verify the effectiveness of Transactional Analysis so that the problem of anger among young couples can be resolved and thereby the whole society can be helped. 1. Meaning of the phenomenon

Anger can be defined as an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage or aggression. Emotions are the feelings or inner reactions that we may have towards the real or perceived incidents or happenings around us (Paul and Liz Griffin (2006) Anger How do you handle it?, Sovereign World: Lancaster p.20). Like other emotions, anger is accompanied by physiological and biological changes like the increase of heart rate, blood pressure and changes in energy hormones, adrenaline etc. (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles).Both external and internal events can cause anger. Anger may be directed toward a specific person or an event like a traffic jam, a canceled train, or anger could be caused by worrying about ones personal problems. Angry feelings can also be triggered by memories of traumatic or enraging events.

According to Videbeck, anger is a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation (Sheila L. Videbeck (2006) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (3rd ed.). Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins p.78). Some view anger as part of the fight or flight brain response to the perceived threat of harm. (W.Harris, Schoenfeld, C. D., Gwynne, P. W., Weissler, A. M.(1964), Circulatory and humoral responses to fear and anger, The Physiologist, London: Leonards Books p.155). Anger becomes the predominant feeling behaviorally, cognitively, and physiologically when a person makes the conscious choice to take action to immediately stop the threatening behavior of another outside force . (Raymond DiGiuseppe, Raymond Chip Tafrate,(2006) Understanding Anger Disorders, London: Oxford University Press, pp.133-159.(4)) The words annoyance and rage are often imagined to be at opposite ends of an emotional scale: annoyance at the low end and fury or murderous rage at the high end. Parker Hall says that it is not anger that is problematic but rage (Parker Hall, (2008), Anger, Rage and Relationship: An Empathic Approach to Anger Management , London: Routledge p.65). Rage is conceptualized as a pre-verbal, pre-cognition, psychological defense mechanism that seems to be present in earliest infancy as a response to the trauma experienced when the infant's environment fails to meet his/her needs. Rage is an attempt to call for help by an infant who faces frightening experiences and whose very survival feels under threat. As the infant is unable to manage the overpowering emotions that are activated and need older people to care him/her, and to assess what his/her needs are, he/she expresses rage. If the infant receives sufficient support in this way, he/she learns to process emotions. Rage problems are conceptualized as "the inability to process emotions or life's experiences" either because the ability to control emotion has not been sufficiently developed or because it has been temporarily lost due to some traumatic experiences.(ibid.).
Anger is deeply emotional outburst about unwanted situation, matter or other persons behavior. Antagonism is weakness of human nature. Furious behavior belittles the furious person. As a person maddened by fury of hard feeling, his composure becomes irritating. When angry nature becomes a habit, health of person is dangerously prone to risk for life. (http://health.wikinut.com/Why-Are-You-Furious-Why-To-Become-Angry-Over-TriflesAnnoyance-Is-The-Biggest-Enemy-Of-Health./12ns6o7e/)

2. Effects of anger 2.1 Health risks of anger: 1.High blood pressure; 2.Heart problems; 3.Persistent angry nature of man can cause anxiety, depression and psychological disorders; 4. Loss of appetite 2.2 Socially harmful effects of anger: Angry and furious attitude is not desirable at workplace, job or business. Relationship is adversely affected by furious nature of person. This will worsen economical condition of man. Wife and kids will tend to stay

away from angry person. (ibid.) Anger may lead a person to violent attack on others, destruction of property, murder and even suicide. Anger will disintegrate the society and jeopardize harmonious co-existence and endanger interpersonal relationships especially family relationships. Communal violence and political rivalry are accelerated by anger expressions of individuals. 3. Different expressions of anger The external expression of anger can be observed in facial expressions, movement of body and other physiological responses, and at times in public acts of violent behavior. Humans and animals for example make loud noise, attempt to look physically larger, gnash their teeth, and look intently. The associated behaviors seem to be designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior. (Desmond Morris (Ed.) (1967), Primate Ethnology, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Publishers, p.55). Aggression can be related to noise. It can be noted that when a person becomes aggressive, he/she shouts and makes noise. Aggressive people are always noisy. Or, the other way also is possible, noisy people are aggressive. (M. Rajamanickam (1999) Contemporary Fields of Psychology and Experiments, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p.229). Most of those who experience anger explain its stimulation as a result of something that happened to them. But many psychologists are of the view that an angry person can very well be erroneous because anger causes a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability. (Raymond W. Novaco (2000), Anger, Encyclopedia of Psychology, London: Oxford University Press p.72). Generally, the outcome of aggression is violence which is a form of destructive act that involves physical damage on persons or property. According to Gilula and Daniels (1969), aggression may be described as the assertive, intensive and attacking behavior. (Cited by M.Rajamanickam op.cit. p.83) Aggressive response seems to be the instinctive, natural way to express anger. Anger inspires powerful, often aggressive, feelings and behaviors, which allow us to fight and to defend ourselves when we are attacked. Therefore it seems that a certain amount of anger is necessary to our survival. (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles). On the other hand, laws, social norms, and common sense place limits on us and we find that we can't physically lash out at every person or object that irritates or annoys us. People use a variety of processes to deal with their angry feelings. There are three main approaches: 3.1 Expressing angry feelings in an assertivenot aggressivemanner is the healthiest way to express anger. Being assertive doesn't mean being forceful or demanding but it means being respectful of yourself and others.

