TEAM LEADER-ABHISHEK AGARWAL REGISTRATION NO.-1012 CONTACT NO.-7275703638 STUDENT NO.

-1021089 BRANCH/YEAR-EN/2nd

MEMBERS1.ANJALI MAHAJAN 2.KAMAL MITTAL

BICYCLE LIGHTING-DYNAMO SYSTEM

Electrical system
Batteries rechargeable, are often used to power electric bicycle lights. For bicycle touring, commuting
or if battery operation is otherwise unwanted an electrical generator, or dynamo, may be used. While "dynamo" generally refers to a generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator, cycling usage normally refers to an alternating current magneto. Unlike batteries, a dynamo has unlimited duration, but the maximum power output is relatively low. This is somewhat mitigated by good optics and slight overvolting of the lamp; a good dynamo nominally rated at 6 V is generally allowed to produce 7 V or so by its voltage limiting circuitry. Some tweaks have been done to put toggle switches on the lighting, and small rechargeable batteries in line with the dynamo during daytime hours to ensure continuous output of light when stopped .They are useful for other functions such as extending cell phone battery life, since cell phones are becoming more and more relied on by travellers.

Dynamo systems
Dynamo systems require no batteries to recharge or replace, and may be permanently fitted to the bike. Bicycle dynamos produce alternating current, so are more correctly called "alternators" or "generators", but the word "dynamo" is also popular.

Output
Dynamos are generally limited to 0.5 A output, nominally 3 W at 6 V, although 12 V dynamos are available and the best nominal 6 V hub dynamos can produce 6 W at speed, as detailed here (a bottle dynamo is likely to slip if run at twice the nominal power, a hub dynamo does not have this problem). A dynamo behaves as a constant-current device, not constant voltage, so additional lamps added in series will draw the same current. However, this is only approximate, and the voltage can exceed the capacity of

a single lamp at speed, causing failure. Historically this was a nuisance, but modern lamps and dynamos often incorporate zener diodes to prevent it, and dynamos can be designed to "saturate" beyond a certain voltage to protect the lamp (saturation is a feature of all permanent magnet generators). Good dynamos can achieve efficiencies of up to 70% (i.e., under 5 W of the rider's output is diverted to produce 3 W of electricity) and provide full output at surprisingly low speeds, often 4 to 6 mph (6 to 10 km/h) is sufficient for full brightness. To produce light when the bike is stationary, some dynamo lights have a stand light facility, usually a single blue-white LED powered by a capacitor, which runs for around five minutes. It is now common to use all the dynamo's output to power the front light; the alternative is a 2.4 W headlight.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. DIODE 1(1N4007) DIODE 2 (1N4007) DIODE 3 (1N4007) DIODE 4 (1N4007) CAPACITOR (1000-10,000 uF) LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (WHITE POWER LED) DYNAMO (6V/3W)