FTTH-Fiber to the home & optical fibers.

Submitted By:
Nishant Gupta 1002731066 EC-d, III yr. A.K.G.E.C

Submitted to:
Prof. H.S. Siyan

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CONTENTS
1.Acknowledgement 2.Abstract 3.Introduction 4. Definitions 5. FTTH Theory 6. Types of Optical Network 7. Summary 8. References

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide SIYAN sir for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark. Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sister and friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.
NISHANT GUPTA EC-D 1002731066

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ABSTRACT
The growing popularity of the Internet is the key driver behind the development of new access methods which would enable a customer to experience a true broadband. Amongst various technologies, the access methods based on the optical fiber are getting more and more attention as they offer the ultimate solution in delivering different services to the customers premises. Three different architectures have been proposed that facilitate the roll out of Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) Infrastructure: Point-to-point Ethernet networks are the most straightforward and already matured solution. Different flavors of Passive Optical Networks (PONs) with Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA) are getting more widespread as necessary equipment is becoming available on the market. The third main contender are PONs with Wavelength Division Multiplexing Access (WDMA). Although still in their infancy, the laboratory tests show that they have many advantages over present solutions. In this report we show a brief comparison of these three access methods. In our analysis the architecture of each solution is presented. The applicability of each system is looked at from different viewpoint and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Keywords: Access Networks, Optical Networks, Fiber-To-The Home.

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INTRODUCTION
Introducing the fiber in the local loop was envisaged nearly 20 years ago. As the quality of the optical fiber was improving, efficient transmitters and receivers appeared, it seemed possible to build an access network that would be based on the optical technology. Due to the lack of active units in the light path the architecture of the system was simple, cost effective and offered bandwidth that was not, and still is not, possible to achieve by other access methods. However, the initial progress in the development of optical networks was slowed to a halt by economical and technological factors. The Internet was not as widespread then as it is now and customers were not ready to pay for the broadband access. It was envisaged that a narrow band Integrated Services Digital Network access would be sufficient for most of the users until year 2010 and only handful of business customers would need broadband access. Rapid progress in development of different types of the Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) technology and its widespread adoption in the nineties was another factor impeding the deployment of FTTH. As the average transfer rate of 6Mbps could be achieved over DSL, the cost of replacing existing copper infrastructure with optical cables was not justified from the economical point of view. In recent years there has been a new interest in access methods based on the optical fiber. A couple of major factors are behind the motivation to revive this powerful idea. From the social point of view the Internet has become phenomenally popular and the number of customers requiring broadband access and willing to pay for it is increasing steadily despite the slumps in the global economy. New services such as High Definition Television (HDTV) have been developed that require more bandwidth that can be provided by DSL or Cable Modems. Moreover, a further growth in the number of people requiring broadband access is forecasted. Much of the current development of broadband networks based on the optical technology has been achieved as a result of an active and stimulating role of governmental agencies. They are responsible for implementing policies that encourage the development of the broadband access networks as a way to increase the computer literacy amongst
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citizens. This is especially the case in Asian countries, where the penetration of broadband access is the greatest. The last factor is technological in nature. In the last twenty years huge progress has been made in the electronics as well as in the optical signal processing domain. High quality optical cables are generally available today, efficient light sources and receivers can be bought off the shelf at a reasonable price and there are electronic circuits that match the speed of the optical devices. The availability of components makes building a FTTH system not as costly as it used to be. Successful business models were presented which have shown that PON systems could give better revenue than access networks based on DSL or Cable access.