3.2 Suppressing and then converted or redirected. This means that you are holding in your anger, stop thinking about it, and focus on something positive. The aim is to reduce or suppress anger and convert it into more constructive behavior. There is a danger in this type of response. If outward expression is not allowed, anger can turn inwardon yourself. It may cause hypertension, high blood pressure, or depression. Unexpressed anger may lead one to pathological expressions, such as passive-aggressive behavior or a personality that seems always cynical and antagonistic. People who havent learned how to constructively express their anger are constantly putting others down, criticizing everything, and making cynical comments. They aren't likely to have meaningful healthy relationships. 3.3 Calming down inside: This means not just controlling your outward behavior, but your internal responses are also controlled, taking steps to lower your heart rate, calm yourself down, and let the feelings subside. (http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx) Spielberger says: "When none of these three techniques work, that's when someone or somethingis going to get hurt. (ibid.) 4. Constructive Anger and Destructive anger 4.1 Constructive Anger: Anger can be seen as a natural mature emotion experienced by almost all human beings and it has some functional value for continued existence. It can be used as a motivating factor to alleviate injustice and wrong behavior, if used with much care and patience. It provides an opportunity to explore what is happening within us and thereby learn to behave in a more mature way. ( Cherian Mathew (2009) Be Angry and Sin Not IN Revive, vol.02 issue no.5 Hebron: Kumbanad p.8). Anger can also activate psychological resources for corrective action. It can mobilize resources and improve determination toward correction of wrong behaviors, promotion of social justice, communication of negative sentiment and rectify of grievances. It can also facilitate patience. (Raymond W. Novaco,(2000) Anger, Encyclopedia of Psychology, London: Oxford University Press p.73) Parker Hall conceptualizes anger as a positive, pure and constructive emotion, that is always respectful of others and it is used to protect the self on physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual dimensions in relationships. According to Hall, anger originates at age 18 months to 3 years to provide the motivation and energy for the individuation developmental stage whereby a child begins to separate from their caregivers and assert their differences. Anger emerges along with the development of thinking and therefore it is always possible to access cognitive abilities and feel anger at the same time. (Parker Hall, (2008), op.cit.) Citing Proverbs 14:17 & 29, June Thomas claims to say: God has designed anger as a healthy emotional signal to alert us when something is wrong within us or in our environment. (June Thomas (2009), Irrational Anger IN Revive, op.cit. p.17). 4.2 Destructive Anger: On the other hand, anger can be destructive. Anger, in its strong form, impairs one's capability to process information and to apply cognitive control over

their behavior. An angry person may lose his/her objectivity, understanding, good sense or thoughtfulness and may cause harm to others(Parker Hall (2008) op.cit.). Irrational anger may have harmful effects on nearly every area of lives including our profession, interpersonal relationships, physical as well as spiritual health. As our bodys nervous system gets aroused when we get angry, our thoughts become irrational. If we are unaware of these changes within us and allow them for free expression, our judgments may also be irrational and our relationships become severe.

5. Types of anger Psychologists recognize three types of anger: 5.1 Hasty and sudden anger - connected to the impulse for self-preservation. It is shared between humans and non-human animals and occurs when tormented or trapped. 5.2 Settled and deliberate anger - a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment by others. These two forms of anger are episodic.
5.3 Dispositional anger - related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions. Irritability, moodiness and churlishness are examples. (Paul M. Hughes, Anger, Encyclopedia of Ethics, Vol I, Second Edition, New York: Rutledge Press p.75)

6.Passive anger versus Aggressive anger.

