Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin

Alberto Gambar Escuela Politcnica Superior de Algeciras, 02/12/2008

Agenda

1st topic 2nd topic 3rd topic 4th topic 5th topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 2

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo humdo: OST

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 3

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo humdo: FlowPac

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 4

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo humdo: Seawater

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 5

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo semi-humdo: NID

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 6

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Agenda

1st topic 2nd topic 3rd topic 4th topic 5th topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 7

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Tipica central trmica de combustin

Caldera Carbn Chimenea Sistema DeNOx Turbina y generator

Pulverizador Sistema de combustion Precipitador electrisatico Sistema DeSOx Tech. a humdo

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 8
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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Proceso de absorbcion de SO2 en fase acuosa:
SO2(g) + H2O H2SO3 (fase acuosa) H2SO3(fase acuosa) H+ + HSO3= 2H+ + SO3= Conjunto: CaCO3 + SO2 + 2 H2O + 1/2 O2 CaSO42H2O + CO2

SO2 gas film liquid film

SO2

CaSO 3 CaSO 4 CaCO 3 CO2 SO2

SO2

SO2

Absorbcin de SO2 en agua

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 9

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Qumica del proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo Las reacciones qumicas, que ocurren en un sistema hmedo de caliza, pueden ser caracterizadas mediante una serie de pasos. Las reacciones en cada paso del proceso pueden ser agrupadas en tres categoras generales: reacciones gas-lquido, reacciones lquidolquido y reacciones lquido-slido. Los pasos principales que ocurren simultneamente son: Absorcin Neutralizacin Regeneracin Oxidacin Precipitacin

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 10

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Qumica del proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo Absorcin: este es el primer paso del proceso de remocin de SO2. Es la absorcin del dixido de azufre en el lquido atomizado. Absorcin es la transferencia de masa que lleva a un vapor soluble a un estado lquido. Neutralizacin: en este paso, el SO2 absorbido reacciona con la caliza disuelta y otras especies alcalinas presentes. En esta etapa se forma sulfito y dixido de carbono que se libera en forma gaseosa.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 11

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Qumica del proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo Regeneracin: es la disolucin de la caliza que provee el reagente que reacciona con el SO2 formando sulfato de calcio, CaSO4. La caliza es bsica y ayuda a balancear el pH de la lechada evitando que se transforme en una solucin muy cida. Oxidacin: es el proceso de combinar una sustancia con oxgeno. A travs del proceso de oxidacin, sulfito es convertido en sulfato. Precipitacin: es el proceso mediante el cual una sustancia se separa de una solucin a travs de un cambio qumico. En el tanque de reaccin del absorbedor, cuando la solucin se satura, el sulfato de calcio precipita en forma de cristales.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 12

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

PRECIPITADOR ELECTRO STTICO BYPASS CHIMENEA CALENTADOR ROTATIVO DE GASES

AGUA

VENTILADOR DE TIRO INDUCIDO

ABSORBEDOR

TANQUE DE AGUA DE PROCESO A TANQUE DE PREP. DE LECHADA DE CALIZA PURGA DE CLORUROS A PLANTA DE TRAT. DE AGUA

VENTILADOR DE REFUERZO

CALIZA

SILO DE CALIZA

HIDROCICLN

AIRE

FILTRO DE BANDA YESO

TANQUE DE PREP. DE LECHADA DE CALIZA TANQUE DE AGUA DE RECUPERADA

AGUA DE PROCESO

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 13

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Almacenamiento y preparacin de lechada de caliza Absorbedor

Silo de yeso

Deshidratacin de yeso
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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Estacin de hidrociclones Tanque de la lechada de caliza

Silo de almacenamiento de caliza

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 15

Molinos de caliza

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de almacenamiento y preparacin de lechada de caliza
El sistema de almacenamiento de caliza est diseado para recibir, almacenar y dosificar caliza. El sistema de molienda de la caliza est diseado para obtener reactivo en forma de polvo con el objeto de obtener el tamao deseados de slidos. La caliza en polvo se mezcla con agua de proceso/recuperada con el objeto de obtener la concentracin deseada de slidos.

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de almacenamiento de caliza
La caliza en grava se almacena en un silo dedicado o en parque y se transfiera hasta el sistema de molienda. La caliza en polvo se almacena en un silo dedicado. Tolvas fluidificadas o con sistema de vibracin mecanico. La caliza se dosifica normalmente mediante una vlvula rotativa y se pesa mediante un alimentador gravimtrico.
Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 17
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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de molienda de caliza
Se utiliza normalmente una tipolga de molino horizontal y con proceso humdo. Tamao de la caliza en entrada: 2025 mm. Tamao de la caliza molida: 80-95% < 44 microns. Material: acero al carbono con recubrimiento en goma y bolas en acero endurecido.

