1.

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.
.
.
2.
.
.
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.

1. A
t N
r
P
r
N P
F =

t
r
F
N P
P =
=
A
At

P.S.
N
P

= r=
A t P
2. l
m V x

A
r
1 P = mV = 2mV x
2 A t =

2l

Vx

Vx
A

Vx
l

r
F
2 mV x
mV x2
P
3 P = =
=
=
A A t l 2 2l
V
Vx


t A

3.

P=
=

mV12x mV 22x
mV Nx2
+
+ LL +
V
V
V
mN V12x + V 22x + LL + V Nx2
mN 2

=
Vx
V
N
V
y
l

vy

vx
x

vz
vy

vx

z
z
z

4.

V12 = V1x2 + V12y + V12z

V 22 = V22x + V 22y + V 22z

M
M
+ N

M
M

M
M

V N2 = V Nx2 + V Ny2 + V Nz2

2
Vi 2 Vix2 V iy Viz2
=
+
+
N
N
N
N

V 2 = V x2 + V y2 + V z2
xyz
1
V x2 = V y2 = V z2 = V 2
3

 PV = NkT

PV
1
= kT = m V
N
3

mN 2
Vx
V

-P=

1
3

V x2 = V 2

2
Ek
3

1 E k
N m Vi

1
mVi 2
2

E
=
N

ki

V i2
1
1
=
m
=
mV
2
N
2

3
kT
2

E k = N E k =

3
3
3
NkT =
nRT =
PV
2
2
2

P( Nt ) V ( m ) E(Joule)
3

m2

6.64 10 27 10 23
60 o 2 10 4
10 3
3.32 10 3

Nt
m2

v
v
60 o

60 o

A
v
60

60 o

60 o v = v
r
N P N m v
P =
=
At
At
10 23 6.64 10 27 10 3
2 10 4 1
Nt
= 3.32 10 3 2
m
P =

v m
n

 2nmv 2 cos 2

v
t=0
A
t=t
V

l = vt

A
A
v = 2v cos
b

a A t l = vt
V = l A = Av t
t N = nV = nAv t
b v = 2v cos
c A A A =

A
cos

r
N P Nm v (nAv t ) m (2v cos )
P=
=
=
= 2nmv 2 cos 2
A
At
At
t
cos

a 27 10 23
b 12710
c 2.0atm 10
a620 Joule
a E k =

b 4.99 10 4 Joule

3
3
NkT = 10 23 1.38 10 23 300 620 Joule
2
2

b E k =

3
3
nRT = 10 8.317 400 4.99 10 4 Joule
2
2

c E k =

3
3
Nt
PV = (2. 0 1.013 10 5 2 ) (10 10 3 m3 )
2
2
m

3.0 10 3 Joule

c 3.0 10 3 Joule

1.
T
1 E k =

3
kT
2

3
3
N 0 kT = RT
2
2

2 N 0 E k =

3
- 11K k
2
3
R
2

- E = E k
E k
3
5
E = E k
5
3
3
7
E = E k
7
3
1
2.root-mean-square speed
E k

Vrms =

Vi 2
= V2 =
N

3kT
=
m

3 RT
=
M

3PV
=
Nm

3P

Mkg

kg

m3

a5 100200300400500 m
b 27 O2
c 2.5 10 3 atm 1.0 10 4
a 330 m s

b 480 m s

c 2.8 10 3 m s

kg
m3

V rms =

V i 2
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2
=
100 330 m s
5
N

b V rms =
V rms =

3 8.317 300
480 m s
32 10 3

c V rms =
V rms =

3RT
O2 32 10 3 kg
M

3P
P Nt 2
m

3 2.5 10 3 1.013 10 5
2.8 10 3 m s
4
1.0 10

3P
T

M P
3.
1 P = m V rms = 3mkT
r
2 Pi = 0

4.

1 E ki N i
N 1 E k1

N2 E k2

N 1 E k1 + N 2 E k 2 = ( N 1 + N 2 )E k

N i E ki ni E ki
=
N i
ni
2 Ti ni
Ek =

n1 T1

n2 T 2

3
3
3
n1 RT1 + n 2 RT2 = ( n1 + n2 ) RT
2
2
2
n T
T= i i
n i

3 Pi Vi

P1 V 1

P2 V 2

3
3
3
P1V1 + P2V 2 = (V 1+V2 ) P
2
2
2
P V
P= i i
Vi

4
N i Vi

N1 V 1

N 2 V 2

N1

1
1
1
mV12 + N 2 mV 22 = ( N 1 + N 2 ) mV 2
2
2
2

V=

N i Vi 2
=
N i

niVi 2
N i

-
HeNe
N1 m 1 V 1

N1

N 2 m2 V 2

1
1
m1V12 + N 2 m2V22
1
1
2
2
= m1V1 2 = m2V2 2
N1 + N 2
2
2
N i miVi 2
m i N i

Vi =

1
2 2

b 2

c 2

N
P
P
P
= r

A t P
3mkT
T
1
N
1
T LL 2 P LL

LL

A t
2
2 2

b V rms =

3kT
T
m

T LL 2 V rms LL 2

3
nRT T
T LL 2 NE k LL 2
2

A
B
n A n B
a TA TB
V
2V

nA
nB
b PA PB

c V A V B
c NE k =

n AT A + n B TB
nA + nB

PA + 2 PB
3

n AV A2 + n BV B2
nA + nB

3
3
3
n T + nB T B
a n A RT A + n B RTB = ( n A + n B ) RT T = A A
2
2
2
n A + nB
3
3
3
P + 2 PB
b PAV + PB (2V ) = P (V + 2V ) P = A
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
c n A mV A2 + n B mV B2 = (n A + n B ) mV 2
2
2
2
V=

n AV A2 + n B VB2
n A + nB

V 150K 2V 450K

270K
1 n =

PV V

RT T

V 2V
:
= 3: 2
150 450
n T + n2T2 3 150 + 2 450
=
2 T = 1 1
= 270
n1 + n2
3+ 2
n1 : n 2 =