6.1 Passive anger: Passive anger can be expressed in the following ways: 6.1.1 Dispassion, such as giving the cold shoulder or phony smiles, looking unconcerned, sitting on the fence while others sort things out, dampening feelings with substance abuse, overreacting, oversleeping, not responding to another's anger, frigidity, indulging in sexual practices that depress spontaneity and make objects of participants, giving inordinate amounts of time to machines, objects or intellectual pursuits, talking of frustrations but showing no feeling. 6.1.2 Evasiveness, such as turning your back in a crisis, avoiding conflict, not arguing back, becoming phobic. 6.1.3 Ineffectualness, such as setting yourself and others up for failure, choosing unreliable people to depend on, being accident prone, underachieving, sexual impotence, expressing frustration at insignificant things but ignoring serious ones. 6.1.4 Obsessive behavior, such as needing to be inordinately clean and tidy, making a habit of constantly checking things, over-dieting or overeating, demanding that all jobs be done perfectly. 6.1.5 Psychological manipulation, such as provoking people to aggression and then patronizing them, provoking aggression but staying on the sidelines, emotional blackmail, false tearfulness, feigning illness, sabotaging relationships, using sexual provocation, using a third party to convey negative feelings, withholding money or resources. 6.1.6 Secretive behavior, such as stockpiling resentments that are expressed behind people's backs, giving the silent treatment or under the breath mutterings,

6.1.7 6.1.8

avoiding eye contact, putting people down, gossiping, anonymous complaints, poison pen letters, stealing, and conning. Self-blame, such as apologizing too often, being overly critical, inviting criticism. Self-sacrifice, such as being overly helpful, making do with second best, quietly making long-suffering signs but refusing help, or lapping up gratefulness.

6.2 Aggressive anger: The symptoms of aggressive anger are: 6.2.1 Bullying, such as threatening people directly, persecuting, pushing or shoving, using power to oppress, shouting, driving someone off the road, playing on people's weaknesses. 6.2.2 Destructiveness, such as destroying objects, harming animals, destroying a relationship, reckles driving, substance abuse. 6.2.3 Grandiosity, such as showing off, expressing mistrust, not delegating, being a sore loser, wanting center stage all the time, not listening, talking over people's heads, expecting kiss and make-up sessions to solve problems. 6.2.4 Hurtfulness, such as physical violence, including sexual abuse and rape, verbal abuse, biased or vulgar jokes, breaking a confidence, using foul language, ignoring people's feelings, willfully discriminating, blaming, punishing people for unwarranted deeds, labeling others. 6.2.5 Manic behavior, such as speaking too fast, walking too fast, working too much and expecting others to fit in, driving too fast, reckless spending. 6.2.6 Selfishness, such as ignoring others' needs, not responding to requests for help, queue jumping. 6.2.7 Threats, such as frightening people by saying how you could harm them, their property or their prospects, finger pointing, fist shaking, wearing clothes or symbols associated with violent behaviour, tailgating, excessively blowing a car horn, slamming doors. 6.2.8 Unjust blaming, such as accusing other people for your own mistakes, blaming people for your own feelings, making general accusations. 6.2.9 Unpredictability, such as explosive rages over minor frustrations, attacking indiscriminately, dispensing unjust punishment, inflicting harm on others for the sake of it, using alcohol and drugs, illogical arguments. 6.2.10 Vengeance, such as being over-punitive, refusing to forgive and forget, bringing up hurtful memories from the past

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger)

7 Causes of Anger
Anger is aroused by conditions that threaten or seem to threaten ones well being including physical safety, comfort and welfare, plans and desires, pride or the things that he/she values and wishes to protect. Usually, those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result

of "what has happened to them". The angry person usually finds the cause of their anger in an intentional, personal, and controllable aspect of another person's behavior. This explanation, however, is based on the intuitions of the angry person who experiences a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability as a result of their emotion. According to Novaco, "Anger experiences are embedded or nested within an environmental-temporal context. Disturbances that may not have involved anger at the outset leave residues that are not readily recognized but that operate as a