Molino horizontal de tipo humdo

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de preparacin de lechada de caliza
La caliza en polvo es contenida en el tanque de preparacin de caliza, donde est mezclada con agua de proceso o recuperada obteniendo as una lechada con la concentracin de slidos requerida (tpicamente 30% ss). La lechada de caliza se recircula contnuamente a travs de las bombas de alimentacin de lechada, manteniendo la velocidad de la lechada dentro de un rango ptimo.
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Molino horizontal de tipo humdo

Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Estacin de hidrociclones Filtro banda de vaco

Bomba de vaco

Separador del filtrado

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de deshidratacin del yeso La funcin del sistema de deshidratacin es la de remover los cristales de yeso de la lechada contenida en el Tanque de Reaccin, produciendo un yeso de calidad industrial y recuperando el agua para ser reutilizada en el proceso. El sistema de deshidratacin est normalmente costituido de un sistema deshidratacin primaria (Hidrociclones) y de un sistema de deshidratacin secundaria (Filtros banda de vaco).

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de deshidratacin primaria
Los hidrociclones producen la primera separacin entre los cristales de yeso (ms gruesos) y la caliza no reaccionada (ms finos). Los cristales de yeso son evacuados en su mayora mediante el flujo inferior (underflow) y desde aqu son enviados a los filtros banda de vaco. La caliza sin reaccionar se enva principalmente mediante el flujo superior (overflow) y desde aqu se enva primero al tanque de agua recuperada y luego al absorbedor.

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Sistema de deshidratacin secundaria
El flujo inferior de los hidrociclones (underflow) descarga directamente en los filtros banda de vaco, donde ocurre la deshidratacin final. El agua extraida se recupera y se enva nuevamente al Absorbedor. Dependiendo del nivel de cloruros del yeso, puede ser necesario lavarlo con agua para reducir este nivel a un valor aceptable. Aplicando vaco debajo de la cinta, se logra extraer el agua libre y el yeso se deshidrata hasta el punto de humedad requerido (< 10%).

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo

Characteristicas del yeso de calidad commercial
Especificacin tpica: >95% CaSO4.2H2O <0.5-1.0% CaSO3.H2O <100 ppm Cl <10% moisture pH 6 - 8 30-40 MMD Caliza de pureza elevada (95-96%) PE de eficiencia elevada Eficiencia de oxidacin: 99+% Filtro banda de vacio o centrifugas Lavado de la torta de yeso

Requisitos:

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 24

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Proceso de desulfuracin a humdo

Simulacin CFD en conductos

Sistema de conductos de gas

Separacin de gas

Doble codo

Mezcla de gases

Descarga de VR

Deflectores

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 25

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Agenda

1st topic 2nd topic 3rd topic 4th topic 5th topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 26

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Instalacin de un absorbedor a humdo

Depulverizacin de gases: Precipitador Electrosttico Absorbedor

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 27

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Reacciones qumicas del proceso de desulfuracin:

H2O + CaCO3 (Agua) + (Caliza) Gases de combustin (SO2) O2 (Oxgeno)

CO2 (Dixido de Carbono)

CaSO42H2O (Sulfato de Calcio, Yeso)

SO2 + CaCO3 + O2 + H2O CaSO42H2O + CO2

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 28
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Absorbedor a humdo
Absorbedor y Tanque de Reaccin El sistema del Absorbedor se divide en dos (2) reas principales: Absorbedor Tanque de Reaccin
Absorbedor Tanque de Reaccin
Absorbedor a humdo

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Absorbedor a humdo
Equipos principales de un Absorbedor a humdo: Sistema de separador de gotas Boquillas y bancos de atomizacion Agitadores del tanque de reaccin y lanzas de aire de oxidacin Bombas de recirculacin del absorbedor Soplantes del aire de oxidacin
Absorbedor a humdo

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
La cantidad de lechada de recirculacin necesaria para una remocin efectiva del flujo de masa de SO2 de diseo se identifica mediante un parmetro llamado relacin lquido/gas (L/G). La relacin L/G determina la eficiencia de desulfuracion que se intiende consiguir en el Absorbedor. Esta relacin est dada por el numero de niveles de bancos de atomizacin operativos, cada nivel alimentado por una bomba de recirculacin propra. Tipicamente se instala otro nivel de atomizacin como repuesto. La lechada que circula en el ciclo del Absorbedor contiene en suspensin un 15% de sulfato de calcio, sulfito de calcio, caliza sin reaccionar y diversos materiales solubles: extrae el dixido de azufre de los gases sucios.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 31

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
Cada banco de atomizacin consiste en una serie de atomizadores diseados para suministrar gotas de un tamao especfico de manera tal de lograr una absorcin ptima de SO2. Los atomizadores se distribuyen de manera tal de garantizar una pulverizacin uniforme y completa, asegurando un correcto contacto lquido/gas en el absorbedor.