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DEFINITIONS
Fiber to the x (FTTX) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to replace all or part of the usual metal local loop used for last-mile telecommunications. The term is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, ranging from FTTN (fiber to the neighborhood) to FTTD (fiber to the desk) The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are:

FTTN/FTTLA (fiber-to-the-node, -neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet, possibly miles away from the customer premises, with the final connections being copper. FTTN is often an interim step toward full FTTH and is typically used to deliver advanced triple-play telecommunications services. FTTC/FTTK (fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, -closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises, typically within 1,000 feet (300 m), within range for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired Ethernet or IEEE 1901 power line networking and wireless Wi-Fi technology. FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system. FTTB (fiber-to-the-building, -business, or -basement): Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a multidwelling unit, with the final connection to the individual living space being made via alternative means, similar to the curb or pole technologies. FTTH (fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home. Passive optical networks and point-to-point ethernet are architectures that deliver triple-play services over FTTH networks directly from an operator's central office. FTTP (fiber-to-the-premises): This term is used either as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the fiber network includes both homes and small businesses.
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TYPES OF OPTICAL NETWORK

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The Benefits of Fiber to the Home Broadband Connections

More than 10 million homes worldwide already have fiber-to-the-home broadband connections because the technology holds many advantages over current technologies. A key benefit to FTTH -- also called FTTP, for "fiber-to-the-premises" broadband -- is that it provides for far faster connection speeds and carrying capacity than twisted pair conductors, DSL or coaxial cable. For example, a single copper pair conductor can carry six phone calls. A single fiber pair can carry more than 2.5 million phone calls simultaneously [source: Federal Communications Commission]. Experts at the FTTH Council say fiber-to-the-home connections are the only technology with enough bandwidth to handle projected consumer demands during the next decade reliably and cost effectively. The technology is already, affordable, as businesses around the world are demonstrating by getting into the business as they speculate on consumer demand. Fiber has a virtually unlimited bandwidth coupled with a long reach, making it "future safe," or a standard medium that will be in place for a long time to come [source: ICT Regulation Toolkit]. The greatly enhanced bandwidth, however, costs about the same as current technologies. According to the FTTH Council, cable companies spent about $84 billion to wire households a decade ago, but it costs even less in today's dollars to wire those houses with FTTH technology. FTTH will be able to handle even the futuristic Internet uses some experts see coming. Technologies such as 3D holographic high definition television and games will someday be everyday items in households around the world. FTTH will be able to handle the estimated 30gigabyte-per-second needs of such equipment. Current technologies can't come close. The FTTH broadband connection will spark the creation of products not yet dreamed of as they open new possibilities for data transmission rate. Using the past as a guide, think what items that now seem commonplace
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were not even on the drawing board five or 10 years ago. FTTH broadband connections will inspire new products and services and could open entire new sectors in the business world, experts at the FTTH Council say. FTTH broadband connections also will allow consumers to "bundle" their communications services. For instance, a consumer could receive telephone, video, audio, television and just about any other kind of digital data stream using a simple FTTH broadband connection. Such an arrangement would be more cost effective and simpler than receiving those services via different lines, as is often the case today.

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7. SUMMARY
In this report the comparison of the main FTTH architectures has been presented. The common features as well as the differences between three main architectures were outlined. We showed that although point-topoint Ethernet optical networks have many advantages their development could be more expensive in the long run that the potential benefits. It is envisaged that, in the nearest future, access based on the PONs will be dominant. Primarily because this technology is maturing fast, it allows the total cost to be shared amongst a larger number of customers. It is predicted that as a number of available HDTV channels grows even more bandwidth will be required. This could provide an incentive to quicken the development of FTTH networks based on WDMA mode and significantly reduce their time to market. Despite being in the laboratory phase, this technology might become available on the market in the next couple of years. In comparison with other access technologies such as DSL or Cable, FTTH offers much bigger bandwidth. The main obstacles faced by network operators are the prohibitive costs of the rolling out the infrastructure. The massive roll out of FTTH infrastructure in nearest future is difficult to anticipate in current conditions. The high penetration of existing services and lack of new killer applications, that would increase the demand for bandwidth, and slower than expected start of HDTV can be named as major obstacles.

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8.REFERENCES
1. www.wikipedia.com 2. Magazine- FIBERDK APS 3. www.fsanweb.org 4. www.ist-nobel.org 5. www.ist-muse.org 6. www.ponforum.com 7. Broadband Optical Access Network and Fiber to the Home Wiley publications

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