lingering backdrop for focal provocations (of anger)." (Raymond W. Novaco (2000), op.cit.) More specifically, Paul & Liz Griffin portray the following causes for getting angry: 7.1 Injustice: Because of our inbuilt sense of what is right and wrong, our response to injustice may include anger. When we are disciplined or punished unfairly, or deceived by others, or hear of cruelty to pets and animals or injustice done to others, we become angry. 7.2 Betrayal: When someone in whom we place our trust betrays that trust which may include breaking of confidence, we feel angry. Most kinds of physical, emotional, spiritual or sexual abuse are betrayal, and we may feel angry towards those who abuse us. There can be anger against ourselves also for allowing such abuse. 7.3 Failure: We become angry when others fail to meet our expectations. Setting up of unrealistic expectations about ourselves or others, especially our life partner, children, parents or pastor may end up in anger. 7.4 Differences in personal values: Each individual holds personal belief systems and values. One may think rather arrogantly that others should share his/her own views and opinions and when others disagree or dont value things in the way he/she does, he/she becomes angry. 7.5 Frustration: Whenever someone or something seems to block our goals or when we find others are not co-operating with us and presume that they are deliberately trying to hinder us, we become frustrated and angry. 7.6 Rejection: When our inborn desire to feel accepted and valued as a person is not properly met, there is hurt and pain and we become angry. Especially when one is criticized in public, his/her feeling of humiliation and shame leads to severe anger. 7.7 Unhealed Hurts: It is very important to note that the anger one feels because of current circumstances often has its roots in his/her earlier experiences, especially because of its repression in the past. Parental injunctions, lack of fulfillment of basic personality needs, experiences of rejection in the childhood where the child was given no opportunity to resolve the anger felt at that time, traumatic experiences all have an influence on ones present behavior. Storing up of hurt and anger has a definite role for the inappropriate expression of anger. If one does not resolve the anger and pushes it down, re-enforcement is taken place in the subsequent instances and an emotional over-reaction is resulted and hence relationship problems are perpetuated. Ones failure to forgive and keep resentment and bitterness in hearts leads to accumulation of anger that may further lead to furious actions. (Paul & Liz Griffin 2006 op.cit.) Apart from the above classification, the following causes can also be added:

1.Extreme resentment against certain situation makes person angry. 2. Adversity of social, physical and psychological condition of person is root cause of angry behavior. 3. Dissatisfaction from career or social matters makes man furious. 4. Furious man has very low tolerance in facing trifles of life. 5. Over responsive, over perfectionist nature and poor emotional skill of person is contributing factor in development of angry situation. (http://health.wikinut.com/Why-Are-You-Furious-Why-To-Become-Angry-Over-

Trifles-Annoyance-Is-The-Biggest-Enemy-Of-Health./12ns6o7e/) 8 Anger as Neurosis According to Peter Brain, unresolved anger is like a time bomb, which can cripple our initiative, sour our relationships, make our preaching negative, cause us to blame and scapegoat others, and render us unable to receive encouragement from God or other people. (Cited by Cherian Mathew (2009), op.cit.). As mentioned above, unhealed hurts usually lead to aggression or rage and furious actions like homicide, suicide or violence that affect ones relationship with others and such seve re anger expressions can be a symptom of neurosis. Conflicts are inevitable and integral part of human life. But when conflicts become part of primary issues of life, it becomes difficult to face and resolve them. Karen Horney had developed a theory of neurosis whose dynamic centre is a basic conflict between the attitudes of moving toward, moving against, and moving away from people.
Because of his fear of being split apart on the one hand and the necessity to function as a unity on the other, the neurotic makes desperate attempts at solution. While he can succeed this way in creating a kind of artificial equilibrium, new conflicts are constantly generated and further remedies are continually required to blot them out. Every step in this struggle for unity makes the neurotic more hostile, more helpless, more fearful, more alienated from himself and others, with the result that the difficulties responsible for the conflicts become more acute and their resolution less and less attainable. He finally becomes hopeless and may try to find a kind of restitution in sadistic pursuits, which in turn have the effect of increasing his hopelessness and creating new conflicts. Neurotic conflicts cannot be resolved by rational decision. The neurotics attempts at solution are not only futile but harmful. But these conflicts can be resolved by changing the conditions within the personality that brought them into being. Every piece of analytical work well done changes these conditions in that it makes a person less helpless, less fearful, less hostile, and less alienated from himself and others. (Karen Horney (1945) Our Inner Conflicts: A

Constructive Theory of Neurosis, New York: W.W.Norton& Company. Inc. p.19) Though there are different levels of neurosis, when a person is neurotic, the difficulties in recognizing and resolving a conflict are immeasurably increased and he/she expresses uncontrolled reactions of fear and anger. These expressions need not be conscious always and the neurotic may blame others for the inappropriate expressions. Unconscious sadistic impulses are also added to a person with neurosis along with reactive rage. The unconscious nature of neurosis makes the effort to bring it to the consciousness of the person difficult. The result of unconscious nature of neurosis seems to be reflected in the irrational and inappropriate expression of anger. The