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
El Tanque de Reaccin se dimensiona de manera de garantizar un tiempo de retencin suficiente que permita un completo desarrollo de todas las reacciones qumicas involucradas. Un flujo de lechada de caliza pura se adiciona al tanque de reaccin donde se balancea con la lechada que se encuentra en recirculacin. El aire de oxidacin se genera por las soplantes correspondientes y se agrega para transformar el sulfito de calcio disuelto (CaSO3) en sulfato de calcio (CaSO4), que cristaliza a CaSO4*2H2O. Tipicamente un 99,5% del grado de oxidacin del yeso se produce en el tanque de reaccin. El aire de oxidacin es enfriado y saturado con agua previo a ser inyectado al tanque de reaccin de manera tal de evitar depsitos.

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
Las lanzas de oxidacin se encuentran localizadas delante de cada agitador. Los agitadores se instalan en la parte inferior del tanque de reaccin para asegurar la suspensin de slidos y la dispersin del aire de oxidacin en el tanque de reaccin. Los agitadores se disean para operar con cualquier combinacin posible de bombas de recirculacin en servicio

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
El arrastre de las gotas que llegan desde los bancos atomizacin est removido en un separador de gotas normalmente instalado internamente a la columna de desulfuracin. El sistema separador de gotas consiste en dos etapas, flujo vertical, instalacin horizontal, de tipo Chevron y dos niveles de lavado. Las etapas se encuentran instaladas en la parte superior del absorbedor. Los separadores de gotas se limpian con agua en forma discontinua a travs de un ciclo de lavado pre-definido. El sistema inferior de lavado se efecta hacia arriba, mientras que el sistema superior lo efecta en ambos sentidos (hacia arriba y hacia abajo).

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
La presin de lavado del sistema separador de gotas se disean para permitir el descenso de los slidos y lquidos qumicamente reactivos. Se utiliza agua con bajo contenido de solidos y sulfatos para el lavado del sistema separador de gotas. Las bombas de lavado estn dedicadas y se utilizan para proveer agua a la primera y segunda etapa.

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Materiales de construccin
Bancos de atomizacion: Acero al Carbono con recubrimiento de goma FRP Acero Inoxidable (317LMN) Acero Inoxidable de tipo Duplex (2205, 255) Acero aleado al Ni Tuberias de recirculacin: FRP Acero al Carbono con recubrimiento de goma Acero Inoxidable / Acero aleado al Ni Conducto de entrada: C-276 / Alloy 59 Cuerpo: Acero al Carbono con recubrimiento de goma Acero al Carbono con recubrimiento de Flakeglass Acero Inoxidable(317LMN) Acero Inoxidable de tipo Duplex (2205, 255) Acero aleado al Ni Hormign con recubrimiento de azulejos plsticos

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 37

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Agenda

1st topic 2nd topic 3rd topic 4th topic 5th topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 38

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Instalacin de un Flowpac

Demister

Clean gas

Raw gas

Depulverizacin de gases: Precipitador Electrosttico Flowpac

Absobent slurry

Compressed air

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 39

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Reacciones qumicas del proceso de desulfuracin:
Demister

Gases de combustin (SO2)

Clean gas

CO2 (Dixido de Carbono)

H2O + CaCO3 (Agua) + (Caliza) O2 (Oxgeno)

Raw gas

Absobent slurry

CaSO42H2O (Sulfato de Calcio, Yeso)

Compressed air

SO2 + CaCO3 + O2 + H2O CaSO42H2O + CO2

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 40
ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Configuracin de layout del Flowpac:

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 41

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Flowpac: caractersticas de diseo
Layout reducido y optimizado en planta y elevacin. Ausencia de bombas de recirculacin. Eficiencias de SO2 muy elevadas y controlables en forma continua. Consumido de potencia electrica optimizado.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 42

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic 2nd topic 3rd topic 4th topic 5th topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 43

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Planta DGC (Desulfuracin Gases Combustin)

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 44

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Absorbedor

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 45

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Absorbedor

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 46

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Bombas de recirculacin

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 47

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Preparacin de lechada de caliza y silo de yeso

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 48

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

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