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LINGUISTIC AND EXTRALINGUISTIC FACTORS FOR CHANGE. TYPES OF LANGUAGE CHANGE

I. Innovation and change variability in speech similarity and contrast expressiveness (metaphoricity) implementation; abrupt and gradual changes spread

II. III.

The functions of language and change Linguistic factors for change economy/ease of articulation reanalysis analogy pressure of the system restructuring Extralinguistic factors for change language contact language isolation adaptation to the extralinguistic world new concepts prestige imperfect learning Types of language change

IV.

V.

According to linguistic level phonetic/phonological morphological syntactic lexical/semantic According to position in the system syntagmatic paradigmatic According to result addition; split loss; merger According to direction (predictability) natural abnatural According to frequency regular sporadic

VI.

Types of phonological change qualitative and quantitative combinative (context-dependent) and spontaneous Some common phonological changes: assimilation PrG *hulnis > OE hyll hill; MdE this shape # e p] dissimilation (Lat purpura > OFrench purpre >) ME purpre > LME purpel > MdE purple metathesis OE ridda > MdE third; OE bridd > MdE bird prothesis Lat schola > OFrench escole (>MFr cole) epenthesis OE unrian > MdE thunder (v); MdE athlete / -stand. [ li:t] syncope OE munec/munuc > MdE monk; MdE family / fmli/ fmli] apocope ME name [ n m] > MdE / ne m/ vocalization EMdE deer [di:r] > MdE /d /; MdE fall /f :l/, non-stand. [f ] rhotacization PrG *hauzjan > OE hieran; Lat nom sg KRQ s, gen sg KRQ r-is cluster reduction EMdE know [kno7] > MdE /n7/; MdE sixth /s+NV/ >V+N]

>

OLW QRQ >

Some common assimilations: 1 palatalization (C) EOE FRVDQ [ke:oz#n] > OE [t5e:oz#n]; MdE did you /d+d ju/ d+d<u] 2 palatalization (V) OE WS giefan, Angl. gifan; WS scap, Angl. scp xr n] nasalization PrG *aner-az > *[er] > OE er; B  /sin xr n/ mutation (umlaut) PrG nom pl *ms-iz > OE m/s [m:s]; PrG dm-i-an > OE dman diphthongization OE Angl./K. beoran, WS beran; Angl./K. nom pl liomu, WS limu
n

> [s

VII. Types of morphological change: reinterpretation (reanalysis) OE He hf - . gewriten [S V Od Co] He had that book

analogy1 (extension) analogy2 (levelling)

(which was) written (agent of writing unknown) > MdE He has written the book [S V Od] (agent = subject) OE nom sg 893, nom pl 893,8; nom sg sunne, nom pl sunnan ME stn : stones = sunne : X sunnes (> MdE suns) OE inf .48,3 [z], pp ge-coren > MdE choose /z/, chosen /z/

VIII. Types of lexical change: narrowing of meaning widening of meaning elevation of meaning degradation of meaning metaphor metonymy borrowing

calquing

OE steorfan die > MdE starve; OE hund dog > MdE hound PrG *kuningaz head of a kin > OE cyning > MdE king OE cni(e)ht/ cne(o)ht boy, attendant, servant > MdE knight OE sOLJVOLJ happy, blessed > MdE silly MdE stud male horse used for breeding > good-looking man OE FDNH jaw, jawbone > MdE cheek MdE people < ME pple < Anglo-Fr poeple, people < OFr pople (< L populus) OE J GVSHOO gospel < L evangelium < Gr EAGGLION good message; B  < MdE sky-scraper

REPRESENTING LANGUAGE INNOVATION AND CHANGE analogy S1

S2

G2

reinterpretation S1 S2

G1

G1

G2
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M. Kovatcheva 2002

Linguistic and extralinguistic factors for change. Types of language change