reactions of a neurotic to conflicts may involve violence or an action that involves destruction of objects or breaking meaningful associations including husband-wife relationships(Cherian Mathew op.cit.). According to modern psychologists, suppression of anger also may have harmful effects. The suppressed anger may find another outlet, such as a physical symptom, or become more extreme. (Simon Kemp, K.T. Strongman, (1995) Anger Theory and Management: A Historical Analysis, The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 108, No. 3., pp. 397-417). Los Angeles riots of 1992 can be cited as an example of sudden, explosive release of suppressed anger. The anger was then displaced as violence against those who had nothing to do with the matter. Another example of widespread deflection of anger from its actual cause toward scapegoating can be cited as the blaming of Jews for the economic ills of Germany by the Nazis. (John W. Fiero (1995), Anger Ethics, Revised Edition, Los Angeles: Erdmann p.108) However, some psychologists have also criticized the "catharsis theory" of aggression, which suggests that "unleashing" pent-up anger reduces aggression. (Burkeman (2006). AngerManagement.http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/jan/26/healthandwellbei ng.features) Research shows that people who suffer from excessive anger often harbor and act on dysfunctional attributions, assumptions and evaluations in specific situations. Control methods has been suggested by many including Seneca which is cited by Kemp as follows:
Seneca addresses the question of mastering anger in three parts: 1. how to avoid becoming angry in the first place, 2. how to cease being angry and 3. how to deal with anger in others. Seneca suggests, to avoid becoming angry in the first place, that the many faults of anger should be repeatedly remembered. One should avoid being too busy or deal with anger-provoking people. Unnecessary hunger or thirst should be avoided and soothing music be listened to. To cease being angry, Seneca suggests "one to check speech and impulses and be aware of particular sources of personal irritation. In dealing with other people, one should not be too inquisitive: It is not always soothing to hear and see everything. When someone appears to slight you, you should be at first reluctant to believe this, and should wait to hear the full story. You should also put yourself in the place of the other person, trying to understand his motives and any extenuating factors, such as age or illness." Seneca further advises daily self-inquisition about one's bad habit to deal with anger in others, Seneca suggests that the best reaction is to simply keep calm. A certain kind of deception, Seneca says, is necessary in dealing with angry people.

(Simon Kemp, op.cit.) The fact remains that a neurotic conflict in all its essential elements is always unconscious, compared to a normal conflict that can be entirely conscious and that the essential tendencies producing a neurotic conflict are deeply repressed and can be unearthed only against great resistancethe conflict can only be resolved by working at the neurotic trends involved. (Karen Horney op.cit. p.32)

It has been widely accepted that with therapy by a trained professional, individuals can bring their anger to more manageable levels. In this study, the researcher intends to use Transactional Analysis therapy with empty chair exercise to help individuals and couples to bring their anger to more manageable level by attaining a structural change in personality.

Bibliography DiGiuseppe, Raymond. Raymond Chip Tafrate,(2006) Understanding Anger Disorders, London: Oxford University Press, pp.133-159.(4) Fiero, John W. (1995), Anger Ethics, Revised Edition, Los Angeles: Eardmans p.108 Griffin, Paul and Liz. (2006) Anger How do you handle it?, Sovereign World: Lancaster p.20
Hall, Parker. (2008), Anger, Rage and Relationship: An Empathic Approach to Anger Management, London: Routledge p.65 Horney, Karen. (1945) Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory of Neurosis, New York: W.W.Norton& Company. Inc. p.19 Hughes, Paul M. Anger, Encyclopedia of Ethics, Vol I, Second Edition, New York: Rutledge Press p.75

Kemp, Simon. K.T. Strongman, Anger Theory and Management: A Historical Analysis, The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 108, No. 3. (Autumn, 1995), pp. 397-417
Mathew, Cherian. (2009) Be Angry and Sin Not IN Revive, vol.02 issue no.5 Hebron: Kumbanad p.8

Morris, Desmond. (Ed.) (1967), Primate Ethnology, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Publishers, p.55
Novaco, Raymond W.(2000) Anger, Encyclopedia of Psychology, London: Oxford University Press p.73

Rajamanickam, M. (1999) Contemporary Fields of Psychology and Experiments, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p.229 Schoenfeld, W., Harris. C. D., Gwynne, P. W., Weissler, A. M.(1964), Circulatory and humoral responses to fear and anger, The Physiologist, London: Leonards Books p.155

Thomas, June. (2009), Irrational Anger IN Revive, op.cit. p.17

Videbeck, Sheila L. (2006) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (3rd ed.). Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins p.78
(http://health.wikinut.com/Why-Are-You-Furious-Why-To-Become-Angry-Over-TriflesAnnoyance-Is-The-Biggest-Enemy-Of-Health./12ns6o7e/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles "Kodhana Sutta: An Angry Person"(AN 7.60), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight, June 8, 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/jan/26/healthandwellbeing. AngerManagement,Burkeman (2006).